Operational Test Research Articles

Using VR to Validate and Visualize MBSE‐Designed Interfaces

AbstractSeveral unique challenges arise in the new field of integration between Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) models and game‐based digital twin visualizations. First, no known standardized interfaces between the MBSE model and game engine visualization are defined, which can lead to custom or stove‐piped solutions. Additionally, visualizing digital twin models in true to life scale is insufficient with typical desktop computers. The Bi‐Directional Interface Requirements Operational System Test (BIFROST) prototype, funded by the US Army Program Executive Office (PEO) Aviation, seeks to address these challenges.Progress of the BIFROST prototype is covered in the paper. The prototype aims to determine the feasibility and challenges of validating interfaces through visualizing changes to an MBSE model in a 3D game engine. Research was performed to visualize part of an uncrewed aircraft system ground control station in 3D using the Unity game engine. A Mission Control Architecture MBSE model, developed by PEO Aviation, is used to drive the digital twin of the ground control station through a set of virtual reality (VR) controls. Users can visualize, analyze, and test the human‐machine interaction of the 3D models in VR prior to real‐world system changes. This paper presents the recommended interfaces between the MBSE model and 3D engine, lessons learned, and future research areas.

Construction framework of smart tourism big data mining model driven by blockchain technology

In the era of sharing economy, the tourism market is increasingly characterized by personalized demand, mobile consumption and product segmentation. This paper aims to apply big data mining technology in the field of smart tourism. Firstly, it focuses on image summary selection and collaborative filtering technology based on big data mining. It then demonstrates the integration of blockchain in smart tourism, emphasizing the use of decentralized structures and smart contracts to achieve data security and transparency, and describes the testing process of smart tourism platforms, including data preparation and platform operational efficiency testing. Finally, the research results of this paper are summarized, and the development potential and practical application value of smart tourism are demonstrated. The results show that in the smart tourism big data mining model, the minimum support for the data set is 10 % and 20 %, respectively. Moreover, with the increase of the number of nodes in the same data set, the running time decreases gradually. It can be seen that smart tourism big data mining has strong scalability.

Verification of lifetime and mechanical load aspects for ITER diagnostic pressure gauges based on ZrC emitter.

Hot cathode ionization gauges will measure the neutral gas pressure in the vacuum vessel of ITER. Overall, 52 gauge heads based on the concept of the ASDEX pressure gauge but using novel ZrC emitters are located in the divertor, in equatorial ports and in pumping ducts. The initial lifetime tests of the novel gauge design have raised the concern that the pyrolytic graphite used to indirectly heat the ceramic ZrC emitter erodes too fast during operation. This effect might limit the lifetime of the gauges below the limits acceptable according to the inherent availability (ignoring operational delays) requirement of 99.8% for the diagnostic system over the lifetime of ITER. Long term operation tests have been performed using 0.1mm thick W, Ir, and Mo foils as an interlayer between the pyrolytic graphite and the ZrC within a constant atmosphere of 20Pa H2. The longest lifetime of 860h has been achieved with the Ir foil. Subsequent vibration tests applying accelerations on a shaker with magnitudes typical for seismic and ITER disruption loads demonstrated that the emitter can survive such demanding loads even after far-progressed erosion of the pyrolytic graphite. Additional ON/OFF cycle tests demonstrated that the gauge is still fully operational. In combination with a revision and consolidation of the operational plan and the reliability, accessibility, maintainability, and inspectability (RAMI) analysis, ITER's inherent availability requirement for the diagnostic system could be demonstrated successfully.

군사용 드론의 운용시험평가 항목 선정에 관한 연구

군사용 드론의 운용시험평가 항목 선정에 관한 연구

Direct Cooling of Electric Machines for Vehicles under Long-term Testing in Climatic Limit Operation on a Test Bench

Direct Cooling of Electric Machines for Vehicles under Long-term Testing in Climatic Limit Operation on a Test Bench

Innovation of Edupreneurship-based Science Literacy Module to Increase Independent Dimensions of Elementary School Students

Independent attitude is one aspect of the main goals of education. However, this independent attitude needs special attention, as currently the strawberry generation phenomenon which is characterized by children's low level of independence is widespread including in Indonesia. This research aims to develop innovative a scientific literacy module based on Ajak-Temani-Mandiri learning model integrated with Edupreneurship to increase the independent attitude of elementary school students. This research used Borg & Gall research and development method with stages, namely: research and information collecting; planning; develop preliminary form of product; preliminary field testing; main product revision; main field testing; operational product revision; operational field testing; final product revision; and dissemination & implementation. The subjects in this research were one expert judgment who validated the instrument, two expert judgments as product validators: namely validators of learning resources and materials. Meanwhile, the limited trial subjects for this research were class IV students at SDNS, totaling 21 students, and for the wide trial, class IV students at SDNM1, totaling 56 students. Data collection techniques were carried out using interview, observation and questionnaire techniques. The data analysis technique used qualitative and quantitative descriptive techniques in the form of inferential statistics. The results showed that a scientific literacy module was produced with characteristics in accordance with the stages of Ajak-Temani-Mandiri learning model integrated by edupreneurship which is valid and proven was able to increase students’ independent attitude of elementary school students.

METHODOLOGY AND EXAMPLE OF CALCULATING THE RATIONAL RESOURCE OF AXIAL-PISTON HYDRAULIC MACHINES OF MOBILE EQUIPMENT

The article analyzes approaches for creating models for optimizing the durability of mobile machine units. On the basis of the selected model, in which the target function is the total specific costs of purchasing the machine and the costs of maintaining its working condition, a method of calculating the rational resource of axial-plunger hydraulic machines has been developed for the condition when the resource of the hydraulic machine is limited by the resource of only its plunger pairs. The methodology, built on the basis of the chosen model for optimizing the durability of simple technical systems, takes into account the patterns of wear of plunger pairs under certain operating conditions, and also takes into account the proposed dependencies for calculating their total wear limit. The methodology consists of five consecutive operations, namely: determining the total marginal wear; obtaining experimental patterns of wear of plunger pairs over time in the form of regression equations; calculation of the number and periodicity of technical maintenance of the hydraulic machine for the inter-repair cycle; calculation of the rational resource of the hydraulic machine.The results of the comparative calculation of the rational resource of the adjustable axial-plunger pump 321.224 of the hydraulic system of the single-bucket excavator EO-3323 according to the developed method are also given.The total marginal wear of the pump was determined according to the criterion of reducing its efficiency, namely from the condition of a drop due to the wear of its volume coefficient of useful action by 30 %.To obtain the patterns of wear of the pump's plunger pairs, the results of previous operational tests of the pump were used for two variants of its lubrication: lubrication with ordinary hydraulic oil and lubrication with oil whose anti-wear properties are activated by an external electric field. Specific costs for the purchase of the pump, which are included in the durability optimization model in the form of depreciation deductions, were calculated for the inter-repair cycle. The specific costs of maintaining the working condition of the pump were equal to the costs of its maintenance, during which hydraulic oil and filters are replaced, that is, the pattern of wear of plunger pairs is returned to the starting point.

Non-linear seismic behavior of historic Adana Great Clock Tower

In this study, the non-linear seismic behavior of the historic Adana Great Clock Tower was investigated. The dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of the Clock Tower were determined by operational vibration tests. The finite element model of the Clock Tower was manually updated in the light of the experimentally obtained dynamic characteristics. For the updated finite element model, pushover analyses and non-linear time history analyses were performed. Incremental pushover analyses were performed in the x and y directions proportional to the first lateral displacement modes of the Clock Tower in the x and y directions. The time history analyses took into account the Adana-Ceyhan (1998) earthquake acceleration records. Each of the two horizontal components of the earthquake acceleration records was separately scaled according to the design spectrum defined in TBEC-2018 for earthquake levels with a 10 % and 50 % probability of exceedance in 50 years. These scaled earthquake acceleration records were applied to the structure. The two scaled horizontal components for the same earthquake level were rotated 90° and reapplied to the structure. As the response quantities, displacement, base shear force and plastic strains were evaluated.

Dynamic response analysis of high-speed train gearboxes excited by wheel out-of-round: experiment and simulation

Due to the special characteristics of rail vehicles, wheel–rail excitation has always had a huge impact on the stable operation of the vehicle system and the dynamic performance of each component structure. This paper takes high-speed train gearbox as the research object and establishes a rigid-flexible coupling dynamics model and analyses the dynamic response and fatigue damage of the gearbox under the excitation of wheel flat and wheel polygon. Combined with the analysis of test data from the gear transmission testrig and actual line operation of high-speed trains, it shows that high-speed train gearboxes are different from those applied in other fields, where the gear meshing excitation is no longer its main excitation source, but the wheel–rail excitation instead. The comparison analysis between the wheel flat and wheel polygon conditions indicates that the response of the gearbox to the wheel flat excitation is similar to the operational modal test and is capable of causing multi-order modal vibration of the gearbox. The effect of the wheel polygon on the gearbox is similar to that of single-frequency excitation, which lead to certain order modal resonance in the gearbox under frequency coupling situations. The impact of both conditions on gear box fatigue damage increases with the vehicle operating speed.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Matematika pada Materi Pecahan di Kelas VII SMP Negeri 3 Kota Tambolaka

This research aims to produce interactive media on fractional blok board, knowing the validity, practicality and effectiveness of students on fraction material and learning media on the fraction block board. The research method used is the Borg and Gall development model (research and information collection, Planning, Development preliminary from of product, preliminary field testing, main product revision, main field testing, operational product revision, operational field testing, final product revision, and dissemination and implementasi). The subjects of this research are students in class VII Tambolaka City 3 Public Middle School. Thus, the results of the validity of the material and media in this research can be stated highly valid ininitial field trial classes 97% and 97,916%, main field test class 98% and 100%, and operational field trial classesempiis 99% and 100%. Practicality results in learning media by validators and students in the test class initial field test 97,5% and (highest 77,5% and lowest 52,5%), test class main 100% and (highest 87,5% and lowest 75%), and trial class operational/empirical 100% and (highest 97,5% and lowest 75%). Where, as a results of student effectiveness, the highest score was 100% and the lowest was 52%.

Concept Attaiment Model Based on Traditional Technology Organizers for Strengthening Global Science Literacy and Creative Character

This study aims to obtain a concept attaiment model based on traditional technology organizers that is feasible, practical, and effective to strengthen global science literacy and creative character. This research uses the Borg and Gall development research model with stages, including: information collection research, planning, initial development, initial testing (initial field testing), main product revision, main testing (main field testing), operational product revision, operational field testing, final product revision, and dissemination. Exploration of traditional technology is carried out to obtain experimental media that will be summarized into organizers for learning media. Hypothetical model validation (FGD-focus group discussion) involves lecturers and education practitioners in West Kalimantan to obtain eligibility. Limited initial field testing with purposive sampling techniques at IKIP PGRI Pontianak with a pre-experimental one group pretest posttest design. Global science literacy is measured using questionnaires. Creative character is measured using scientific creativity tests referencing divergent thinking. The results of the study obtained a concept attaiment model based on traditional technology organizers to strengthen global science literacy and valid creative characters with excellent criteria. The t-test results show that the concept attaiment model based on traditional technology organizers is effective for improving global science literacy and creative character. Students and educators respond well to the application of concept attaiment models based on traditional technology organizers.

Effects of flipped blended learning based on assessment: an action research study in translation technology education

ABSTRACT Flipped blended learning (FBL) has become popular in translator training, requiring teachers to adapt their beliefs and attitudes towards blended learning to design and implement professional training programmes. This study investigates the effects of FBL on competence improvement in translation technology education. Using an action research approach with mixed methods, two iterative cycles of planning, acting, observing and reflecting were conducted. Sixty-six postgraduates participated in the programme, and their academic achievements were quantitatively evaluated through pre- and post-tests for computer-aided translation and revision tasks, practical operation tests and online learning statistics. Qualitative data from Q&A sessions, questionnaires and open-ended interviews revealed the students’ perceptions of professional development. The results showed the FBL emphasising interaction with peers, context and content, enhances translators’ competence. FBL should not be limited to integrating internet, classroom or laboratory settings alone. Extracurricular learning outside campus can also be integral with the support and guidance of off-campus tutors.

Pd(II)‐TADF Emitters Featuring Multiple Intramolecular Noncovalent Interactions: Toward Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with EQEs up to 31.5% and Operational Half‐Lifetimes Exceeding 1600 h at 3000 cd m−2

AbstractThe second‐row transition metal complexes have been much less exploited as emitters for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Despite the considerable efforts to develop phosphorescent Pd(II) complexes by ligand design, the triplet excited states of Pd(II) complexes usually have very long lifetimes because of their ligand‐centered nature. Hereina panel of sandwich‐type mononuclear Pd(II) complexes is reported, namely PdDDBPZ, PdDTRZ, and PdDPYR, which exhibit strong yellow to red thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) with photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 87–94% in doped films. The metal ion plays a perturbing role in the intraligand charge transfer excited state dynamics, giving rise to accelerated reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). Owing to the space‐confined sandwich configuration, there are multiple noncovalent interactions within the molecules, which are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by theoretical calculations. The Pd(II) complexes show high device efficiencies with external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) up to 31.5%. The ultralow efficiency roll‐off is as low as 1% at 1000 cd m−2. The device operational stability test for PdDTRZ reveals a half‐lifetime (LT50) of 1615 h at an initial luminance of 3000 cd m−2. The leverage of metal‐promoted TADF mechanism together with intramolecular noncovalent interactions proves feasible for developing practical Pd(II)‐TADF emitters toward OLEDs.

Full load optimization of a hydrogen fuelled industrial engine

There are a large number of applications in which hydrogen internal combustion engines represent a sensible alternative to battery electric propulsion systems and to fuel cell electric propulsion systems. The main advantages of combustion engines are their high degree of robustness and low manufacturing costs. No critical raw materials are required for production and there are highly developed production plants worldwide. A CO2-free operation is possible when using hydrogen as a fuel. The formation of nitrogen oxides during hydrogen combustion in the engine can be effectively mitigated by a lean-burn combustion process. However, achieving low NOx raw emissions conflicts with achieving high power yields. In this work, a series industrial diesel engine was converted for hydrogen operation and comprehensive engine tests were carried out. Various measures to improve the trade-off between NOx emissions and performance were investigated and evaluated. The rated power output and the maximum torque of the series diesel engine could be exceeded while maintaining an indicated specific NOx emission of 1 g/kWh along the entire full load curve. In the low-end-torque range, however, the gap to the full load curve of the series diesel engine could not be fully closed with the hardware used.

Cerebrovascular dysregulation and postoperative cognitive alterations after carotid endarterectomy.

There are controversial data about the effect of carotid endarterectomy regarding postoperative cognitive function. Our aim was to analyze the effect of cerebral tissue saturation monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) on cognitive function. Perioperative data of 103 asymptomatic patients undergoing elective carotid surgery under general anesthesia were analyzed. Preoperatively and 3months after the operation, MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination) and MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) tests were conducted. For cerebral monitoring, NIRS was used, and the lowest rSO2 value and the degree of desaturation were calculated. Cognitive changes were defined as one standard deviation change from the preoperative test scores, defined as postoperative neurocognitive decline (PNCD) and cognitive improvement (POCI). PNCD was found in 37 patients (35.92%), and POCI was found in 18 patients (17.47%). Female gender, patients with diabetes, and the degree of desaturation were independently associated with PNCD. The degree of desaturation during the cross-clamp period negatively correlated with the change in the MoCA scores (R = - 0.707, p = 0.001). The 15.5% desaturation ratio had 86.5% sensitivity and 78.8% specificity for discrimination. For POCI, a desaturation of less than 12.65% had 72.2% sensitivity and 67.1% specificity. POCI was associated with lower preoperative MOCA scores and a lower degree of desaturation. We found a significant relation between the change of postoperative cognitive function proven by the MoCA test and cerebral tissue saturation during the clamping period in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.

Encoding and decoding of information in general probabilistic theories

Encoding and decoding are the two key steps in information processing. In this work, we study the encoding and decoding capabilities of operational theories in the context of information-storability game, where the task is to freely choose a set of states from which one state is chosen at random and by measuring the state it must be identified; a correct guess results in as many utiles as the number of states in the chosen set and an incorrect guess means a penalty of a fixed number of utiles. We connect the optimal winning strategy of the game to the amount of information that can be stored in a given theory, called the information storability of the theory, and show that one must use so-called nondegradable sets of states and nondegradable measurements whose encoding and decoding properties cannot be reduced. We demonstrate that there are theories where the perfect discrimination strategy is not the optimal one so that the introduced game can be used as an operational test for super information storability. We further develop the concept of information storability by giving new useful conditions for calculating it in specific theories.

Immobilization and characterization of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) from Glaciozyma antarctica

HSL-like esterase (GlaEst12) was isolated from the psychrophilic yeast Glaciozyma antarctica, and has a broad substrate specificity hence allowing hydrolysis of a wide range of ester molecules. This characteristic makes it relevant in a variety of industries, including food processing, pharmaceutical, and bioenergy. Immobilization of HSL-like esterase from G. antarctica (GlaEst12) was achieved through physical adsorption onto different types of supports such as Amicogen LKZ118, Amicogen LKZ518, Accurel MP1000, Seplite LXC621, and Seplite LX120. Among these, LKZ518 and LX120 exhibited a high immobilization rate (95 - 100 %), surpassing the other tested supports. Nonetheless, their recorded enzyme activity was notably lower when contrasted with the activity observed on LKZ118. While LKZ118 displayed a 50 % immobilization rate, it demonstrated remarkably high enzyme activity compared to the other supports. The optimal enzyme concentration for immobilization was determined to be 5 mg per gram of LKZ118 support. The immobilized lipase (GlaEst12_LKZ118) showed an optimum temperature et 60 °C similar to free GlaEst12 when tested using pNP-octanoate substrate. However, it showed a shift in pH optimum from pH 8 for free GlaEst12 to pH 9 for GlaEst12_LKZ118. GlaEst12_LKZ118 demonstrated prolonged stability at 60 °C, with a half-life of 180 min. Furthermore, it exhibited stability in the presence of methanol when treated at 50 °C, and increased activity in the presence of DMSO. Operational stability tests revealed that GlaEst12_LKZ118 maintained 65.5 % of its relative activity after 7 cycles, indicating its robust operational stability. In summary, the study demonstrated the successful immobilization of HSL lipase derived from G. antarctica using various supports and the immobilized enzyme showed promising activity levels for potential applications in biodiesel production and flavour ester synthesis.

Phosphor‐Loaded Triboelectric Film‐Based Multipurpose Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Highly‐Efficient Energy Harvesting, Sensing, and Self‐Illumination Applications

AbstractA novel approach is proposed for combining phosphor materials with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for mechanical energy harvesting and illumination applications. For this purpose, strongly reddish‐orange‐emitting Ba0.5Sr0.5Nb2O6:0.25 mol Eu3+ (BSNb:0.25Eu) phosphor materials are synthesized. The photoluminescence properties of the synthesized BSNb:0.25Eu are analyzed. The synthesized BSNb:0.25Eu is utilized as a dielectric filler inside a polydimethylsiloxane polymeric film due to its high dielectric properties to improve the overall dielectric properties of the composite film (CF). TENG devices are fabricated using phosphor‐loaded CFs as the tribonegative layer, transparent polyvinyl alcohol as the tribopositive layer, and aluminum as the conductive electrode. All the TENGs operate in a contact‐separation mode, and the highest electrical output is attained by optimizing the phosphor filler concentration in the CF. The optimized TENG exhibits excellent stability in long‐term operational tests, under varying harsh ambient temperatures. Indium tin oxide sputtered on both triboelectric films as an electrode and combined with a transparent hard substrate to obtain a fully transparent TENG. A self‐illuminating TENG (SI‐TENG) is fabricated by integrating near‐ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes between two identical TENGs. The SI‐TENG can harvest the mechanical energy available in the surrounding environment and illuminate it as a light source. Additionally, the proposed phosphor‐loaded polymer films can be employed for optical thermometry and mechanical energy harvesting via SI‐TENG on a large scale.

An innovative dry-lab test rig for mechanical-hydraulic power take-off of wave energy conversion system

A dry-lab test rig is a powerful means to reduce costs in the design process of a wave energy conversion system (WECs). A dry-lab test rig technique allows the use of real components inside a simulation of a mathematical model. This paper presents the development of an innovative dry-lab test rig for the mechanicalhydraulic power take-off (MHPTO) unit of WECs. The development of a drylab test rig of MHPTO involves several processes, such as three-dimension (3D) modelling, component purchasing, structure fabrication, component installation, and operational testing. The developed dry-lab test rig consists of two main parts, such as the simulated wave emulator plant and the real MHPTO unit plant. The simulated wave emulator plant was developed in this test rig to replicate the interaction motion between the ocean wave motion and the wave absorber device. The developed dry-lab test rig was tested using five different irregular wave input conditions to ensure it could perform under the five different wave input conditions. The overall results demonstrate that the developed dry-lab test rig was successfully performed in all sea states. From the results, the profile of electrical power produced by the real MHPTO unit can be clearly obtained in each sea state.

Intensifying the performance of polymer suspensions to evaluate drag reduction using rotating disc apparatus

A rotating disc in a close chamber was fabricated to evaluate the drag reduction (DR) performance of different polymer suspensions which estimates it with evaluating tension of crude oil on the disk before and after adding suspensions. The main issue is the link between the rheological and functional behaviors of polymers in crude oil. Polyisobutylene (PIB), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and polystyrene (PS) were used as polymers, and their performances were compared with a commercial drag reducer agent. The viscoelastic behavior of polymers and their viscosity in crude oil were found to significantly alter the drag reduction efficiency. Although having been increasingly studied the more the elasticity of the agent, the greater the drag reduction efficiency, it was concluded that the drag force does not change monotonically with the increase in the concentration of polymers (or induction of higher turbulence), and one should use an optimum concentration of polymers to gain the maximum drag reduction. Furthermore, increasing the temperature was found an easy way to slightly promote the drag reduction efficiency. In addition, it will be possible to predict the optimal concentration and temperature with rheological studies before conducting operational tests. The results of rheological evaluations clearly show the entanglement and relaxation behavior depends on the polymer concentration. Also the operational tests show, although, due to its short-chain molecules and high viscosity, the drag reduction by means of PS contained DR was less than 10 %, the sample containing 15.0 ppm of PIB and SBR could cause up to ∼ 40 % drag reduction at 40 °C and Re = 300,000 (considered as the beginning of the turbulent flow in rotating disk apparatus (RDA)). This record is comparable to that of the commercial sample.