One-story Building Research Articles

SEISMIC EVALUATION OF ADVANCED CONNECTION SYSTEMS IN WOOD-FRAMED SHEAR WALLS FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Wood-framed shear walls are commonly used to construct low- to mid-rise buildings, particularly in seismic regions. However, as seismic demands increase, the need for more robust, efficient, and cost-effective connection systems is critical to improve the performance of these shear walls. This paper evaluates advanced connection systems for wood-framed shear walls in seismic applications, focusing on their effectiveness in enhancing lateral load resistance, reducing damage, and improving overall system performance. The study aims to provide valuable insights for designers, engineers, and builders to improve the seismic resilience of wood-framed buildings. seismic performance of wood-framed buildings, advanced connection systems, and structural wood design. Determine areas requiring further investigation. The fundamentals of displacement-based seismic design are presented along with a description of the system parameters required for its application. A simple numerical model capable of predicting the cyclic response and energy dissipation characteristics of wood shear walls under general quasi-static cyclic loading is presented to evaluate these parameters for wood-framed buildings. The generalization of this model to three-dimensional wood-framed structures is also discussed. As an application example, the displacement-based seismic design of a simple one-story shear wall building is presented. In turn, this design approach is validated by nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses using earthquake records representative of the hazard levels associated with the design performance levels.

Reliability Analysis of Residential Buildings under Hurricane Using Embedded FBG Sensors: Remaining Useful Lifetime Analysis

Every year, the lack of reliable and affordable structural health monitoring systems to assess the resilience of residential buildings in coastal areas results in extensive damage from strong winds and hurricanes. This work investigates the use of embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for the structural health monitoring of residential timber buildings for reliability assessment. The remaining useful lifetime (RUL) of buildings after being impacted by hurricane has been estimated using long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. A proof-of-concept experimental setup has validated the system’s performance and functionality. Multiple one-story and two-story scaled-down (~1:20) prototype timber buildings were constructed and placed in a wind tunnel to assess their structural performance and stability under wind speeds ranging from 0 to 150 mph. FBG sensors attached to the buildings measured strain in real time. The measured strain data are used to estimate the building’s reliability. A mathematical Health Indicator is introduced to determine the level of structural integrity and health under varying load and structural conditions. The FBG sensors demonstrated accurate measurement and real-time monitoring of strain changes in selected structural elements during high wind speeds. Assessment results can inform condition-based maintenance, safety evaluations, and stability reports. Additionally, the system can issue real-time warnings for potential failures and damages, thereby enhancing the overall resilience of residential buildings. Received: 27 September 2024 | Revised: 2 December 2024 | Accepted: 27 December 2024 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Abolghassem Zabihollah: Conceptualization, Validation, Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Yu Shi: Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization.

INVESTIGATING THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF WOOD-FRAMED SHEAR WALL WITH ADVANCED CONNECTION SYSTEMS IN STRUCTURAL WOOD DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

Wood-framed buildings are popular for residential and commercial construction due to their sustainability, costeffectiveness, and aesthetic appeal. However, their seismic performance is a concern, particularly in earthquakeprone regions. This study investigates the seismic performance of wood-framed buildings with advanced connection systems. The research evaluates the structural integrity and resilience of wood-framed buildings subjected to seismic loads. Advanced connection systems, including innovative fastening techniques and reinforced connections, are analyzed to determine their effectiveness in enhancing the seismic performance of wood-framed buildings. The study aims to provide valuable insights for designers, engineers, and builders to improve the seismic resilience of wood-framed buildings. seismic performance of wood-framed buildings, advanced connection systems, and structural wood design. Determine areas requiring further investigation. The fundamentals of displacement-based seismic design are presented along with a description of the system parameters required for its application. A simple numerical model capable of predicting the cyclic response and energy dissipation characteristics of wood shear walls under general quasi-static cyclic loading is presented to evaluate these parameters for wood-framed buildings. The generalization of this model to three-dimensional wood-framed structures is also discussed. As an application example, the displacement-based seismic design of a simple one-story shear wall building is presented. In turn, this design approach is validated by nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses using earthquake records representative of the hazard levels associated with the design performance levels.

A multi-criteria approach to egress location selection in buildings: integrating economic, technical and social factors

PurposeThis paper aims to introduce an innovative decision-making framework designed to optimize egress location selection in buildings, significantly enhancing safety during emergencies. By integrating social, economic and technical criteria through the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP), this framework effectively manages the uncertainties inherent in emergency scenarios, providing a robust tool for safeguarding lives and property.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed methodology employs the F-AHP to systematically integrate and evaluate social, economic and technical criteria for egress location selection. A comprehensive case study conducted on a one-story school building demonstrates this approach’s practical application and effectiveness.FindingsThe analysis reveals that economic criteria are the most significant in determining the optimal egress location, constituting 61.9% of the overall weight, followed by technical criteria at 26.8% and social criteria at 11.3%. The findings highlight the practical application and effectiveness of the proposed approach in addressing uncertainties and optimizing egress location selection. Integrating social, economic and technical considerations gives decision-makers a robust tool to optimize safety, cost-effectiveness and evacuation efficiency.Practical implicationsThe findings underscore the practical benefits and effectiveness of the proposed approach in managing uncertainties and improving the selection of optimal egress locations. Integrating social, economic and technical considerations gives decision-makers a robust tool to optimize safety, cost-effectiveness and evacuation efficiency. This approach equips practitioners with a comprehensive framework for enhancing emergency preparedness and resilience in various building scenarios.Originality/valueThis research introduces a novel framework for egress location selection that addresses the limitations of existing studies by integrating multiple criteria – social, economic and technical – into a cohesive decision-making process. Using the F-AHP in a case study illustrates the framework’s practicality and adaptability, providing a dynamic solution that enhances the overall effectiveness of emergency plans. By prioritizing safety, cost-effectiveness and efficiency, this framework ensures that emergency plans are robust and adaptable, thereby significantly enhancing resilience in the face of emergencies.

Multi-Scale Integrated Corrosion-Adjusted Seismic Fragility Framework for Critical Infrastructure Resilience

This study presents a novel framework for integrating corrosion effects into critical infrastructure seismic risk assessment, focusing on reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Unlike traditional seismic fragility curves, which often overlook time-dependent degradation such as corrosion, this methodology introduces an approach incorporating corrosion-induced degradation into seismic fragility curves. This framework combines time-dependent corrosion simulation with numerical modeling, using the finite–discrete element method (FDEM) to assess the reduction in structural capacity. These results are used to adjust the seismic fragility curves, capturing the increased vulnerability due to corrosion. A key novelty of this work is the development of a comprehensive risk assessment that merges the corrosion-adjusted fragility curves with seismic hazard data to estimate long-term seismic risk, introducing a cumulative risk ratio to quantify the total risk over the structure’s lifecycle. This framework is demonstrated through a case study of a one-story RC moment frame building, evaluating its seismic risk under various corrosion scenarios and locations. The simulation results showed a good fit, with a 3% to 14% difference between the case study and simulations up to 75 years. This fitness highlights the model’s accuracy in predicting structural degradation due to corrosion. Furthermore, the findings reveal a significant increase in seismic risk, particularly in moderate and intensive corrosion environments, by 59% and 100%, respectively. These insights emphasize the critical importance of incorporating corrosion effects into seismic risk assessments, offering a more accurate and effective strategy to enhance infrastructure resilience throughout its lifecycle.

The Buildings’ Reliability Calculating Method Using a Simple Seismic Impact Model

Non-canonical spectral representation of seismic activity is employed to assess the reliability of nonlinearly modeled buildings. Seismic impact is modeled using a random process, represented by simple functions with random parameters. We consider random processes with correlation functions expressed as a sum of cosine-exponential terms. Reliability, defined as the probability of failure-free operation, is determined using statistical testing methods. The reliability calculation algorithm is implemented in MATLAB. As an illustrative example, we calculate the reliability of a section of a one-story industrial building frame modeled by a nonlinear system. Failure is defined as exceeding experimentally determined permissible displacement limits. Our calculations involve up to 2000 realizations of the random process. We analyze histograms, empirical distribution functions, and reliability values of maximum fragment movements. We find that using 100 realizations of the random process yields satisfactory accuracy in determining reliability. This reliability calculation method is recommended for rapid reliability estimates across various structure types, including those employing seismic isolation systems. We also observe a correlation between displacement magnitudes calculated under accelerograms and a random process represented in a non-canonical form. Thus, we recommend this method for reliability assessments in multi-story buildings. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-08-019 Full Text: PDF

Analysis of the building on the air shock wave by direct dy-namic method (with LIRA-FEM soft-ware)

Calculation of the impact of air shock waves on buildings is extremely important for our country, which is in a state of war. Studying the structural safety and survivability of load-bearing reinforced concrete structures under influence is an important task, especially for critical infrastructure facilities. A blast scenario can be carried out directly in an FEA program as a time history analysis evaluate varying levels of structural damage and to minimize loss of life.The article is devoted to the features of the calcula-tion of buildings under the influence of air shock waves using the finite element method using the LIRA-FEM software complex. The features of ex-plosive loads, typical shock wave parameters, and the order of analysis for explosive loads are taken into consideration. The primary distinctions be-tween shock or explosion impacts and regular loads are explained. In-depth consideration is given to the problems of determining shock wave parameters and how they affect structures. Also included are the techniques for evaluating structures for explosive impacts.Using LIRA-FEM software, a preliminary analysis of the explosion resistance of a one-story building with a metal frame and sheet metal wall infill is carried out. It is demonstrated how to define impulse loads from a shock wave to the side walls, roofs, rear walls, and walls facing the explosion. The article describes the peculiarities of the "Time History Analysis" system in the LIRA-FEM program for ex-plosion dynamics problems.This analysis helps in the assessment of risks in the design of protective structures, development of pro-ject solutions and conducting research in the field of explosion safety.

Innovative hysteretic device for seismic retrofit of single-story RC precast buildings

In the last decades, many efforts have been made by the scientific community and technicians in order to develop effective and practical retrofit approaches for industrial RC precast buildings. Given the aftermath of recent earthquakes, which identified structural and non-structural dry joints as the highest source of seismic vulnerability, the majority of the retrofit techniques involves interventions at the connections level. The primary function of creating an adequate constraint is nowadays frequently associated to energy dissipation, allowing to both remove the major building weakness and decreasing the seismic demand in terms of elements’ stresses and deformations. In the following, a novel metallic hysteretic device intended for beam-to-column connection retrofit is presented. An existing one-story RC precast building with friction beam-to-column joints is considered as case-study structure; mechanical properties of the device are calibrated, and its effectiveness validated though nonlinear dynamic analyses. The proposed device demonstrates its ability in both restrain the relative displacement between structural elements and dissipate an adequate amount of input energy coming from ground motions, preventing structural damage. A comparison with the same device without hysteretic properties, i.e., a non-dissipative device, is also carried out, highlighting the benefits in using the hysteretic version.

Analisa Kinerja Lift Gedung D Kampus 1 Universitas Bina Bangsa Serang

The Rectorate's field of function is the function of improving performance, safety and efficiency in the use of elevators where the vertical transportation system is used as a tool to facilitate the activities of people and goods to move between certain floors in a building. Elevators are used as a tool to facilitate the activities of both people and goods to get to the floors In certain office and lecture buildings, it is a one-story building in building D which uses an elevator as a means of vertical lift transportation. Effective and efficient elevator planning is needed so that the elevator can be operated optimally. This should have a big impact on the comfort of building occupants as elevator users. One of the consequences of inadequate elevator planning is the occurrence of queues during peak hours. Therefore, some analysis of elevators in lecture and office buildings is needed. Elevator efficiency can be analyzed by calculating elevator requirements which depend on several variables such as lifting speed, lifting capacity, elevator waiting time, number of building occupants, and how large the building is. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of the lift can be obtained from the scheduling preparation and budget requirements involved in each lift's preventive maintenance. The research methodology used in this research is interviews, observation, secondary data collection, and data processing. From the results of data processing it can be concluded that the efficiency and effectiveness of the lift is 75% of the lift requirements for the 2 lift units provided. The research results also show several preventive maintenance schedules and preventive maintenance budgets within a one-year budget period.

Инженерный метод расчёта площадей пожарных отсеков в общественных зданиях

Purpose. The analysis of domestic and foreign regulatory documents showed that the regulatory requirements for the areas of fire compartments cannot be considered as scientifically based. It is necessary to develop a new approach to substantiate quantitatively the sizes of fire compartments. Methods. When making calculations, the area of fire compartments must meet certain criteria. An economic approach to calculating the size of fire compartments with the criterion of incurred costs is proposed. The areas of fire compartments must meet the conditions for fulfilling the optimization criterion, which takes into account the costs of creating fire protection for the building and the risk of material losses in case of a fire. Findings. The authors have presented analytical expressions of criteria to make a decision on the economic feasibility of using an automatic fire extinguishing system or fire walls, based on the criterion of incurred costs for one-story public buildings. The resulting formulas determine the critical areas of fire compartments; if these values are exceeded, it is advisable to use automatic fire extinguishing systems or divide the building into two fire compartments. Three options to determine the size of fire compartments for a one-story building have been considered. Research application field. The results can be applied in the context of alternative design of fire compartment areas when developing fire protection for specific facilities in compliance with the principle of economic feasibility. The formulas are simple and suitable for engineering calculations. Conclusions. It is proposed for facilities where fires can cause significant material losses, including social components of fire risks, to use the economic approach to determining the area of fire compartments based on optimizing the criterion of incurred costs. When comparing options for fire protection of a facility, the option that provides the minimum value of the criterion should be chosen. For three protection options: without fire walls and automatic fire extinguishing systems, with the use of automatic fire extinguishing systems or using fire walls, analytical expressions for the areas of fire compartments have been found.

ҚОСТАНАЙ ҚАЛАСЫНЫҢ КЕЙБІР ЛАНДШАФТТАРЫНЫҢ ҚҰСТАРЫ МЕН ОРНИТОФАУНАСЫ

The article analyzes the current species composition of the fauna and bird population of the city of Kostanay in Northern Kazakhstan in the winter and autumn periods. In urban landscapes characterized by high dynamics of environmental transformation, the reasons for the increase in the number of synanthropic bird species have been identified. This pattern has not been studied for the considered territory of the cities of Northern Kazakhstan. Based on the data obtained, the areas and habitats in the urban ecosystem of Kostanay and the routes of movement in the urban environment were assessed, and the species and quantitative composition of birds was analyzed. The work reflects an analytical manner, which clearly shows that with the emergence of new urban parts, as well as a qualitative change in the built-up area, there is a change in the boundaries of the habitat of many species and their migration processes. The landscapes included in the study represent areas of one-story and multi-story buildings, new city parks on the banks of the Tobyl River. The leading species in each landscape are identified and the factors leading to a reduction in the number of species are listed. It is noted that for the studied urban ecosystem of Kostanay there is no historical data on the state of ornithocomplexes. The results of this study will serve as the basis for further work to describe the processes of change in the avifauna and bird population that may occur in the future with the transformation of the factorial component of the urban environment.

Energetske performanse infiltriranih i elevacionih zemunica na području grada Kragujevca - numeričko istraživanje

This paper investigates the energy potential of different modern earth-sheltered building types, during a seven-month period (October 1 to April 30), in order to achieve sustainable development. The subject of the research is a one-story residential building (total net area 102.5 m2 ), intended for a family of four, located in the territory of the city of Kragujevac (central Serbia). The heating system consists of a ground source heat pump, geothermal vertical probes, floor panel heaters, and two circulation pumps. Four types of infiltrated earthsheltered buildings, as well as one elevational earth-sheltered building, were investigated by numerical analysis (using the EnergyPlus software). The energy performances of all of the mentioned earth-sheltered buildings were compared with the energy performance of classic above-ground building. All of the buildings have the same geometric, construction, and thermotechnical performance. The research results show that, in infiltrated earth-sheltered buildings, the annual consumption of final (electrical) energy can be reduced by 2.53-21.64% (depending on the number of external building elements in direct contact with the soil). Modern architecture should still be focused on the development of elevational earthsheltered buildings because in them the annual consumption of final (electrical) energy for heating can be reduced by more than 40%.

ENCLOSING WALL STRUCTURES OF OPERATED RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS USING THERMAL INSULATION PLATES FROM LINEN NOILS

The article discusses thermal insulation materials of a fibrous structure based on plant agricultural waste. The results of full-scale tests of flax noils insulation used for thermal insulation of an external wall fence with a ventilated insulation system of a one-story residential building are presented. Data from studies of the thermophysical characteristics of a wall enclosing structure with experimental materials are presented. Temperature distribution graphs along the thick-ness of the wall enclosure structure were constructed, after which the values of thermal resistance to heat transfer were calculated. The dependences of the distribution of humidity along the thickness of thermal insulation were revealed. Based on the results of full-scale tests, it was revealed that at an outside air temperature of -23 °C, the value of thermal resistance to heat transfer of a wall with experimental insulation of flax noils is equal to 3,24 (m2·°C)/W. The research results prove the effective operation of thermal insulation materials based on flax noils for wall enclosing structures.

Improvement of an Algebraic Observer for the Control of a One-Story Building

This article presents an improvement to an algebraic observer to estimate the state of a mechanical system whose only feedback variable is acceleration. This problem appears in different mechanical systems, e.g., structures subject to the effects of earthquakes. The algebraic observer that motivates this work is constrained to a finite time range; it cannot observe for time very close to zero, nor beyond a large value, because it would make singular the matrix involved in the estimation. In this proposal these disadvantages are eliminated by obtaining a matrix with independent-of-time determinant. The objective of the observer is to estimate the position and velocity that correspond to the acceleration measure, for use in a recently published control law of the semi-active control system of a single-story building by means of a magnetorheological damper.

Modeling a building during an earthquake to demonstrate resonance

ABSTRACT Spring-mass systems are presented as an application of second-order, constant coefficient differential equations in many differential equations textbooks. The phenomenon of resonance can then be analysed after nonhomogeneous differential equations are introduced. With some simplifying assumptions, the movement of the roof of a one-story building can be modeled as a spring-mass system and ground vibrations, such as those from an earthquake, can then be viewed as an external force acting on this system. In this paper, I will discuss a project I wrote and use in which students analyse the movement of a building resulting from an earthquake. This requires students to think in terms of amplitude/displacement (rather than position) and observe how this is affected by the frequency of an external force.

EVALUATING THE PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY OF PUBLIC SCHOOL BUILDINGS AGAINST FLOODING IN METRO MANILA, PHILIPPINES

Vulnerability analysis has always been an integral part of disaster risk assessment. This study aims to assess the physical vulnerability of public school buildings against flooding. It discusses the vulnerable elements or attributes, the extent of damages incurred during flood events, the damage response, and the future steps that must be taken to increase flood resiliency. The study used empirical data collection using semi-structured interviews to characterize the common types of public schools and to collate the damage responses. Quantity surveying was performed to measure the amount of damages related to different flood depths. Structural damages to public school buildings are not expected for flood heights ranging from ground level up to ten (10) m. However, damages are incurred by building finishes and fixtures. Floors, walls, and septic system are cosmetically damaged. Vulnerable components include wooden elements like doors, cabinets, blackboards and ceiling, and electrical fixtures such as wiring, lighting, outlets, switches, and fire alarm system. Comprehensive vulnerability description of public school buildings were represented as curves of flood depth vs. damage index. The damage ratio decreases as the number of floors increase. Maximum damage to one-story building is 23.6% while at 15.02% for four-story school building. This study is an attempt to promote further research of the subject matter in developing countries towards flood resiliency in the built environment.

Development of low-cost base isolation technique using multi-criteria optimization and its application to masonry building

Seismic isolation devices made of rubber have been adopted globally to protect buildings and bridges from seismic events. Recent research has focused on many low-cost rubber-based isolation devices for seismic hazard mitigation. While some techniques have demonstrated promising results, their practical application to buildings in seismic-prone rural parts of developing countries remains challenging. The present study proposes a low-cost base isolation technique that is viable and feasible for masonry buildings. The primary objective of the present study is to investigate the use of unreinforced rubber as a seismic base isolator. Initially, the rubber samples with different hardness were procured and tested for Hyperelastic and viscoelastic coefficients. These properties were used to model the rubber isolator in ABAQUS. A parametric study was conducted, and optimized rubber properties were obtained using the weighted sum approach. The optimized rubber is numerically validated with the experiment. The rubber isolator was designed and then modeled to an experimentally validated one-story masonry building. The behavior of building with and without proposed isolators is evaluated by subjecting them to seven spectrum-matched ground motions. A significant reduction in seismic response in terms of roof acceleration is observed. This study indicates the scope for using unreinforced rubber as an isolator for masonry buildings.

A STUDY ON TRADITIONAL HOUSES OF LAFTAN VILLAGE IN FARAH PROVINCE, AFGHANISTAN

This study examines the features of the traditional houses of Laftan village in Farah Province, Western Afghanistan. The composition of the Laftan village was found to be strongly related to the local climate, topography, and the mosques as the center of the community. All the houses in the village are one-story buildings constructed with pakhsa (pressed mud) wall and domical vault roofs of sun-dried bricks. The plans, cooling systems, and roof types of houses depend on the age of the houses.

Особенности трансформации микроэлементного состава почв города Ставрополя под влиянием урбогенеза

The article discusses the features of changes in the microelement composition of urban soils of the Stavropol agglomeration under the influence of urban genesis. Urban genesis, as a combination of technogenesis and landscape genesis on the territory of urban development, affects many aspects of soil functioning. Their physical properties, chemical composition, structure and mutual arrangement of genetic horizons change. Of particular relevance is the establishment of the specifics of the transformation of the microelement composition of urban soils in connection with the environmental hazard of a significant amount of trace elements classified as heavy metals. The city of Stavropol is characterized by a complex type of development, which combines one-story and multistory buildings, industrial infrastructure, and household facilities. This leads to the formation of multidirectional flows of pollutants, most of which enters the soil or subsoils. The presence of a clearly defined slope relief in the central part of the city causes the redistribution of silty fractions with water and air flows in an easterly direction. At the same time, differences in the nature of soil-forming rocks for different parts of the city largely change the pattern of differentiation of microelements in the soils of the city, associated with the peculiarities of their fixation in the composition of soil compounds. For the northwestern and central regions of the city, where Sarmatian limestone-shell rocks are exposed to the surface, calcium carbonates play a decisive role in the binding of trace elements in soils. In the soils of the southwestern and southern districts of the city, formed on loess-like loams, organomineral complexes of humic acids are of great importance in fixing microelements. In the bottoms of river valleys and gullies, formed by erosion products of Sarmatian clays, microelements in soils are present in silty fractions. Under the forest parks of the city, several dominant phases - carriers of microelements in soils are formed, depending on the predominance of one or another type of soil-forming deposits in different parts of the forest. In general, the features of the fixation of microelements in the soils of the Stavropol urban agglomeration are determined both by the natural characteristics of the territory and the specifics of the anthropogenic impact on the soil cover of pollutant flows.

Development of Fragility Curves for Reinforced-Concrete Building with Masonry Infilled Wall under Tsunami

A tsunami is a natural disaster that destroys structures and kills many lives in many countries in the world. A risk assessment of the building under a tsunami loading is thus essential to evaluate the damage and minimize potential loss. A crucial tool in risk assessment is the fragility curve. Most building fragility curves for tsunami force were developed using survey building damaged data. This research proposed a method for developing fragility curves under tsunami loading based on the analytical building model data. In the development, the generic building was a one-story reinforced-concrete building with masonry-infilled walls constructed from the structural index, popularly built as residential buildings along the west coast of southern Thailand. Three damage levels were investigated: damage in masonry infill walls, damage in primary structures, and collapses. The masonry infill wall was modeled using multisprings to represent the load-bearing behavior due to tsunami with a hydrodynamic pattern. The fragility curves were developed using the maximum likelihood method and considering the uncertainty due to masonry infill wall type, tsunami flow direction, and tsunami flow velocity. The developed fragility curve agrees well with the empirical tsunami fragility curve of a one-story reinforced-concrete building damage data in Thailand from the 2004 Tsunami. The developed fragility functions could be adopted for assessing tsunami risk assessment and disaster mitigation for similar structures against different tsunami scenarios in the future.