Car Operation Research Articles

Carbon neutrality of China’s passenger car sector requires coordinated short-term behavioral changes and long-term technological solutions

<h2>Summary</h2> The passenger car sector accounts for nearly half of all transport-related emissions. Rapid decarbonization is therefore important but challenging, particularly in China, where, despite recent emission peak (by 2030) and carbon-neutrality (by 2060) pledges, car ownership and associated emissions are increasing. Successful emissions reduction will require a rapid transition of both technology (e.g., toward electrification) and demand (e.g., driving less). However, how to successfully deploy these twin strategies for optimal outcomes remains unclear. Here, we develop an integrated fleet dynamics model that considers emissions associated with car manufacturing, operation, end-of-life recycling, and energy supply alongside socioeconomic changes. Our analyses reveal that optimal short-term results will be achieved through demand-oriented strategies, which can reduce emissions by 22% and achieve 2030 emissions peak targets. Technology-oriented strategies are more optimal when deployed in the longer term and can result in emission reductions of 91%. A successfully coordinated strategy could reduce China's passenger cars CO₂ emissions to 0.05 Gt by 2050.

Optimization of the gas-air path system parameters for trapping automotive fuel vapors

Introduction (statement of the problem and parameters relevance). The composition of the mixture of air and gasoline vapors differs in air and vapors ratio when purging the absorber at different time of the car operation. Therefore, the air-fuel mixture entering the engine for afterburning can create uncertainties in lambda control.The purposeof the research was to determine the main features of lambda regulation in an unstable fuel-air mixture.Methodology and research methods. An analysis of the mixed air and fuel vapor flows entering the engine during absorber purge was made. The composition and quantity effect of this mixture on the excess air coefficient was determined. The main parameters of air and gasoline vapor mixture in the fuel tank vapor space were established.Scientific novelty and results. An equation obtained testifies that the excess air coefficients in the flows of the fuel-air mixture relate to the mixture flow rate during absorber purge. The requirements for the composition of the fuel-air mixture leaving the absorber have been formulated. In order not to exceed these values the threshold values of short-term fuel supply were corrected and the relative mass flow value rate of gasoline vapors from the tank in relation to the air flow rate purge was determined.Practical significance. The factors limiting the flow sections of the absorber gas-air paths and the optimal ratios of the flow sections were determined on the example of a two-chamber absorber to exclude excessive enrichment of the fuel-air mixture entering the engine during purge.

SYSTEMATIZATION OF ECONOMYKO-TECHNOLOGICAL STATIONS OF PASSENGER CARS IN OPERATION

The efficiency of passenger transportation by rail depends on the level of technical condition of the passenger rolling stock. The repair and maintenance system is also important. The authors analyzed the technological states of a passenger car can during operation. It is shown that the time spent in these states and the set of technological operations that are performed at the same time do not fully reflect the relationship between the resources consumed for their implementation, the operating costs of these resources and the results. The article presents the results of systematization of the technological states of passenger cars. At the same time, the procedure for accounting for operating costs for the main types of economic activity of Ukrainian railway transport was used. A system of technical and economic indicators is proposed. It characterizes the availability and efficiency of the use of operating costs for the operation and maintenance of passenger cars in a technically sound condition. The concept of "economic and technological state of a passenger car" is substantiated. The systematization made it possible to combine, on a scientific basis, the technological and economic aspects of the operation and maintenance of passenger cars in a technically sound condition in the conditions of JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia". This will improve the system of indicators for the technical and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of existing passenger cars. The proposed system will be used to justify options for updating the fleet of passenger cars through the acquisition of new models or the modernization of existing ones, taking into account the cost of the life cycle.

Manejemen Pengumpulan dan Pendistribusian Dana Zakat, Infak dan Sedekah pada LAZNAS Al-Irsyad Purwokerto

This study aims to determine how management is in collecting and distributing ZIS funds and what are the inhibiting and supporting factors in collecting and distributing ZIS funds at LAZNAS Al-Irsyad Purwokerto. This study uses a qualitative method of field research, namely research that is directly in the field or informants. This data source consists of primary and secondary data obtained through observation, interviews and documentation from LAZNAS Al Irsyad Purwokerto. In the analysis of this study using descriptive analysis in which the data is qualitative in nature which is researched, developed, and adapted to the existing supporting theories. This study shows that the collection and distribution of ZIS funds at LAZNAS Al Irsyad Purwokerto goes through 4 stages, namely planning, organizing, implementing and supervising. However, in the stage of organizing and supervising, it is still less than optimal. The obstacles in collecting ZIS funds are that zakat payments can be made independently and there are no institutional barriers, while the supporters are competent administrators, religious obligations and the existence of laws that regulate. The obstacles to its distribution are the obstacles in the distribution of ZIS funds are the lack of Human Resources (HR) and car operations, while supporting it is the existence of a clear program design, the availability of funds, and the number of people who are still under poverty.&#x0D; Keywords: ZIS collection management, ZIS distribution management, LAZNAS Al Irsyad Purwokerto

Results of evaluating the smoothness of automatic transmission gear shifting during car operation

Various malfunctions may occur during the car operation. These include automatic gearbox malfunctions which reveal themselves during operation in the form of a rigid (jerky, bumpy) untimely engaging the up or down gear in an automatic gearbox. The quality criteria for automatic gearbox shifting which currently exist do not allow to give a reliable assessment of the required gear selection. In such cases, people operating the car often ask questions about the technical condition of the automatic gearbox and the quality of gear shift. The authors have studied the process of gear shifting, smoothness of it and peculiarities of automatic gearbox functioning of during car operation. The article describes the urgency of the problem of jerks and vibrations when changing gears. When assessing the smoothness of gear shifting, the method of technical state vibroacoustic diagnostics is applied. The method is based on the recorded parameters of vibration velocity, vibration acceleration, vibration movement with their further conversion (fast Fourier transform) into a spectral signal. The procedure of longitudinal vibration acceleration measurements on cars in operation is described. Comparative analysis of automatic gear change smoothness. As a result of the analysis the quantitative characteristics of different smoothness gear changes are obtained and its comparison with the permissible level is given. According to the results of the parameters registration and their comparative analysis, it was suggested that it is possible to assess the quality of the gear shift and determine the quantitative indicators of smoothness. Keywords: iron ore raw materials, quarry transport, process

Biohydrogen production from glycerol by novel Clostridium sp. SH25 and its application to biohydrogen car operation

Biohydrogen production from glycerol by novel Clostridium sp. SH25 and its application to biohydrogen car operation

ENSURING THE SAFETY OF ROAD ACCIDENTS

There is an analysis of the mechanism of accidents and it shows that improving road conditions and improving the speed and braking properties of the car, stability and controllability does not increase the active safety of road traffic. These measures only move the boundaries within which the driver can drive safely. The parameters of quality of car operation, which characterize the traffic safety, have been determined. The values of car operation quality parameters that correspond to different levels of traffic safety have been defined. In order that the proposed parameters of quality of car operation can be used to control the safety of traffic modes by drivers and traffic police, the computer must be used to calculate these parameters as a standard residual of the car. The studies carried out made it possible to single out three indicators of the quality of driving a car, which characterize the safety of the driving mode: maximum speed is the ratio of the average speed to the maximum, called the speed coefficient, the standart deviation of the vehicle's longitudinal acceleration from the average value, which is called acceleration noise in the theory of traffic flows. The above indicators of the quality of driving are measured from the moment of the start of the trip.

ENSURING THE SAFETY OF VEHICLES

Some choose to devote all their lives to serving the master. It is a magnificent church. Your organization, effectiveness, and sheer goodness are respected by all who sincerely seek understanding. These actions are the only territory available to drivers a move can be safely driven. The parameters of a car operation, which safely features traffic, were determined. The value of consular performance parameters is defined to different levels of Traffic Safety. In order to the proposed quality parameters of operation of the vehicle can be used to control the security mode of the traffic by the truck drivers and traffic police, the computer must be used to calculate separately the case study that it is possible to the exit of the three indicators of the quality of the driving, which is called the safety of driving mode: high-speed is the average speed ratio of the average maximum exposure to the vehicle of the average amount of acceleration are known, which is called the index of the quality of the driving, from the moment of the start of the journey.

A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis

New energy vehicles (NEVs), especially electric vehicles (EVs), address the important task of reducing the greenhouse effect. It is particularly important to measure the environmental efficiency of new energy vehicles, and the life cycle analysis (LCA) model provides a comprehensive evaluation method of environmental efficiency. To provide researchers with knowledge regarding the research trends of LCA in NEVs, a total of 282 related studies were counted from the Web of Science database and analyzed regarding their research contents, research preferences, and research trends. The conclusion drawn from this research is that the stages of energy resource extraction and collection, carrier production and energy transportation, maintenance, and replacement are not considered to be research links. The stages of material, equipment, and car transportation and operation equipment settling, and forms of use need to be considered in future research. Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs), vehicle type classification, the water footprint, battery recovery and reuse, and battery aging are the focus of further research, and comprehensive evaluation combined with more evaluation methods is the direction needed for the optimization of LCA. According to the results of this study regarding EV and hybrid power vehicles (including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and extended range electric vehicles (EREV)), well-to-wheel (WTW) average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been less than those in the same period of gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles (GICEV). However, EV and hybrid electric vehicle production CO2 emissions have been greater than those during the same period of GICEV and the total CO2 emissions of EV have been less than during the same period of GICEV.

Validation of a data-driven fast numerical model to simulate the immersion cooling of a lithium-ion battery pack

Thermal management of Lithium-ion batteries is a key element to the widespread of electric vehicles. In this study, we illustrate the validation of a data-driven numerical method permitting to evaluate fast the behavior of the Immersion Cooling of a Lithium-ion Battery Pack. First, we illustrate an experiment using a set up of immersion cooling battery pack, where the temperatures, voltage and electrical current evolution of the Li-ion batteries are monitored. The impact of different charging/discharging cycles on the thermal behavior of the battery pack is investigated. Secondly, we introduce a numerical model, that simulates the heat transfer and electrical behavior of an immersion cooling Battery Thermal Management System. The deterministic numerical model is compared against the experimental measurements of temperatures. Then, we perform a Bayesian calibration of the multi-physics input parameters using the experimental measurements directly. The informative distributions outcoming of this process are used to validate the model in different experimental conditions and reduce the uncertainty in the model's temperatures predictions. Finally, the learned distributions of inputs and the numerical model are used to design the system under realistic conditions representing a realistic racing car operation. A Sobol indices based sensitivity analysis is performed to get further analysis elements on the behavior of the BTMS.

Magnetic-assisted self-powered acceleration sensor for real-time monitoring vehicle operation and collision based on triboelectric nanogenerator

In vehicle electronic systems, acceleration sensors play an irreplaceable role in improving vehicle performances. The on-board acceleration sensor is suitable for common operating conditions, not only requires an external power supply and charge amplifier, but also has the defect of high noise. In this work, a magnetic-assisted self-powered acceleration sensor (MSAS) based on the triboelectric nanogenerator is proposed to monitor the low acceleration under common operations and the high acceleration under the collision conditions of vehicles. MSAS adopts magnetic repulsion adjustment system, which has good stability and high signal-to-noise ratio of output signal within its detection range. Simultaneous monitoring of the value and direction of the acceleration can be achieved by analyzing the frequency and trend of the electrical signals. The linear motor and pendulum impact experiment bench were established, and the results depicted that the fitting linear coefficients of the MSAS under low and high acceleration reached 0.993 and 0.991, respectively. In the durability experiment of continuous operation for 6 h, even if the amplitude of the MSAS electrical signal changes slightly, the frequency remains unchanged. Finally, the application of MSAS in real-time monitoring of remote-control car operation and collision acceleration is verified, as well as the comparison with a commercial acceleration sensor. It further illustrates the potential utility of MSAS in vehicle electronic systems.

Application of Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Diagnostics of Production Structures

The paper presents that during the operation of torpedo ladle cars in metallurgical production, problems periodically arise with ensuring the safety of their use. The authors have highlighted the relevance and necessity of the solution to the problem of diagnosing the lining state of ladle cars to ensure their safe functioning. To solve the problem of diagnosing the lining state of ladle cars for the maritime industry, an algorithm for detecting burnout zones of a lining based on a neural network has been developed. The authors propose and describe a distributed multi-agent information control system for the operation of torpedo ladle cars. The results for detecting burnout zones of a lining by the standard system and newly developed system are presented. To automate assessing the lining state of the ladle car and support in making decisions regarding operation mode of the ladle cars, the software has been developed.

OPERATIONAL AND PRODUCTION RESULTS OF RESEARCH ON THE ADAPTATION OF ENERGY FACILITIES TO LOW-TEMPERATURE USE

The natural conditions of the Amur region are characterized by the low temperatures up to minus 35-40 degrees Celsius in winter. Production experience shows that currently produced KamAZ family cars are not fully adapted for operation in such conditions, therefore they cannot realize all their potential operational capabilities. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to increase the efficiency of using KamAZ-55111 family cars by installing additional devices that help maintain an optimal temperature mode in operation, allowing the units to adapt to winter operating conditions. (Materials and methods) One of the effective methods is adaptation to natural and industrial operating conditions, in particular, hydraulic and fuel systems as the main ones responsible for the operability, as well as improving the start-up qualities of the engine through the use of electric heating devices and recovery modules using the heat of the exhaust gases. The article presents the serial KamAZ-55111 and KamAZ-55111, adapted to low-temperature conditions, with a thermoelectric heating module installed, a heat storage device of the battery and a belt heater of the coarse fuel filter. (Results and discussion) The results of research on improving the efficiency of the use of KAMAZ family cars in their adaptation to operation in low temperatures were presented. (Conclusions) The issue under consideration is especially relevant in the agricultural production of regions with a long cold period, since the operation of cars in rural areas differs significantly from operation at transport enterprises and in urban conditions.

Development of a site of car service services with the possibility of calling a tower according to geopositioning data

The purpose of the work was to develop a website for the provision of car service services, which would combine all important services, provide an opportunity to have quick access to information and improve the work of the car service through feedback. As a result an introductory site for car service customers has been developed. The site consists of administrative and client parts. In this application, the client-car owner will be able to get all the information on the provision of services from the car service, their prices and call the tow truck. If necessary, the car owner has the opportunity to order a call back from a consultant, as well as call a tow truck. For the first time, a website was developed using geolocation technologies, with the help of which the car owner will be able to show his location to the car service operator. That is, such an application is of great practical importance, as it will help in emergencies on the roads in an unknown area. A car service operator's account has also been developed, which receives a callback from the request form, as well as information regarding the tow truck order and the customer's location. The operator has the ability to edit information about services and add new ones. Also, both parts have a blog page, which provides an opportunity to provide important information for customers, discuss the situation and exchange experiences. The software product was tested in the area using Google Maps, the testers made sure that the application works correctly and that the driver's location is displayed on the maps. The site is developed using HTML and CSS frontend layout technologies, Javascript, PHP and SQL technologies for backend development, geopositioning technologies.

Эксплуатационная надежность подвесок автомобиля «Лада-Веста»

The paper presents the results of studies of the operational reliability of car suspensions performed on the basis of «Avtoexpress-Vladimir» in the process of maintenance and repair of Lada Vesta cars. The main causes of suspension disabling during operation and their most frequently failing parts are revealed. There are determined statistical evaluations of the average operating time of the suspension structural elements before they come to the loss of function. There is also estimated the probability of no-failure operation and the failure rate over the service intervals of the car's operating time.

ПРИНЦИПЫ ЦЕНТРАЛИЗАЦИИ И СПЕЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО СЕРВИСА ГОРОДСКИХ АВТОБУСОВ

The article describes the system of ensuring the operability of buses with separation into subsys-tems. The theory of ultimate utility in connection with the system of maintenance and repair of ve-hicles is presented. The structure of the operation and repair cycle of cars is considered. A compar-ison of the efficiency of options for improving the production and technical base of the technical service of city buses is shown. It is justified that the production rate of cars on the line is maximum with a rational combination of centralization, specialization and cooperation of technical service.

Determination of Safety Parameters for Cars and Tractors

The article discusses the basic safety requirements for the operation of tractors and cars with different drives. This is how the method for determining the main parameters is given, namely, the determination of the center of gravity, which is important in theoretical calculations. If there is some change in the design or the car is loaded, then the center of gravity shifts, so the methodology for calculating such cases is given. The following are examples when driving on a roadside, with their properties such as slope, rise and slope. The corresponding calculation formulas are given.

Методика визначення та розташування оптимальної кількості зарядних станцій для електротранспорту в населеному пункті

The problem of determining the optimal number and location of charging stations for electric transport within the settlement is being studied. To solve this problem, the criteria, factors and limitations of the optimal placement of charging stations were defined. Since the task included ensuring the comfortable operation of electric cars by citizens until 2025, it was necessary to forecast the number of electric cars that will be registered in the town of Cherkasy. For this, a portrait of the potential consumer was drawn up, and the potential capacity of the transport market was determined. Also, the key points of concentration of potential customers were determined, the level of charging stations for electric vehicles that will ensure their operation in the town of Cherkasy was selected, and the calculation of the optimal number of charging stations for the South-Western district of Cherkasy was performed. Since there are no regulations regarding the required number of charging stations for a certain fleet, it was proposed to adapt the regulations for gas stations by making corrections regarding the features of the technical charging process and the number of electric vehicle charges per unit of time. With the help of the method of hierarchical clustering, demand points in charging stations for electric cars were determined and a map of their location was developed for the residents of the South-Western district of Cherkasy. The cost of this project was also calculated. It can be concluded that the implementation of the project to provide charging stations for electric cars is profitable both from the point of view of material investments and from the point of view of the occupied useful area of town parking lots. The administration of Cherkasy may be interested in the implementation of this project under the terms of the city development program. This is due to the fact that the implementation of this project is expected to improve the town's environmental situation, generate profit from charging electric cars and sell new electric cars at car dealerships.

An Efficient Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication Algorithm for the Deployment and Operation of Self-driving Cars

The deployment and implementation of self-driving cars (SDC) is becoming a reality. Various units and subsystems of the SDC ecosystem are needed to be impeccable in their executions. It is therefore relevant to have communication subsystem for transmitting information from Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) which is useful in efficient implementation of the SDC technology. However, the heterogeneous and dynamic environments and overall ecosystems pose a reliability challenge on the information transmitted to be processed by the central processor for efficient communication decision of the SDC in the vehicular environments. This study demonstrates a proposed solution by examining and providing a SDC communication model and an algorithm that can enhance the operation of the SDC. The model considers the impact of vehicle speed, delay on information transmitted, radio frequency, and vehicular environments which are incorporated into the SDC decision making software. The proposed approach is compared with theoretical model and existing study. The results show that the proposed algorithm is about 95 % efficient at an average speed of 30 mph with a processing time less than 𝟏𝒎𝒔 and less than 𝟏𝝁𝒔 delay on information transmitted in a highly signal impacted SDC complex environment case. It also shows about 99 % efficient at an average speed of 70 mph in a less signal impacted SDC complex environment case. This proposed approach could be used to design the communication capability of on-board Vehicle-to-Everything devices and for efficient planning and future deployments of SDC.

Effect of accelerator pedal hunting suppression mechanism on operability of off-road vehicles

Accelerator pedal is one of the important man-machine interfaces that affect vehicle drivability. Multi-purpose off-road utility vehicles are often used on rough roads. The excitation force from the road surface tends to affect the operability of the accelerator pedal. Many of the previous studies on pedal operation of passenger cars have investigated the effects of driving posture on pedal operability from an ergonomic point of view. But there are few studies have focused on accelerator pedal operability under rough terrain conditions. Therefore, we evaluated the operability of the accelerator pedal while driving on a rough road simulator and evaluated the operability of the vehicle running on rough terrain. The hunting suppression device generates resistance force that suppresses the hunting of the accelerator pedal in a vibrating condition and improves the vehicle speed controllability without increasing the operating muscle load.