Open Architecture Research Articles

“Chineseness”: A Discussion on Cases Related to Tulou in Contemporary Chinese Architecture

The article delves into the concept of “Chineseness” in contemporary Chinese architecture, a strategic tool for creating distinctive styles rooted in Chinese identity. It serves not only to distinguish projects from market-driven trends but also to establish a pivotal position in the global architectural landscape. "Chineseness" among 24 identified keywords represents a practical strategy embraced by many young architects with international exposure. The traditional Chinese dwelling, a symbol of familial and cultural essence, particularly in the context of home culture, is a primary inspiration for contemporary architects. The research adopts a case study approach, focusing on Tulou-related cases from the last fifteen years, encompassing various building types. The Tulou, a mountain-dwelling with rich cultural connotations, is introduced, reflecting ancient Chinese philosophies in its architectural principles. The case studies, including URBANUS’s “Tulou Collective Housing 2008" and Chengdu’s “Tulou Theater,” demonstrate how Tulou prototypes can be creatively adapted. These designs not only replicate forms but also capture the communal spirit inherent in traditional dwellings. “Stepped Courtyards” by OPEN Architecture reinterprets Tulou typology for a staff dormitory, emphasizing community awareness. In conclusion, the concept of “Chineseness” emerges as a prominent topic, showcasing the dynamic and adaptable nature of traditional Chinese culture and modern architectural expressions. The cases illustrate the evolving intersection between traditional Chinese culture and modern architecture, offering insights into the future trajectory of Chinese architectural culture. The interrelated keywords highlight the nuanced and evolving nature of “Chineseness” in architectural practices.

Hilbert signal envelope-based multi-features methods for GNSS spoofing detection

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) provides precise Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) service for various industries such as military and national economy. However, civil GNSS is fragile and vulnerable to spoofing for the weak signal strength and the open architecture. To address the problem of limited performance of existing detection methods due to the strong concealment of spoofing, this paper proposes a novel scheme using Hilbert Signal Envelope-based multi-features. Firstly, multi-features are picked and calculated from the receiving signal, especially we propose a Tweaked Signal Quality Monitoring (TSQM) metric in this step. Secondly, an algorithm for extracting Hilbert Signal Envelope (HSE) is proposed for enhancing the features, which reduces features redundancy and pushes clean and spoofing samples away from each other. Thirdly, the enhanced features are sent to train and test the Machine Learning (ML) models. Finally, experimental validation is conducted on the Texas Spoofing Test Battery (TEXBAT) dataset and measurement data collected by low-cost Software-Defined Radio (SDR). The Area Under Curve (AUC) of the proposed method improves by 5.34 % and 3.07 % (reaching 97.34 % and 98.44 %) compared to the latest multi-parameters method on TEXBAT and measurement data, respectively, which provides an effective scheme for spoofing detection.

Educational scanning tunneling microscope – open architecture platform for nanotechnology teaching and nanometrology research

Educational scanning tunneling microscope – open architecture platform for nanotechnology teaching and nanometrology research

Ru nanocrystals modified porous FeOOH nanostructures with open 3D interconnected architecture supported on NiFe foam as high‐performance electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and electrocatalytic urea oxidation

The construction of binder-free electrodes with well-defined three-dimensional (3D) morphology and optimized electronic structure represents an efficient strategy for the design of high-performance electrocatalysts for the development of efficient green hydrogen technologies. Herein, Ru nanocrystals were modified on 3D interconnected porous FeOOH nanostructures with open network-like frameworks on NiFe foam (Ru/FeOOH@NFF), which were used as an efficient electrocatalyst. In this study, a 3D interconnected porous FeOOH with an open network structure was first electrodeposited on NiFe foam and served as the support for the in-situ modification of Ru nanocrystals. Subsequently, the Ru nanocrystals and abundant oxygen vacancies were simultaneously incorporated into the FeOOH matrix via the adsorption-reduction method, which involved NaBH4 reduction. The Ru/FeOOH@NFF electrocatalyst shows a large specific surface area, abundant oxygen vacancies, and modulated electronic structure, which collectively result in a significant enhancement of catalytic properties with respect to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR). The Ru/FeOOH@NFF catalyst exhibits an outstanding OER performance, requiring a low overpotential (360 mV) at 200 mA cm−2 with a small Tafel slope (58 mV dec-1). Meanwhile, the Ru/FeOOH@NFF catalyst demonstrates more efficient UOR activity for achieving 200 mA cm−2 at a lower overpotential of 272 mV. Furthermore, an overall urea electrolysis cell using the Ru/FeOOH@NFF as the anode and Pt as the cathode (Ru/FeOOH@NFF||Pt) reveals a cell voltage of 1.478 V at 10 mA cm−2 and a prominent durability (120 h at 50 mA cm−2). This work will provide a valuable understanding of the construction of high-performance electrocatalysts with 3D microstructure for promoting urea-assisted water electrolysis.

Lake Environmental Data Harvester (LED) for Alpine Lake Monitoring with Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASVs)

This article introduces the Lake Environmental Data Harvester (LED) System, a robotic platform designed for the development of an innovative solution for monitoring remote alpine lakes. LED is intended as the first step in creating portable robotic tools that are lightweight, cost-effective, and highly reliable for monitoring remote water bodies. The LED system is based on the Shallow-Water Autonomous Multipurpose Platform (SWAMP), a groundbreaking Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) originally designed for monitoring wetlands. The objective of LED is to achieve the comprehensive monitoring of remote lakes by outfitting the SWAMP with a suite of sensors, integrating an IoT infrastructure, and adhering to FAIR principles for structured data management. SWAMP’s modular design and open architecture facilitate the easy integration of payloads, while its compact size and construction with a reduced weight ensure portability. Equipped with four azimuth thrusters and a flexible hull structure, SWAMP offers a high degree of maneuverability and position-keeping ability for precise surveys in the shallow waters that are typical of remote lakes. In this project, SWAMP was equipped with a suite of sensors, including a single-beam dual-frequency echosounder, water-quality sensors, a winch for sensor deployment, and AirQino, a low-cost air quality analysis system, along with an RTK-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receiver for precise positioning. Utilizing commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, a Multipurpose Data-Acquisition System forms the basis for an Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure, enabling data acquisition, storage, and long-range communication. This data-centric system design ensures that acquired variables from both sensors and the robotic platform are structured and managed according to the FAIR principles.

An Immersive Digital Twin Applied to a Manufacturing Execution System for the Monitoring and Control of Industry 4.0 Processes

The present research proposes the implementation of an architecture for industrial process monitoring and control for a manufacturing execution system (MES) using an immersive digital twin (DT). For the design of the proposal, cyber–physical systems (CPS), MES, robotics, the Internet of Things, augmented reality, virtual reality, and open platform communication-unified architecture (OPC UA) communication protocols were used to integrate these technologies and enhance the functionalities of the DT by providing greater performance. The proposed work is implemented in an Industry 4.0 laboratory that is composed of Festo Cyber–Physical Factory and CP-Lab stations. The implementation of the architecture is based on ISO 23247, where the following requirements were considered for the design of DTs: (1) observable attributes and 3D design and visualization of all physical production lines in all of their stages, (2) a communication entity through the OPC UA protocol for the collection of state changes of manufacturing elements, (3) a DT entity where digital models are modeled and updated based on the collected data, and (4) user entities through the use of AR and VR to make manufacturing more efficient. The experimental results showed that the architecture enables interoperability between different platforms and control subsystems. It allows for the detection and diagnosis of problems during the execution of the production line; in addition, the high-fidelity simulation and AR and VR environments provided by the DT with data obtained in real time can improve the accuracy and efficiency of manufacturing through a more detailed analysis of the process, providing advantages such as interactive creation for customized products and continuous innovation.

Examining the Benefits and Drawbacks of Open Network Architectures in E-Commerce

The advent of digital commerce has revolutionized the way businesses operate and interact with customers. One of the key factors contributing to this transformation is the emergence of open network architectures, which facilitate seamless communication and data exchange between various entities within the e-commerce ecosystem. This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and drawbacks associated with open network architectures in the context of digital commerce. And to investigate how open network architectures promote accessibility and interoperability among diverse systems, enabling seamless integration and collaboration within the e-commerce landscape. Explore the potential of open networks to foster innovation and scalability, empowering businesses to rapidly adapt to changing market demands and technological advancements. Evaluate the economic advantages of open network architectures, including reduced infrastructure costs, improved resource utilization, and streamlined operational processes. Examine the potential vulnerabilities and risks associated with open network architectures, such as data breaches, cyber threats, and privacy issues, and propose strategies to mitigate these challenges. Investigate the role of governance frameworks and industry standards in facilitating the effective implementation and management of open network architectures within the e-commerce domain. Identify and analyze the potential barriers to the widespread adoption for overcoming these challenges. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and drawbacks associated with open network architectures in the context of e-commerce. Through real-world case studies, theoretical frameworks, and a multi-faceted approach encompassing technical, business, and strategic perspectives, we strive to equip e-commerce stakeholders with the insights necessary to navigate this complex landscape and make informed decisions that align with their organizational goals and market dynamics.

An approach to coupling analysis for open architecture product

During the configuration process of open architecture products (OAPs), adaptive change is inevitable to meet customers' personalised demands. However, the coupling between modules makes adaptive changes of open architecture products more difficult. For the coupling between modules in open architecture product design, an approach to analysing the coupling between modules is proposed. The implications of adaptive change for open architecture products are explained, and the interface relationships among the common platform, customised modules, and personalised modules are analysed. The coupling modes of three cases are discussed, i.e. the coupling between modules under the same branch, between modules under different branches with only functional collaboration, and between modules under different branches with function-structure correlation. The coupling degrees are calculated with consideration of the number of connections between modules and their comprehensive correlation degree. The structural complexity of the module is considered by development cost, development time, change cost, and change time, which is expressed with the information content in axiomatic design. Based on structural complexity, the dependency, and coupling degree between modules, the calculation method of change impact degree between modules is presented. The method on coupling analysis between modules in open architecture product design for personalised electric winches is illustrated.

Discussing open architecture in design studio: The case of Atelier 1 and Ankara

Discussing open architecture in design studio: The case of Atelier 1 and Ankara

Liquid lasing from solutions of ligand-engineered semiconductor nanocrystals.

Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) can function as efficient gain materials with chemical versatility because of their surface ligands. Because the properties of NCs in solution are sensitive to ligand-environment interactions, local chemical changes can result in changes in the optical response. However, amplification of the optical response is technically challenging because of colloidal instability at NC concentrations needed for sufficient gain to overcome losses. This paper demonstrates liquid lasing from plasmonic lattice cavities integrated with ligand-engineered CdZnS/ZnS NCs dispersed in toluene and water. By taking advantage of calcium ion-induced aggregation of NCs in aqueous solutions, we show how lasing threshold can be used as a transduction signal for ion detection. Our work highlights how NC solutions and plasmonic lattices with open cavity architectures can serve as a biosensing platform for lab-on-chip devices.

Shear thickening and charge-storing interlayer-based all-aerosol-sprayed wearable triboelectric sensor for industrial wireless human-machine interfaces

In harsh factory environment, achieving design and deployment of wearable sensor is challenging for foundation of industrial internet of things (IoT) systems. Herein, we introduce an all-aerosol-sprayed impact-resistant wearable triboelectric sensor (SC-WTS) that integrates SiO2 nanoparticle-based shear thickening and a charge-storing (SC) interlayer. This interlayer synergistically enhances both anti-impact and self-powered sensing performances, enabling precise detection with a wide pressure range of 0.25–10 kPa, outstanding linearity of 0.96, and high sensitivity of 21.1 V/kPa. Fabricated using an all-aerosol-spray process, the SC-WTS is highly adaptable to diverse wearable substrates, including Kevlar, leather, and plastic plates, and exhibits excellent impact resistance against low-velocity impacts. By conjugating the in-situ fabrication, outstanding self-powered sensing performance, and superior anti-impact performance, a real-time safety monitoring IIoT system was developed utilizing an industrial wireless server network and open platform communications unified architecture. The system enables supervisors to detect industrial collisions and emergency messages in real time through the triboelectric signals generated by the SC-WTS module, which is embedded in safety clothes of onsite workers. This work provides the practical concept of a WTS based on an SC interlayer with excellent anti-impact and self-powered sensing performance for wireless human-machine interfaces under extreme conditions at industrial sites.

Business enterprise architecture in fitness center using the open group architecture framework

<span>Sports currently have an impact on human life, especially in the health sector. One way of exercising that is popular with many people today is by exercising at the fitness center. One of them is a fitness center located in Bandung. This research aims to obtain design results that can adapt business processes in fitness centers and can help the company's performance so that its vision and mission are achieved. The current business process is still experiencing problems because business has not yet been integrated with information technology (IT), so a business process proposal was made using the business architecture method. By conducting interviews and observations, data can be collected. From this data, it can be seen that business implementation in fitness centers is not yet optimal, so it is necessary to develop information system technology that is in line with the company's business. This technology development is based on business architecture which produces a company blueprint and is assisted by the open group architecture framework (TOGAF) which can help analyze company needs. The results of this research are in the form of recommendations which will later be proposed so that benefits for the company can be achieved more quickly.</span>

Remote surveillance of enclosed and open architectures using unmanned vehicle with advanced security

<p>Monitoring behavior, numerous actions, or any such information is considered as surveillance and is done for information gathering, influencing, managing, or directing purposes. Citizens employ surveillance to safeguard their communities. Governments do this for the purposes of intelligence collection, including espionage, crime prevention, the defense of a method, a person, a group, or an item; or the investigation of criminal activity. Using an internet of things (IoT) rover, the area will be secured with better secrecy and efficiency instead of humans, will provide an additional safety step. In this paper, there is a discussion about an IoT rover for remote surveillance based around a Raspberry Pi microprocessor which will be able to monitor a closed/open space. This rover will allow safer survey operations and would help to reduce the risks involved with it.</p>

Industrial Internet of Things: A Review of Improvements Over Traditional SCADA Systems for Industrial Automation

This review article provides an overview of the potential of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) to revolutionize industrial automation. The IIoT is the Internet of Things (IoT) but in an industrial context, i.e., IIoT is used more to connect machines and devices in industrial environments. The IIoT has the potential to benefit from advances in artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning and deep learning, to increase efficiency and productivity and reduce overhead costs. We provide an overview of the supervisory control and data acquisition system, a definition of IIoT, and how IIoT can offer industry greater potential for system integration to improve automation and optimization. In addition, five of the major IIoT protocols are discussed, namely, message queue telemetry transport, advanced messaging queuing protocol, constrained application protocol, data distribution service, and open platform communication unified architecture. We then identified key IIoT improvements for industrial automation. These are; efficient and low-cost systems, digital twin, machine failure prediction, real-time remote monitoring, and security. We then discussed the key research in the literature for each category. We presented some public IIoT datasets so that researchers can use them to develop new learning models to improve the security of IIoT systems. Finally, we discussed some of the limitations, recommendations, and future perspectives for developing IIoT-enabled systems.

Reconfigurable open architecture control system with integrated digital twin for 3-axis woodworking milling machine

ABSTRACT This study proposes a reconfigurable open architecture control system for the Computer Numerical Control (CNC) woodworking educational machine tool called “EMCO F1 CNC”. On this machine physical hardware reconfiguration (spindle position can be vertical and horizontal) is possible. The idea was to develop a control system that would follow the configuration changes of the machine tool. The educational character of the machine and its reconfigurability demand possibilities for machining programme simulations in order to determine optimal workpiece position in the workspace and programme verification. Those are the reasons for developing a virtual machine tool integrated with the control system as a digital twin. The study presents a novel methodology for the development of control systems, merging the concept of “virtual commissioning” with iterative error-driven processes. The objective was to develop a dynamic control system capable of promptly adjusting to kinematics changes in real time. In a wood machining experiment, a test workpiece for machine tools for both machine configurations verified the operation of the developed control system.

Implementation of NOA@PAT

Due to the publication of the NAMUR Open Architecture (NOA), there are new oppurtunities to digitalize the existing process industry. The acquisition and direct forwarding to the target address is especially for the operation of process analytical technologies (PAT) of interest to improve efficiency and avaliability. In this article, the deeper benefit of NOA for PAT is outlined by presenting the advantages of standardized information models for PAT vitality data. Furthermore, the successful implementation of a NOA use case for PAT is shown in terms of the field wiring, the generation of the information model and the IT/OT transfer. At last, open aspects to achieve a comprehensive NOA implementation in existing installations are mentioned.

Design a 5-stage pipeline RISC-V CPU and optimise its ALU

The RISC-V instruction set has advanced and expanded significantly in recent years. It is an open instruction set architecture (ISA) based on the concept of Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC). This article uses Verilog to design a 5-stage pipeline CPU based on RISC-V architecture in Vivado 2022.2. The CPU can execute 38 instructions and optimises its arithmetic logic unit (ALU) by optimising adders, shifters, and multipliers. Next, write a testbench in the simulation software to verify the functionality of the CPU. RTL diagrams and reports are then generated to verify the design structure and evaluate resource allocation. Finally, the CPU successfully executes the instruction and obtains the correct operation result, and the occupation of LUT resources in the shifter part is reduced. This work serves as an important reference for system-on-chip (SoC) and computer design in general. It not only highlights the potential of the RISC-V architecture but also demonstrates the success of optimisation efforts. This paves the way for more powerful and efficient computing systems.

Fault tolerance evaluation study of a RISC-V microprocessor for HEP applications

The utilization of a radiation-hard microprocessor or a System-on-Chip (SoC) design methodology significantly benefits the future design of ASICs for HEP experiments. To evaluate the fault tolerance of a radiation-hard design, it is important to obtain detailed information on the soft error rate and contributing factors. This article presents a simulation-based approach to investigate the effects of faults induced by single event transients in a microprocessor based on the open RISC-V instruction set architecture.

Minimizing Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination in indoor farming: effects of cultivar type and ultra-violet light quality.

Bacterial contamination of produce is a concern in indoor farming due to close plant spacing, recycling irrigation, warm temperatures, and high relative humidity during production. Cultivars that inherently resist contamination and photo-sanitization using ultraviolet (UV) radiation during the production phase can reduce bacterial contamination. However, there is limited information to support their use in indoor farming. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivars with varying plant architectures grown in a custom-built indoor farm exhibited differences in E. coli O157:H7 survival after inoculation. The survival of E. coli O157:H7 was lowest in the leaf cultivar (open architecture) and highest in the romaine and oakleaf cultivars (compact architecture). Of the different UV wavelengths that were tested (UV-A, UV-A + B, UV-A + C), UV A + C at an intensity of 54.5 μmol m-2 s-1 (with 3.5 μmol m-2 s-1 of UV-C), provided for 15 min every day, was found to be most efficacious in reducing the E. coli O157:H7 survival on romaine lettuce with no negative effects on plant growth and quality. Contamination of E. coli O157:H7 on lettuce plants can be reduced and the food safety levels in indoor farms can be increased by selecting cultivars with an open leaf architecture coupled with photo-sanitization using low and frequent exposure to UV A + C radiation. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Isotropic cellular structure design strategies based on triply periodic minimal surfaces

Isotropy is a desired characteristic in cellular structures for load bearing and energy absorption applications that must respond uniformly under external loads in all orientations. Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) cellular structures are attracting much attention for such applications due to their demonstrated high performance, tailorable properties, and open cell architecture. However, TPMS structures usually display stiffness anisotropy. In this work, new design strategies are presented for isotropic TPMS-based cellular structures, revealing a large available design space in terms of relative density and relative stiffness. The first design strategy arranges TPMS-based cells in a Simple-Cubic/Face-Centred Cubic inspired pattern, resulting in reduced elastic anisotropy. Two parametric optimisation approaches involving level-set mid-surface offsetting and the functional grading of relative density are then applied in a second step to eliminate any residual elastic anisotropy. Anisotropy is characterised through finite element analysis using the Zener ratio. Four families of cells are optimised, each based on a different TPMS unit cell, and then additively manufactured using the material extrusion process with polylactic acid. Finally, experimental quasi-static compressive tests are conducted to characterise stiffness, strength, and energy absorption properties. Optimised designs are tested in three crystal orientations ([001], [101] and [111]) and manufactured in three orthogonal print orientations. The Primitive TPMS-based design is the stiffest of the four designs reaching 64.4% of the Hashin-Shtrikman upper bound of bulk modulus at 20% relative density. Experimental results validate all four optimised cell designs for elastic isotropy and indicate that all the cell designs are also isotropic in terms of crushing strength and energy absorption.