Ontology Concepts Research Articles

Classification and Value Assessment of Sports Intangible Cultural Heritage Resources Combined with Digital Technology

Abstract This paper is dedicated to designing and constructing a knowledge ontology framework for sports intangible cultural heritage (ICH) resources, aiming to support their preservation and inheritance by integrating and mining sports ICH resources. The study includes the collection of multiple data of sports ICH from various data sources, and constructing ICH knowledge ontology using CIDOC CRM metadata reference model and seven-step method. To enrich the content of the ontology, the TextRank algorithm is used to extract textual critical information and design a domain-specific NER model for sports NRL. In addition, the study adopts the VSM vector space model for text representation and uses an improved hierarchical classification model for text categorization to improve classification accuracy. The study also explores the similarity calculation of concepts in the sports NRM ontology and proposes a semantic similarity calculation formula based on the ontology concepts. Respondents’ willingness to pay was investigated through the conditional value method (CVM) to assess the value of sports NRM tourism resources. Finally, the influencing factors of respondents’ willingness to pay were analyzed using statistical analysis and Logistic regression model, and it was found that they were mainly influenced by the degree of understanding of sports non-heritage resources and the level of education. The results of this study not only provide theoretical and methodological support for the effective integration and excavation of sports non-heritage resources and a new perspective for their protection, inheritance and sustainable development.

POJAM LIČNOSTI; SVETI OCI, ZIZJULAS I HAJDEGER

In this paper, we will try to show, relying on the works of Jovan Zizioulas and the Orthodox spiritual tradition, that the concept of personality is an original Christian concept of the early Church, according to which the Personal Triune God is assumed as a necessary condition for the existence of a human personality. We will try to determine what is a personality understood in this way, is it a being or a way of existence? We will give an answer to this question by indicating the constitution of its ontological structure, especially in relation to the concepts of freedom, love and community. In an effort to articulate the concept of personality as adequately as possible, we will show that the application of some of Heidegger’s ontological concepts and results from Being and Time is very fruitful for the performance of such a task. Finally, we will show what kind of theological and pre-philosophical notions this original concept of personality presupposes, and what consequences it entails in terms of designing human life.

Agents for automatic control of sensors using Multi-Agent Systems and Ontologies: A scalable IoT architecture

Research efforts focused on Smart Building (SB) development have concentrated on the automation of resources within intelligent environments towards an enhanced experience for occupants. The process converts everyday manual activities into automatic actions, such as turning on lights upon entering a room, activating air conditioning on hot days, and switching off a television when there are no viewers. This article addresses a case study on context-aware monitoring conducted at the Laboratory of Distributed Systems and Concurrent Programming (LaSDPC) of the University of São Paulo. The focus is on a Fog layer of the IoT operating closer to sensors and reducing communication delays. Concepts of context-aware systems, multi-agent systems, ontology, and MQTT protocol were considered for the implementation of the intelligent system on-site. The programming languages used were Java and Python, leveraging libraries and frameworks dedicated to such technologies. A scalable system that does not compromise computational resource use and maintains responsiveness with low data exchange latency is proposed and tests checked the intelligent behavior of the laboratory under specific conditions using temperature, luminosity, and presence of a person as parameters.

“Metamorfoses decoloniais”: o inconsciente animista e transmutações como cosmovisão nas Literaturas Africanas

ABSTRACT Metamorphosis is a term inherent to colonial reality in which ontological and identity paradigms and conceptions reveal a recurring question in African literature: Who am I? Based on this, this article aims to analyze the phenomenon of metamorphosis/transmutation as a characteristic of real-animist texts, which is an aesthetic consequence arising from the animistic conception of perceiving the world. We will discuss how the presence of the imaginary of traditional African religiosity translates into recurrent unusual episodes, such as transmutations, through the works of African writers such as Nigerian Amos Tutuola, Angolan Décio Bettencourt, and Mozambican Mia Couto. Finally, we will observe that the presence of this phenomenon translates not only into a mythical imaginary but also into becoming-individual and becoming-nation in societies fragmented identity-wise by colonialism.

CORRESPONDENCE OF THE CONCEPT OF «ISNAN KAMIL» IN ISLAM WITH THE CONCEPT OF «MIND» IN ABAI

The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between the concept of «insan kamil» (a perfect man) and the concept of «mind» in the Words of Edification of Abai Kunanbaev. Particular atten-tion is paid to the religious and philosophical aspects of «insan kamil» in Islam, and the views of thinkers who analyzed it. Various versions of «insan kamil» are listed and the features of its appearance are con-sidered, including the essence of the ontological and anthropological concepts of Ibn Arabi, Al-Ghazali, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi, in particular, their teachings on the role of man, being and mind.The study showed the compatibility of categories based on symbolism in the Words of Edification of Abai, including the concepts of «mind» and «a wise person», with the characteristics and interpretations of a perfect person. In the course of this study, information was collected regarding the theoretical basis of this topic, and it made it possible, through comparative historical, diachronic and synchronic data analysis, to determine the general views of thinkers around the concept of «mind.»In the course of the study, religious and anthropological ideas and concepts in words of edification, the scientific and philosophical function of the mind, various ethical issues that reveal the existence of a perfect person are considered, the problem of the relationship between action and intention, and the significance of spiritual existence are determined. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results of the study can be used to identify the issue of the relationship between the concept of «insan kamil» among Islamic thinkers and the concept of «mind» by Abai in the subject areas of the his-tory of philosophy and religious studies.

MBORS: Mosquito vector Biocontrol Ontology and Recommendation System

Background & objectives: Mosquito vectors are disease-causing insects, responsible for various life-threatening vector-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, malaria, chikungunya, and lymphatic filariasis. In practice, synthetic insecticides are used to control the mosquito vector, but, the continuous usage of synthetic insecticides is toxic to human health resulting in communicable diseases. Non-toxic biocontrol agents such as bacteria, fungus, plants, and mosquito densoviruses play a vital role in controlling mosquitoes. Community awareness of mosquito biocontrol agents is required to control vector-borne diseases. Mosquito vector-based ontology facilitates mosquito biocontrol by providing information such as species names, pathogen-associated diseases, and biological controlling agents. It helps to explore the associations among the mosquitoes and their biocontrol agents in the form of rules. The Mosquito vector-based Biocontrol Ontology Recommendation System (MBORS) provides the knowledge on mosquito-associated biocontrol agents to control the vector at the early stage of the mosquitoes such as eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. This paper proposes MBORS for the prevention and effective control of vector-borne diseases. The Mosquito Vector Association ontology (MVAont) suggests the appropriate mosquito vector biocontrol agents (MosqVecRS) for related diseases. Methods: Natural Language Processing and Data mining are employed to develop the MBORS. While Tokenization, Part-of-speech Tagging (POS), Named Entity Recognition (NER), and rule-based text mining techniques are used to identify the mosquito ontology concepts, the data mining apriori algorithm is used to predict the associations among them. Results: The outcome of the MBORS results in MVAont as Web Ontology Language (OWL) representation and MosqVecRS as an Android application. The developed ontology and recommendation system are freely available on the web portal. Interpretation & conclusion: The MVAont predicts harmless biocontrol agents which help to diminish the rate of vector-borne diseases. On the other hand, the MosqVecRS system raises awareness of vectors and vector-borne diseases by recommending suitable biocontrol agents to the vector control community and researchers.

From philosophy in science to information in nature: Michael Heller’s ideas

This paper discusses the concept of information formulated by Michael (Michał) Heller. Heller—a philosopher, theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and theologian—provided a complex image of information and its role in nature, which is rarely found in studies of information. Heller posited that the laws of nature may be interpreted as information, or as providing information, presenting this as a complementary view to scientific structuralism (not discussed in this paper). According to Heller, the informational content of a structure in nature is inversely proportional to that structure’s degree of freedom. The more constrained or complex a structure is, and the less likely it is to exist, the more information it contains. In Heller’s view, the concept of information in Shannon’s Theory of Communication (ToC) is inadequate for expressing the notion of information beyond a numerical measure of a signal structure. Information in Heller’s research closely aligns with the concepts of Jacquette’s and Perzanowski’s combinatorial ontology (concepts not discussed in this paper) and the general theory of information (GTI) of Mark Burgin, although Heller did not explicitly make these connections.

On the Ontotheology of Nature

ABSTRACT This article presents a study of the ontotheology of nature, a philosophical and theological approach that synthesizes ideas from ontotheology and the philosophy of nature. The ontotheology of nature is a secular and generalist program that integrates science, philosophy, and formal theology, particularly metaphysics, while also critically engaging with and transcending these disciplines by examining essential and foundational ontological concepts at the intersection of natural science and the philosophy of nature. Specifically, we focus on the relationship between the living organism and biology on the one hand, and the ontology of space, time, and assemblage on the other.

Sonata for Violin and Piano “With the Questions” by Viktor Telychko as a Sample of the Master’s Metaphysical Biography

The purpose of the research is to conduct an art studies revision of the sonata for violin and piano “With the Questions” by Viktor Telychko, to confirm the idea of the opus appealing to philosophical categories similar to the demiurge’s world outlook and fostering his metaphysical biography constructing. The research methodology encompasses a range of the following approaches: analytical – to master an implementation of metaphysical questions in Viktor Telychko’s artwork; music studies – to grasp the content parameters of the presented masterpiece; hermeneutic – to interpret the senses introduced by the master; biographical – to study the originality of the chronicle and to analyse the composer’s individual history within the projection onto a creative pattern; systemic – to conduct a complex recognition of the issue of the study; theoretical generalisation – to summarise the research results. Scientific novelty. For the first time ever in national humanitarian studies, the sonata for violin and piano “With the Questions” by Viktor Telychko has been considered from the viewpoint of the artwork implementing the basic philosophical postulates; the following idea has been justified: the piece raises existential issues and demonstrates the master’s metaphysical chronicles. Conclusions. The postmodernism sonata has experienced considerable transformations related to reflecting personal and psychological concern. It is based on technical and style conceptions of the author’s original thinking, promotes important ideological positions of the master. In the 21st century, the genre reflects the master’s mentality and spiritual fundamentals professed by them, transfers to the sphere of philosophical objectification being represented by metaphysical biography. The latter is interpreted as the following: a symbolic depiction of ontological concepts of a personality’s life creativity reflected in an iconic civilizational artefact. The creative heritage of Viktor Telychko, a prominent profile in Ukrainian culture, is represented by a remarkable contribution where the sonata for violin and piano “With the Questions” stands out. Its consideration has revealed the seriousness and sense capacity of the presented conception. While developing the musical idea, the composer declares the following dominating metaphysical categories: birth, life, death, suffering, time, action, entity and some others. They are related to his existential aspirations (the artistic explication of their essence became the key task of various stages of being and was implemented via multifaceted elaborations), manifest the master’s essence and denote the metaphysical chronicle by Viktor Telychko.
 Keywords: metaphysical biography; the master’s life creativity; an artistic opus; creativity philosophy; Viktor Telychko; sonata for violin and piano “With the Questions”.

Формирование лексического модуля прикладной онтологии для её обучения

The complexity of developing ontologies is associated with their learning, which involves the automation of solving problems related to the extraction of ontological concepts and relationships from natural language texts. For a created ontology used in an information system, there will most likely be a need to expand its conceptual system due to the complication or change in data processing. Subsequent application of text analysis to discover new concepts and in-corporate them into the ontology, that is, linking them with existing concepts, will require identifying the latter in sen-tences of natural language texts. This paper considers the problem of automating the formation of the lexical module of applied ontology, which includes formalized representations of ontological concepts in natural language texts. A brief review of existing works devoted to the use of lexical information about ontology components in solving problems related to the analysis of textual data is presented. The ways of using the OntoLex-Lemon model for determining the structure of lexical representations of ontology concepts are considered. A procedure is proposed for the formation of lexical representations based on the analysis of texts in the subject area, taking into account the case when concepts have names consisting of several words. The results of applying the obtained module for the automatic formation of a training set of a neural network language model used in the ontology learning task for discovering new concepts in the corpus of subject texts are presented.

Ontological Theory Based on Practical Wisdom——An Exploration of the Gains and Losses of Mou Zongsan's “Metaphysics of Morality” Construction

Mou Zongsan constructed a philosophical ontology of “moral metaphysics” based on the unique practical wisdom of Confucianism. His argument for the “Moral metaphysics” not only includes the “ontological argument” in his later philosophical system, but also includes the “philosophical history argument” that reinterpreted Confucian discourse in the middle of Mou's thought. Mou emphasizes the “Cosmological approach” in “Zhongyong” and “Yizhuan” and takes it as a successful development of the “Moral approach”in “The Analects of Confucius” and “Mencius”, in order to continue the Confucian tradition of “ontology insight based on practical evidence”. However, the ontology of “Moral metaphysics” ultimately inherited the practical ontology concept of Confucianism, but failed to complete the modern transformation of the practical ontology approach corresponding to this practical ontology, resulting in a fundamental tension between the practical ontology concept of “Moral metaphysics” and its speculative ontology approach.

NIGITOLOGY OF M. HEIDEGGER’S NAME OF BEING

This article is devoted to the consideration of one of the crucial issues of Heidegger's thinking, the subject of which is the naming of Being under the pressure of Heidegger’s universalized idea of ​​Being groundlessness, rooted in the phenomenon of Nothingness. Radicalizing what has been said: the major problem of the article is dedicated to finding a more comprehensible, self-evident, and pellucid concept for Being than being itself, which encompassed the scientific research of the late Heidegger. It can be found among the significant corpus of his works, an outlined range of concepts that he used as an alternative one in speaking about Being. It is worth emphasizing that here the author of this article doesn’t mean the “being of beings” impersonated in the concept of Dasein, but Being with a capital letter in the sense that is already used in the Ukrainian translation in the form of Manifestation, i.e. Ereignis. Nevertheless, the article asserts the view that it is by no means the only name of non-predicated Being, except for its identification with total Nothingness. The great variety of Heidegger's names of Being is considered on the example of his most used concepts, among which the author, in addition to Ereignis, singles out primarily the Greek truth-ἀλήθεια and the accompanying concepts of ἐνέργεια, es gibt and copula. At the same time, the negative nature of kairological time as well as eontological time is clarified, which anew confirms the non-accidentality of the phenomenon of time chosen by Heidegger on a par with Being in his magnum opus. Furthermore, in the article isn’t ignored such local Heideggerian concepts as Abßgrund, Ungrund, Austrag, Verwüstung, and Gründung, owing to the analysis of which, among others, Heidegger's nigitological view of Being acquires integrity. The concept of nigitology was chosen by the author to particularly emphasize Heidegger's appeal to the historical and philosophical tradition of considering the phenomenon of Nothing with all the concepts derived from it, which are subsequently directly related to the negative interpretation of Being. Despite the primitivization of the phenomenon of negativity towards simplified forms of logic negation in the history of philosophy, as well as the squandering of the name of being before Heidegger, it’s underlined that the negative theses defined by Greeks on the question of being gave rise to the Western type of thinking as such, which turned the object of its own anxiety in the form of Nothing into one of the central concepts of ontology. The common feature of the above names of Being is their superlativeness, which simultaneously makes the conclusions to which it leads to be counterintuitive. In fact, thanks to this, the relevance of the current research is confirmed within the framework of the core issue for all forms of ontology: bringing Being to the real concept, considering the negative tendency of the names of Being to self-concealment and the presence of the semantic motifs of redundancy and shortage contemporaneously. Therefore, the analysis of the name of being in the spectrum of nigitology must be accompanied by a general dismantling of the classical positive meaning of the stated concepts, and only in these circumstances the transition to the so-called “new beginning”, initiated by M. Heidegger, can be regarded as finalized.

BETWEEN THE SPACE OF THE IMAGINARY AND THE SPHERE OF IDEAS: ONTOLOGICAL MODEL OF PROCLUS AND IRANIAN NEOPLATONIC TRADITION OF SUHRAWARDĪ

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of Neoplatonic concepts, in particular, the philosophy of Proclus on the discursive space of Iranian Neoplatonism. Proclus' system, Neoplatonic dialectic, turned out to be meaningful for the school of Yahya as-Suhrawardī. Exploring the “Primordial philosophy,” Suhrawardy attempted to build an ontological concept based on the Neoplatonic system. In this case, Proclus's dialectic helped him to reconcile Islamic orthodoxy and Shia concepts of ghulat. The reception of Platonism within the framework of the Illuminativist school had a tremendous influence on the development of Iranian philosophical thought in subsequent periods. It set the discursive framework for Iranian philosophical schools during the Safavid Renaissance of the 16th-17th centuries; Neoplatonism turned out to be the main language of philosophical reflection in the Iranian (more broadly, Shiite) intellectual sphere throughout the High Middle Ages and the New Age. In addition, the influence of Suhrawardi and his followers is also evident in the intellectual tradition of the Ottoman Empire, but the Illuminati traditions of the Sublime Porte require further detailed study. Thus, the strict hierarchy of the ontological and epistemological system confirmed the complex religious and historical constructions of Shiite imamology. The chains of revelation of the vilayat were considered in the context of Neoplatonic emanation, and one of the forms of legitimation of the prophetic revelation of the imams was an appeal to the accidental light, the border space between the world of ideas and the world of matter. In addition, it was the complex, multi-level system of Proclus and Damascus that offered not only a vertical orientation from the Highest Principle to the lower forms of matter, but also numerous horizontal levels parallel to each other, in which each of the hypostases of the One is divided into a number of self-completed participatory hypostases emanating from their uninvolved monadic cause. Maintaining this structure, Suhrawardī speaks of a multiplicity of self-completed revelations emanating from the single source of all prophecies, the reality of alam al-mihtal.

What I Am and What I Am Not: Destruktion of the Mind–Body Problem

The German word destruktion is used here in the sense that philosophy should destroy some ontological concepts and the everyday meanings of certain words. Tradition allows the transmission of knowledge, but it can perpetuate certain prejudices. According to Heidegger, tradition transmits, but it also conceals. Tradition induces self-evidence and prevents us from accessing the origin of concepts. It makes us believe that we do not need to return to that origin. Making tradition transparent dissolves the concealments it has provoked. Here, I apply this idea to the mind–body problem, which has inherited occultations that are born from Descartes himself. As a result, a new philosophical framework for research on consciousness emerges: that, as an individual cognitive being, I cannot avoid splitting reality into what I am and what I am not, extending then the individual duality to a collective error transmitted culturally.

Systematic Literature Review On The Ontology Representation Related The Hadith Corpus

Studies on hadith have received a lot of attention since, for Muslims, they serve as a secondary source to the Quran. Although the sanad is a primary area of interest in hadith study, understanding the hadith's content requires knowledge of its matan as well. Ontology, one of the philosophical sciences of knowing, is a study that refers to the reality being investigated. According to this paradigm's ontology, the hadith text is centred and in a normative state. Researchers have attempted to construct ontology based on Islamic knowledge including the Quran, hadith, and others after realising that ontology can reflect a clear form of knowledge or repository that is standard and straightforward. The purpose of this article is to conduct an organised review of the literature on the conception of ontology and hadith corpus. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) paradigm was followed during the systematic literature review (SLR) authoring process. By making use of earlier studies, this work adds knowledge and a clear understanding to the conception of ontology and the hadith corpus.

The idea of society: the Spoken World Theory and the ontological conceptualization of society.

This article presents a new conceptualization of society with the ambition to sharpen thinking about social reality and to better understand how society relates to personhood. This exercise is framed in an attempt to develop the Spoken World Theory, inspired by the thinking of Rom Harré. It involves a radical rethink of the social ontology and is to be seen as an alternative to the traditional conceptualization of society as a social structure that is opposed to individual agency. The proposed alternative is based upon the disentanglement of four aspects of society along the Vygotskian public/private and individual/collective axes. As such, society can be said to manifest itself in four realms: (i) the world as we hear it: a worldwide and history-long ongoing web of conversations; (ii) the world as we see it: a set of materialized social artifacts, including a set of institutional facts; (iii) the world as we imagine it: individual umwelts or worldviews for each person based on appropriated knowledge and moral frameworks; and (iv) the world as we shape it: persons have the power to formulate intentions that they can bring to the conversational space or the space of artifacts. A major consequence of this conceptualization is that it no longer puts society outside human beings, nor that personality is only to be located inside persons. The proposed ontological framework allows us to speak in much clearer terms about how persons and society are entangled with each other in the sense that without the personhood of people, there can be no society, and that without society, people cannot have personhood. Both personhood and society are to be seen as two intertwined mechanisms that allow the individuals of the human species to complement the genetic basis of survival with a system of cultural resources that can be used for coping with everyday life. The article ends with a discussion of the practical implications of social theorizing.

Vocational pedagogy in Automotive Mechanics: Ontological dimensions and Cognitive Load Theory implications

This research explored the way ontological categories are fundamentally useful for analysing vocational pedagogy, particularly in the context of Automotive Mechanics. Two ontological traditions were found to be especially useful: mereology, with its focus on part–whole systems, and process ontology, which emphasises the dynamics of change. The convergence of ontological categories with learning science in Automotive Mechanics pedagogy is also examined, particularly the way in which cognitive load theory helps to manage the learning complexities tied to ontological automotive concepts. The research, which targeted first-year student training, employed a qualitative case study methodology encompassing three vocational education and training institutions in Eswatini that provide training in Automotive Mechanics. The data collection involved conducting interviews with lecturers, making observations in both classrooms and workshops, and recording the teaching process on video during a one-year period. Field notes and transcriptions were analysed in order to extract key themes connected to the teaching methods. These themes were identified, grouped and further condensed to isolate the most prevalent teaching practices across the institutions. Upon identifying a significant theme pertaining to parts and wholes, the researchers delved into the philosophical and theoretical aspects of part–whole relations and their role in teaching and learning processes. They discovered beneficial interconnections between mereology, process ontology, and cognitive load theory, especially the way the hierarchical structure of Automotive Mechanics pedagogy interacts with the constraints of working memory and chunking. These connections both foster in-depth pedagogic analysis and contribute to the enhancement of Automotive Mechanics pedagogy.

Context-based refinement of mappings in evolving life science ontologies

BackgroundBiomedical computational systems benefit from ontologies and their associated mappings. Indeed, aligned ontologies in life sciences play a central role in several semantic-enabled tasks, especially in data exchange. It is crucial to maintain up-to-date alignments according to new knowledge inserted in novel ontology releases. Refining ontology mappings in place, based on adding concepts, demands further research.ResultsThis article studies the mapping refinement phenomenon by proposing techniques to refine a set of established mappings based on the evolution of biomedical ontologies. In our first analysis, we investigate ways of suggesting correspondences with the new ontology version without applying a matching operation to the whole set of ontology entities. In the second analysis, the refinement technique enables deriving new mappings and updating the semantic type of the mapping beyond equivalence. Our study explores the neighborhood of concepts in the alignment process to refine mapping sets.ConclusionExperimental evaluations with several versions of aligned biomedical ontologies were conducted. Those experiments demonstrated the usefulness of ontology evolution changes to support the process of mapping refinement. Furthermore, using context in ontological concepts was effective in our techniques.

Application of Knowledge Graph Technology with Integrated Feature Data in Spacecraft Anomaly Detection

Given the complexity of spacecraft system structures and functions, existing data-driven methods for anomaly detection face issues of insufficient interpretability and excessive dependence on historical data. To address these challenging problems, this paper proposes a method for applying knowledge graph technology with integrated feature data in spacecraft anomaly detection. First, the ontology concepts of the spacecraft equipment knowledge graph are designed according to expert knowledge, and then feature data are extracted from the historical operation data of the spacecraft in various states to build a rich spacecraft equipment knowledge graph. Next, spacecraft anomaly event knowledge graphs are constructed based on various types of anomaly features. During spacecraft operation, telemetry data are matched with the feature data in the knowledge graph, enabling anomaly device location and anomaly cause judgment. Experimental results show that this method, which utilizes spacecraft anomaly prior knowledge for anomaly detection and causes interpretation, has high practicality and efficiency. This research demonstrates the promising application prospects of knowledge graph technology in the field of spacecraft anomaly detection.

Time dilation and the equivalence of inertial frames

It is well known that simultaneity within an inertial frame is defined in relativity theory by a convention or definition. This definition leads to different simultaneities across inertial frames and the well-known principle of relativity of simultaneity. The lack of a universal present implies the existence of past, present, and future as a collection of events on a four-dimensional manifold or continuum wherein three dimensions are space like and one dimension is time like. However, such a continuum precludes the possibility of evolution of future from the present as all events exist “forever” so to speak on the continuum with the tenses past, present, and future merely being perceptions of different inertial frames. Such a far-reaching ontological concept, created by a mere convention, is yet to gain full acceptance. In this paper, we present arguments in favor of an absolute present, which means simultaneous events are simultaneous in all inertial frames, and subscribe to evolution of future from the present.