One-way ANOVA Statistical Test Research Articles

Effect of Goat Milk Yogurt Fortified with Red Rice Bran Flour on SGPT Levels of Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Model Diabetes Mellitus Induced Streptozotocin

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase in high blood sugar levels caused by a lack of insulin secretion or impaired insulin work or both. Goat milk yogurt with fortified red rice bran flour can be used as a therapy for diabetes mellitus because it contains high fiber and antioxidants. This study was aimed to determine the effect of giving goat milk yogurt with fortification of red rice bran flour on the levels of SGPT in rats diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin. This study used RAL with 20 male Wistar rats divided into 5 groups, namely K1 (negative control), K2 (positive control), P1, P2, and P3. Streptozotocin induction of 45 mg/kgBW at K2, P1, P2, and P3. In therapeutic group used volume of 1 ml/kgBW, 2 ml/kgBW, and 3 ml/kgBW. The data of this study were analyzed quantitatively using the oneway ANOVA statistical test followed by Tukey test α = 0.05. The results showed that the administration of goat milk yogurt fortified with red rice bran flour could reduce SGPT levels in rats. The conclusion that the volume of administration of 2 ml/kgBW is an effective volume of administration to reduce SGPT levels by 50.50 ± 7.59.

The effect of purple sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.) extract gel toward TNF-α expression and skin collagen density on rats (Rattus norvegicus) with open wound models

Open wound is a damage to the skin or tissues under the skin that can be caused by sharp objects or fights between animals. Purple sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L) contains some bioactive substances, such as anthocyanin and tannin, which help to prevent the prolongation of the inflammatory phase and increase fibroblast proliferation. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of purple sweet potato extract gel toward the expression of TNF-α and skin collagen density on rats with open wound model. The open wound was made circular using a modified Morton method. This study used a completely randomized design with 20 rats, Wistar strain aged 12 weeks, weighing 150-200 g, divided into 5 groups with 4 replicates. TNF-α expression observed in immunohistochemistry method and analyzed using one-way ANOVA statistical test, followed by Honestly Significant Difference Test. The density of collagen with Masson Trichome staining was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric statistic test with Mann-Whitney-U test. The results showed that the purple sweet potato extract as a therapy for open wounds was significantly reduce the TNF-α expression and increase collagen density. The conclusion is that the purple sweet potato extract with 30% concentration is the most effective therapy in increasing collagen density but not very effective in reducing TNF-α expression.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS INFUSA DAUN INSULIN (Thitonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH PADA MENCIT (MUS MUSCULUS) PUTIH JANTAN

Latar Belakang: Daun insulin merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang memiliki kegunaan dari daunnya. Daun insulin memiliki kandungan flavonoid yang diduga bisa menurunkan kadar glukosa darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas infusa daun insulin terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa darah pada mencit putih jantan yang diinduksi glukosa.. 
 Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan rancangan Pretest-Postest with Control Group. Hewan uji yang digunakan adalah 25 ekor mencit putih jantan yang dibagi dalam 5 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif (Na-CMC), kelompok kontrol positif (Glibenklamid), kelompok infusa daun insulin 420 mg, 840 mg, dan 1260 mg. Dilakukan pengamatan dan pengecekkan kadar glukosa darah mencit pada menit ke-30, 60, 90, dan 120.
 Hasil: Hasil uji statistik One-Way ANOVA menunjukkan hasil signifikan pada menit ke-90 dan 120. Dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc Duncan yang menunjukan dosis terbaik, yaitu dosis 420 mg yang memiliki efek sebanding dengan Glibenklamid 5 mg, kemudian diikuti dengan dosis 1260 mg dan 840 mg yang sudah memiliki efek antihiperglikemia tetapi belum terlihat perbedaan.
 Kesimpulan: Dosis infusa yang dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah adalah dosis 420 mg dengan penurunan kadar glukosa darah maksimal pada menit ke-90 dan menit ke120.

Pengaruh Usia Terhadap Besarnya Dosis Serap Radiasi Sinar-X yang diterima Pasien Pemeriksaan Toraks

There’s been research aimed at finding out the effects of age on the large absorbed dose of X-ray radiation received by the patient’s thorax examination. The observation data used to figure out the absorbed dose received by the patient is exposure factor consisting of tube voltage (kV), current (A), time (s), and distance (m) of patient from radiation source. The age range of patient obtained in this research is from 17 years until 48 years old, then it’s grouped by the age category set by Depkes. From the observation data of exposure factor and patients age, further do the test using Oneway Anova statistical method test, by taking a significance level of a 0,05. The results from Oneway Anova statistic test is obtained FCalculate value is 1,532 amd sig is 0,211 with FTable value is 2,70 and sig is 0,05 therefore based on test criteria in statistic the early hypothesis (H0) is accepted. Presumably that the age is not affect on the large absorbed dose X-ray radiation received by the patient thorax eximination of range 17 years until 48 years old.

Increased Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Expression in Wistar Rat Oral Mucosa Traumatic Ulcer due to Golden Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanni) Extract Gel

Background. Traumatic ulcer is a lesion formed by a local tissue damage due to trauma on epithelial layer. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays an important role in wound healing, especially in angiogenesis. Golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanni) is believed to accelerate the wound healing process.
 Objective. To prove that golden sea cucumber extract can increase VEGF expression in oral mucous membrane traumatic ulcer in rat.Method. S. hermanni extract was prepared by freeze-dry method, then an extract was made using PEG 400 or PEG 4000 at 40% and 80% concentrations, respectively, and applied to the animal’s oral wounds. The animals were divided into three groups: control; 40% S. hermanni extract gel; and 80% S. hermanni extract gel. The ulcers that formed on day 3 were rubbed gently with S. hermanni extract gel. After being sacrificed on day 4, sample tissues from the lower lips were prepared for histopathology to count the number of VEGF expression. The results were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA statistical test.
 Results. A significant increase in the VEGF expression of 80% concentration S. hermanni extract gel was found compared with those in the control group (p=0.00).
 Conclusion. Golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanni) gel increased the VEGF expression in oral mucous traumatic ulcer.

The effect of tomato juice on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and type-1 collagen on the vaginal wall of the menopausal rats

Background: Aging is a multifactorial phenomenon that is characterized by a decrease in physiological functions that increases with age. Free radicals cause oxidative stress, which plays a role in the aging process. The accumulation of reactive oxygen compounds increases matrix metalloproteinase-2. Collagen can be directly destroyed by reactive oxygen compounds or through the induction of MPPs. Tomato fruit is an antioxidant, which acts as a binder and damper of free radicals that activate collagen damage. This study aims to assess the effect of tomato juice on the expression of MMP-2 and type-1 collagen on the vaginal wall of the menopausal rat.Methods: This was a true experimental study, using Sprague-Dawley rats and tomato juice (Solanum lycopersicum). Expression of MMP-2 and type-1 collagen was examined using immunohistochemistry staining. Twenty-four healthy female rats, aged 4 months weighing 150-200 grams, were divided into 4 groups, each group as many as 6 rats. The negative control group (NC) was a group of rats with a sham procedure, given aquades for 28 days. The positive control group (PC) was bilaterally ovariectomized rats, given aquades for 28 days. The first treatment group (P1) was bilaterally ovariectomized rats, given tomato juice with a dose of 11 g / 200 g BW / day. The second treatment group (P2) was bilaterally ovariectomized rats, given tomato juice with a dose of 15 g / 200 g BW / day. Data analysis used the One-way ANOVA statistical test (α = 0.05) and different tests between groups using Games-Howell and Tukey HSD. The association between tomato juice and the expression of MMP-2 and type-1 collagen used regression tests.Results: This study found that the lowest expression of MMP-2 was NC group (2.07 ± 0.84), and the highest was the PC group (5.72 ± 1.91). The mean MMP-2 expression in the treatment groups was lower than the PC group but still higher than the NC group. There was a significant difference in MMP-2 expression between groups (p = 0,000). There was a negative correlation between tomato juice administration and MMP-2 expression (b = -0.592). The lowest type-1 collagen expression was PC group (3.83 ± 1.44), and the highest was the P2 group (7.27 ± 2.21). The mean type-1 collagen expression in the treatment groups was higher than the PC group. There were significant differences of type-1 collagen expression between groups (p = 0.012). There was a positive correlation between tomato juice administration and type-1 collagen expression (b = 0.682).Conclusions: Tomato juice administration can reduce the expression of MMP-2 and increase the expression of type-1 collagen on the vaginal wall of the menopausal rat. The higher the dose of tomato juice, the higher the expression of type-1 collagen.

INHIBITORY TEST OF FLAVONOID PROPOLIS KELULUT EXTRACTS (G. thorasica) ON Porphyromonas gingivalis AS AN ETIOLOGIC FACTOR OF CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS

Background : Natural ingredients have been used recently for its ability in curing various diseases and reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance . One of these natural ingredients is propolis. Bee propolis Geniotrigona thorasica from South Kalimantan has a strong antibacterial activity with active compounds such as flavonoids. Flavonoids can damage cell membranes and can fight the expansion of β-lactamase enzyme produced by gram-negative bacteria. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes chronic periodontitis with a prevalence of 80%. Objective : This study was to find out the inhibitory test of flavonoid propolis kelulut extract at the concentration of 0.1%; 0.3% and 0.5% on Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Method : This type of research used a pure experimental method with post-test only and control group design. One-way ANOVA statistical test was performed with follow-up test of Post Hoc Dunnet’s T3 . Treatment was given to 4 groups with 5 repetitions. Observations were carried out using digital calipers in all groups after incubation for 24 hours with a temperature of 37℃. Results : One Way Anova and Post Hoc Dunnet's T3 showed significant differences in the diameter flavonoid propolis extract inhibitory zone against Porphyromonas gingivalis . The average value of Flavonoid extract inhibitory zone after 24 hours observation with a concentration of 0.5%; 0.3%; 0.1% and sterile distilled water were 25.24 mm; 18.04 mm; 13.58 mm and there was no inhibitory zone observed in sterile distilled water group . Conclusion : Extract of flavonoid propolis kelulut at the concentration of 0.1%; 0.3% and 0.5% can inhibit the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis as an etiologic factor of chronic periodontitis.

The influence of age and gender on mandibular indices in sample of Libyan population

Radiographic Mandibular Indices serve as easy and relatively cheap tools for evaluating bone mineralization.Objectives: To examine the effect of age and gender on three mandibular indices: the panoramic mandibular index (PMI), the mandibular ratio (MR) and the mandibular cortical index (MCI), among Libyan population.Methods: the three indices were measured on 317 digital (OPGs) of adult humans (155 males, 162 females). The sample was divided into six age groups (from 18-25 years. through 56-65 years). The measurements were analyzed for interactions with age and sex, using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Studies) software version no. 22. The tests employed were two way ANOVA, the unpaired T-test and chi-square test. Results: The mean PMI fluctuated between 0.37 s.d. 0.012 and 0.38 s.d. 0.012.among the sixth age groups. One-way ANOVA statistical test revealed no significant of age on PMI. On the other hand gender variation has effect on PMI, since independent sample t-test disclosed that the difference between the male and female PMI means statistically significant. ANOVA test showed that the means of MR among age groups showed a negative correlation i.e. MR mean declined from 3.01 in 18-25 age group to 2.7 in 55-65 age group. In contrary, the gender showed no effect on MR according two sample t-test at p> 0.05. In regards with MCI, statistical analysis showed that it affected by age that is C1 was decreasing by age while C2 and C3 were increased by age. Using chi square test the result indicated that there is a significant difference among the different age group and the two genders in MCI readings. Conclusion: PMI was influenced significantly by age but minimally by the gender. MR is not affected by gender but has a negative correlation with age. MCI is affected by both age and gender.

Comparative analysis of the oropharyngeal airway in patients aged over 40 years: A cone beam computed tomography study

Abstract Aim: This study was carried out to compare different measurements of the oropharyngeal airway in patients aged over 40 years on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred and five patients aged over 40 years were divided into three groups (40–49, 50–59, and ≥60 years). A comparative analysis of oropharyngeal airway (volume, minimum cross-sectional area, minimum anteroposterior distance, and minimum right to left distance) between the groups was carried out on CBCT images acquired for different dental purposes. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA statistical test. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the groups in mean value of oropharyngeal airway measurements (P < 0.05). In the middle age group of patients aged from 50 to 59 years, the mean value of each measurement was lower than its counterpart in other groups. Conclusions: Patients aged from 50 to 59 years had the smallest oropharyngeal airway measurements; therefore, they might be at high risk of developing sleep-related breathing disorders, and further assessment is recommended.

Information Needs Assessment among Parents of Children with Cancer.

Background:Parents of children with leukemia should be receiving an extensive amount of information about the care of their child; the aim of this study was to determine the parents’ information needs of children with leukemia. Methods:A cross-sectional study design was used to describe medical, physical, mental and lifestyle information needs among parents of children with leukemia. 209 parents of children diagnosed with leukemia in the west of Iran, during winter 2018, voluntarily participated in individual interviews. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using t-test, One-way ANOVA and bivariate correlations statistical tests at 95% significant level. Results:The mean age of participants was 39.45 years [95% CI: 38.35, 40.55], ranged from 27 to 58 years. Participants achieved 55.6% score of information needs. There was a significant relationship between higher education level (P< 0.001), better economic status (P=0.008) and more family size member (P=0.003) with information needs. Conclusion:Findings suggest that parents of children with leukemia need the information to learn how to take care of their childhood and could be useful for guiding implementers to planning and implement effective programs to promotion information of parents towards children with cancer.

Effect of Extraction Technique on Antioxidant Capacity, Vitamin C, Total Phenol, and Total Flavonoid of Bouea macrophylla Griff Leaf

Bouea macrophylla Griff also known as gandaria is a local heritage plant of West Java. Aside from being a salad, gandaria leaves are also used as herbal remedies. Some parts of the gandaria tree contain bioactive compound that has health benefits. However, the research related to leaves is rare, especially about extraction techniques to obtain optimal bioactive content. The common preservation technique is drying process to make herbs storage time longer. Conventional drying techniques often reduce the ability and bioactive compound. This study compared antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, total phenolic, and total flavonoid on fresh leaves (FL), sundried leaf (SDL), roomdried leaf (RDL), and vacuum evaporator leaf extract (VELE) of gandaria. This study used spectrophotometry to analyze DPPH inhibition (antioxidant activity), total phenolic, total flavonoids, and titration methods to analyze vitamin C with 3 replicates. One-way ANOVA statistical test showed significant differences between 4 groups for antioxidant capacity (p=0.004), vitamin C (p=0.000), total phenol (p=0.000), and total flavonoid (p=0.031). The best IC50 DPPH start from VELE 0.026±0.002 mg/mL, RDL 0.037±0.009 mg/mL, SDL 0.089±0.022 mg/mL, and FL 0.169±0.067 mg/mL. The highest vitamin C content per g extract start from FL 148.257±0.000 mg, RDL 148.121±0.235 mg, SDL 147.715±0.2346 mg, and VELE 145.819±0.813 mg. The highest total phenolic content per g extract start from VELE 117.836±1.831 mg GAE, RDL 45.772±0.618 mg GAE, SDL 31.711±1.707 mg GAE, and FL 18.289±2.360 mg GAE. The highest total flavonoid per g extract start from VELE 251.111±78.339 mg QE, RDL 131.111±89.106 mg QE, SDL 109.444±46.017 mg QE, and FL 53.889±20.839 mg QE. Further research about VELE of gandaria product development is very needed to make product that support health improvement.

The Influence of Age and Gender on Mandibular Indices among the Libyan Population

Radiographic Mandibular Indices serve as easy and relatively cheap tools for evaluating bone mineralization. Objectives: To examine the effect of age and gender on three mandibular indices: the panoramic mandibular index (PMI), the mandibular ratio (MR) and the mandibular cortical index (MCI), among Libyan population. Methods: The three indices were measured on 317 digital (OPGs) of adult humans (155 males, 162 females). The sample was divided into six age groups (from 18-25 years through 56-65 years). The measurements were analyzed for interactions with age and sex, using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Studies) software version no. 22. The tests employed were two way ANOVA, the unpaired T-test and chi-square test. Results: The mean PMI fluctuated between 0.37 s.d. 0.012 and 0.38 s.d. 0.012. among the sixth age groups. One-way ANOVA statistical test revealed no significant of age on PMI. On the other hand gender variation has effect on PMI, since independent sample t-test disclosed that the difference between the male and female PMI means statistically significant. ANOVA test showed that the means of MR among age groups showed a negative correlation i.e. MR mean declined from 3.01 in 18-25 age groups to 2.7 in 55-65 age groups. In contrary, the gender showed no effect on MR according two sample t-test at p&gt; 0.05. In regards with MCI, statistical analysis showed that it affected by age that is C1 was decreasing by age while C2 and C3 were increased by age. Using chi square test the result indicated that there is a significant difference among the different age group and the two genders in MCI readings. Conclusion: PMI was influenced significantly by age but minimally by the gender. MR is not affected by gender but has a negative correlation with age. MCI is affected by both age and gender

Viability of fibroblast cells on the clove (Syzygium aromaticum) leaves ethanol extract

Introduction: Various active compounds of herbal plants that are known to accelerate the wound healing process are flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. One amongst them is clove (Syzygium aromaticum), with the leaves as the most common part to be used as herbal medicine due to the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. However, the use of the biocompatibility of clove leaves as herbal medicine is still unknown. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the cytotoxicity effects of clove leaves ethanol extract on the fibroblast cells and safe dosage (IC50) for medicinal use. Methods: Phytochemical tests using the Farnsworth method and viability test was performed using the laboratory experimental with post-test only control group design. The samples were divided into seven concentrations; 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.63, and 7.81 μg/ml, with three repetitions (triplo) towards the fibroblast cells. Viability test was performed using MTS assay. Results: Based on the results obtained from one-way ANOVA statistical test, there was a significant difference between the percentage of cell viability and each concentration (α ≤ 0.05), with IC50 value of 344.814 μg/ml. Conclusion: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) leaves ethanol extract showed a high percentage of cell viability at the concentrations below the IC50 value.Keywords: Clove leaves, cytotoxicity, fibroblast cell, MTS assay, periodontal diseases, viability.

The Differences of Effectivness HBO 2,4 ATA Between 7 and 10 Days In Bone Remodelling of Tension Area of Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Mechanical force of orthodontics, would inhibit periodontal ligament vascularization and blood flow, causing biochemical and cellular changes, such as cell deformation, inflammation, and circulatory disturbances. Each of these conditions afecting cell diferentiation, cell repair, and cell migration, is driven by numerous molecular and inflammatory mediators. Fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, odontoblasts, cementoblasts, chondrocytes and immune cells are the major cell types involved in the remodeling process on orthodontic tooth movement. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is one of many solutions which stimulates the growth of new blood vessels and result in a substantial increase in tissue oxygenation. It plays a role in bone remodeling process.Purpose: To determine the differences of Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO)2.4 ATA 7 and 10 days in osteoblast and osteocytes number during bone remodelling in Orthodontic tooth movement. Materials and Methods: The experiment using a post test only control group design. 32 male guinea pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups. K1 was control group without any treatment, K2 was a group which was given a mechanical orthodontic pressure, K3 was the group treated mechanical orthodontic with the addition of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The maxillary incisors were moved distally by elastic separator. After HBO on day 7, all groups were sacrificed then analyzed osteoblast and osteocytes number by One-way ANOVA and LSD statistical test. Results: The study showed significant differences in osteoblast and osteocytes number during bone remodelling in orthodontic tooth movement between groups.Conclusion: HBO therapy 2.4 ATA for 7 days effective to induce bone remodelling during orthodontic tooth movement.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Tetragronula species from Indonesia.

Anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit inflammation, particularly those classified as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Several studies have reported that propolis has both anti-ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the bioactive compound and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of both smooth and rough propolis from Tetragronula sp. To further identify anti-inflammatory markers in propolis, LC-MS/MS was used, and results were analyzed by Mass Lynx 4.1. Rough and smooth propolis of Tetragonula sp. were microcapsulated with maltodextrin and arabic gum. Propolis microcapsules at dose 25–200 mg/kg were applied for carrageenan-induced rat’s paw-inflammation model. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis statistical tests. LC-MS/MS experiments identified seven anti-inflammatory compounds, including [6]-dehydrogingerdione, alpha-tocopherol succinate, adhyperforin, 6-epiangustifolin, deoxypodophyllotoxin, kurarinone, and xanthoxyletin. Our results indicated that smooth propolis at 50 mg/kg inhibited inflammation to the greatest extent, followed by rough propolis at a dose of 25 mg/kg. SPM and RPM with the dose of 25 mg/kg had inflammatory inhibition value of 62.24% and 58.12%, respectively, which is comparable with the value 70.26% of sodium diclofenac with the dose of 135 mg/kg. This study suggests that propolis has the potential candidate to develop as a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug.

Determination of amlodipine and atorvastatin mixture by different spectrophotometric methods with or without regression equations.

Four new, simple, and reproducible spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Amlodipine (AML) and Atorvastatin (AT) in bulk powder and pharmaceutical dosage form. The four methods include two progressive and two successive resolution techniques. The two progressive methods are Absorbance Subtraction (AS) and Amplitude Modulation (AM), while the two successive methods are Constant Value (CV) and Concentration Value. In the Concentration Value method, the concentration of the drugs is determined from the graphical representation without the use of regression equations. Linearity range for the two progressive methods was from 5 μg/mL-35 μg/mL while for the two successive methods was from 5 μg/mL-55 μg/mL. The four methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines and were found to be accurate, precise, and selective. The methods were also applied for determination of the mixture in the marketed pharmaceutical dosage form. Results obtained were compared with reported methods. Also, One-way ANOVA statistical test was done between all the proposed spectrophotometric methods where no significant differences were found.

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of drugs lacking peak maxima in their zero-order profiles by graphical or statistical representation of data

Trandolapril has no sharp peak in its zero-order spectrum, therefore it is difficult to be measured by direct spectrophotometry. In this study, direct univariate spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for determination of Trandolapril and Verapamil combination in pure and tablet dosage forms. The first method for measuring both Trandolapril and Verapamil is Absorbance Subtraction (AS), this method depends on the presence of iso-absorptive point in the zero-order curve at 217 nm. It has the advantage of measuring the concentration of both Trandolapril and Verapamil from unified regression equation at the iso-absorptive point. The second, third and fourth methods were applied on the first order spectra of the studied drugs. Second method is Derivative Subtraction (DS) for Trandolapril and Derivative subtraction followed by spectrum subtraction (DS-SS) for Verapamil. The third and fourth methods are constant value and concentration value methods. In the concentration value method, the concentration of the drugs is determined from the graphical representation without the use of regression equations. All the developed methods were validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and the results proved that the developed methods are simple, accurate, and selective. Moreover, a statistical comparison between the developed methods and a reference method was done. Also, One-way ANOVA statistical test was done between all the proposed spectrophoto-metric methods and results showed no significant differences.

Univariate calibrations with or without chemometric assistance for determination of drugs lacking peak maxima in their zero-order profiles.

Trandolapril has no sharp peak in its zero-order spectrum and therefore, it is difficult to be measured by direct spectrophotometry. In this manuscript, several univariate and multivariate spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for determination of Trandolapril (TR) and Verapamil (VR) combination. The first method for measuring Trandolapril is Constant Multiplication-Spectrum Subtraction (CM-SS), where Trandolapril was measured at 210 nm in its zero-order curve after elimination of Verapamil spectrum. Second and third methods are two Base Points (2BP) and area under the curve (AUC) to measure Trandolapril concentration without depending on the shoulder peak. The fourth method for Trandolapril is Derivative Subtraction (DS) that utilizes the sharp peak appeared in the first order spectrum of Trandolapril. Verapamil was determined by two methods, Constant Multiplication (CM) and Derivative Subtraction-Constant Multiplication (DS-CM). Also, two multivariate methods were developed for measurement of the mixture, Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Principal Component Regression (PCR). All the developed methods were validated as per ICH guidelines and the results proved that the developed methods are accurate and selective. Moreover, a statistical comparison between the developed methods and a reference method was done. Also, One-way ANOVA statistical test was done between all the proposed univariate and multivariate spectrophotometric methods.

Self-Esteem and Academic Achievement Among Students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

: Self-esteem is one of the most important psychological determinants. This study aimed to determine the level of self-esteem and its association with academic achievement among students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS). This cross-sectional study was carried out among 300 students in KUMS in 2016. The sample population was selected using probability proportional-to-size method in all faculties. Participants filled out a self-reporting questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 with t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation statistical tests at 95% significant level. We found that MD students had higher self-esteem (P < 0.017). There was a significant relationship between mother’s education level and self-esteem (P < 0.001). In addition, self-esteem was significantly correlated with academic achievement (r = 0.292). From our results, it appears that planning psychological interventions to increase levels of self-esteem may be useful in promoting academic achievement.

Perbedaan Hasil Belajar Inovatif Bidang Lengkung Menggunakan Media Audio Visual, Macromedia Authorware, dan Macromedia Flash pada Siswa SMP

This research is aimed to know the Difference Between of the Result of the Innovative in curve surface Study Using the Audiovisual Media, Macromedia Authorware, and Macromedia Flash for the Students’ Of SMPN. The determination of sampling in this research done randomly after chose 3 classes based on daily tests score in learning material congruency. Sample in research of 3 classes are class IX-C Audiovisual media, IX-D Macromedia Authorware, and class IX-E Macromedia Flash. This learning was given on the subject of curved space geometrical. Data collection done by using test, that is mathematic test after giving treatment with multiple choice and essay form. Data analysis was using one way anova with the help of SPSS which previously tested for normality by the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with α = 5% for all three classes, namely learning Audiovisual, Macromedia Authoware, and Macromedia Flash. Then the homogeneity test of the Lavene's test with α = 5% for all three classes, next data analysis was using one-way Anova statistical test with α = 5%. Further analysis used LSD test.