One-stage Process Research Articles

Development of a novel and efficient biochar produced from pepper stem for effective ibuprofen removal

A potential biochar from pepper stems (PS-biochar) was developed via a one-stage pyrolysis process of precursor at 700 °C and employed to adsorb ibuprofen (IBP) in water media. Results showed that PS-biochar was a carbonaceous mesoporous adsorbent with well-developed porosity (SBET = 727.5 m2/g and VTotal = 0.36 cm3/g) and rich surface functional groups. Mechanism of IBP adsorption consisted mainly of π- π interaction, pore filling, and H-bonding. The Langmuir monolayer capacity (569.6 mg/g) was very high compared to values reported in similar studies. The successful PS-biochar regeneration after four cycles in the batch system confirmed the high performance of the NaOH (0.1 M) as a desorbing agent. Therefore, the prepared biochar can be considered as a cost-effective and high-performance material for water decontamination.

Efficient nitrogen removal from mature landfill leachate in a step feed continuous plug-flow system based on one-stage anammox process

A continuous plug-flow multistage anoxic/oxic (A/O) system based on one-stage partial nitrification coupled anammox (PNA) process with integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) was established and operated over 400 days. A step feed strategy effectively controlled free ammonia concentration and alleviated impacts on ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria (AnAOB). During day 301–405, 98.1% of total inorganic nitrogen was removed from mature landfill leachate, whereas chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was 52.9%. With the enrichment of AnAOB in oxic biofilm, nitrogen removal via the anammox pathway reached 94.3%-95.0%. During system operation, the dominant anammox genus shifted from Candidatus_Brocadia to Candidatus_Kuenenia. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) indicated AnAOB encapsulated by AOB colonies were mainly distributed inside of the biofilm, which promoted nitrite utilization by the anammox process. This innovative system and the results are of great value to practical applications.

Effect of Corrosive Media on the Chemical and Mechanical Resistance of IPS e.max® CAD Based Li2Si2O5 Glass-Ceramics.

The influence of 4% acetic acid (pH~2.4) and an alkaline solution of NaOH (pH~10) on the corrosion resistance and micromechanical properties of disilicate crystals containing glass-ceramics (LS2-GC’s) is studied. Partially crystallized lithium metasilicate crystal containing glass-ceramics (LS-GC’s) are annealed to fully LS2-GC’s using a one stage and a two-stage heating to induce nucleation. Materials with various chemical and wear resistance are prepared. The content of the crystalline phase in the material annealed in the two-stage process A is 60.0% and increases to 72.2% for the material heated in the one-stage process B. The main elements leached in the acidic medium are lithium and phosphorus, while lithium, silicon, and phosphorus leached into the alkaline environment. Material B exhibits better chemical resistance to the corrosive influence of 4% acetic acid under quasi-dynamic conditions. In the alkaline corrosion medium, silicon is leached from material A faster compared to the material B. After prolonged exposure to acidic or basic environments, both materials show evidence of surface structural changes. A decrease of the sliding wear resistance is observed after corrosion in the acidic environment under dynamic conditions. In both materials, the wear rate increases after corrosion.

Development of Process Design Automation for Closed Die Forging of Disk-Shaped Products

In the design of the closed die forging process, a process designer must decide the process conditions such as the number of stages and the die surface shape in each stage. When the target product cannot be forged by a one-stage process, a multi-stage process is necessary. There are numerous combinations of the number of stages and the die surface shape in each stage, which is called the “process layout” in this paper. Therefore, it takes a long time to determine the process layout by trial and error. In this study, to design a draft of the process layout automatically, we investigated the technology for process design automation, focusing on axisymmetric disk-shaped products. The design automation technology was developed by combining the proposed method for die surface generation, finite element method, and an optimization algorithm. In addition, to resolve the issue about the increase in the number of process layout candidates when the target product is vertical asymmetric, we investigated a method of reducing their number. As a result of verification for severally vertically symmetric and vertically asymmetric products, we found that process layouts that satisfy the forging load restriction and forged shape accuracy could be automatically designed.

One-Stage Chiral Enrichment Process by Continuous Flow Electrodialysis with Molecularly Imprinted Membrane

One-Stage Chiral Enrichment Process by Continuous Flow Electrodialysis with Molecularly Imprinted Membrane

Nitrogen Removal from Real Sewage Pretreated with Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors Using One-Stage Partial Nitritation-Anammox Process with Hydroxyapatite Crystallization and Partial Nitritation-Anammox Granule

Nitrogen Removal from Real Sewage Pretreated with Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors Using One-Stage Partial Nitritation-Anammox Process with Hydroxyapatite Crystallization and Partial Nitritation-Anammox Granule

GP-Aligner: Unsupervised Groupwise Nonrigid Point Set Registration Based on Optimizable Group Latent Descriptor

In this paper, we propose a novel unsupervised method named GP-Aligner to address the problem of groupwise non-rigid point set registration. Compared to previous non-learning-based approaches, the proposed method gains competitive advantages by leveraging deep neural networks to effectively and efficiently align a large number of highly deformed 3D shapes with superior performance. Unlike most learning-based methods that use an explicit feature encoding network to extract per-shape features and their correlations, our model leverages a model-free learnable latent descriptor to characterize shape correlations among groups. More specifically, for a given group we first define an optimizable Group Latent Descriptor (GLD) to characterize the relationship among a group of point sets. Each GLD is randomly initialized from a Gaussian distribution and then concatenated with the coordinates of each point of the associated point sets in the group. A neural network-based decoder network is further constructed to predict the coherent flow fields to optimally deform the input groups of shapes to the aligned ones. During the optimization process, GP-Aligner jointly updates all GLDs and weight parameters of the decoder network towards the minimization of an unsupervised groupwise alignment loss. After optimization, for each group, our model coherently drives each point set towards a mean position (shape) without specifying one as the target. GP-Aligner does not require large-scale training data for network training, and it can directly align groups of point sets in a one-stage optimization process. GP-Aligner shows both accuracy and computational efficiency improvement in comparison with the state-of-the-art methods for groupwise point set registration. Moreover, GP-Aligner exhibits high efficiency in aligning a large number of groups of real-world 3D shapes.

Ball-milled magnetite for efficient arsenic decontamination: Insights into oxidation–adsorption mechanism

Conventional adsorbents for decontaminating arsenic exhibit low efficacy for the removal of arsenite (As(III)). This study aims to develop a robust As adsorbent from natural magnetite (M0) via a facile ball milling process, and evaluate their performance for decontaminating As(III) and As(V) in water and soil systems. The ball milling process decreased the particle size and crystallinity of M0, resulting in pronounced As removal by the ball-milled magnetite (Mm). Ball milling under air facilitated the formation of Fe-OH and Fe-COOH functional groups on Mm interface, contributing to effective elimination of As(III) and As(V) via hydrogen bonding and complexation mechanisms. Synergistic oxidation effects of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, and reactive oxygen species (O2·-, and·OH) on the transformation of As(III) to As(V) during the adsorption were proposed to explain the enhanced As(III) removal by Mm. A short-term soil incubation experiment indicated that the addition of Mm (10wt%) induced a decrease in the concentration of exchangeable As by 30.25%, and facilitated the transformation of water-soluble As into residual fraction. Ball milling thus is considered as an eco-friendly (chemical-free) and inexpensive (scalable, one-stage process) method for upgrading the performance of natural magnetite towards remediating As, particularly for tackling the highly mobile As(III).

Start-up a novel coupling process with partial nitritation, partial denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation in a single sequencing batch reactor

A novel process, named single-stage PNDA, that integrates the partial nitritation, partial denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation in a single lab-scale sequencing batch reactor was developed to treat moderate-strength ammonia wastewater (220 mg N/L). Firstly, a single stage partial nitritation-anammox process was started up with the total nitrogen removal efficiencies of approx. 76.22%, and the remaining free ammonia concentration could produce a more sustained inhibition of nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB) than low DO condition. Then, the proposed one-stage PNDA process achieved an average total nitrogen removal efficiency of 85.29% by adding sodium acetate in the influent at a concentration of 50 mg COD/L. Microbial community characterization revealed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, anammox bacteria, NOB and partial denitrification bacteria coexist in the suspended sludge. The significant enrichment of Thauera and the dominance of Ca. Anammoxoglobus in the Anammox biomass indicate their important role in the improved nitrogen removal performance. This single-stage PNAD process can potentially be applied to further improve the total nitrogen removal efficiency of PN/A process.

Astaxanthin: A super antioxidant from microalgae and its therapeutic potential.

Astaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid, super antioxidant molecule. It has higher antioxidant activity than a range of carotenoids, thus has applications in cosmetics, aquaculture, nutraceuticals, therapeutics, and pharmaceuticals. Naturally, it is derived from Haematococcus pluvialis via a one-stage process or two-stage process. Natural astaxanthin significantly reduces oxidative and free-radical stress as compared to synthetic astaxanthin. The present review summarizes all the aspects of astaxanthin, including its structure, chemistry, bioavailability, and current production technology. Also, this paper gives a detailed mechanism for the potential role of astaxanthin as nutraceuticals for cardiovascular disease prevention, skin protection, antidiabetic and anticancer, cosmetic ingredient, natural food colorant, and feed supplement in poultry and aquaculture. Astaxanthin is one of the high-valued microalgae products of the future. However, due to some risks involved or not having adequate research in terms of long-term consumption, it is still yet to be explored by food industries. Although the cost of naturally derived astaxanthin is high, it accounts for only a 1% share in total astaxanthin available in the global market. Therefore, scientists are looking for ways to cut down the cost of natural astaxanthin to be made available to consumers.

Systematic evaluation of fractionation and valorization of lignocellulose via two-stage hydrothermal liquefaction

Converting lignocelluloses through conventional hydrothermal liquefaction results in a complex mixture of products due to the compositional heterogeneity of the feedstocks. Sequential hydrothermal liquefaction (SeqHTL) was therefore proposed to address this drawback by selectively fractionating biomass in a stepwise manner. In this work, a two-stage SeqHTL process was designed to isolate sugars in the first stage and to enhance the production of sugar-derived biochemicals and lignin monomers in the second stage from poplar biomass. As a unique feature, the SeqHTL process enabled 24.3% conversion yield of hemicellulose to xylose in the first stage at 180 ℃. In addition, the yields of furfural and lignin monomers were improved by 152.9% and 58.7% for the second stage at 280 ℃ in comparison with the one-stage process operating at the same temperature, respectively. The fractionation of the SeqHTL process reduced the coupling reactions between sugar and lignin components in the feedstock at the first stage, reducing the formation of char and high-molecular-weight compounds at the second stage. Besides, the effects of additives (alcohol, acid, and salt) on the hydrothermal conversion of poplar were investigated in terms of product yields, reaction pathways, surface chemistry and morphology of the solid products. Results showed that the presence of ethanol significantly promoted the production of lignin monomers, while phosphoric acid facilitated the formation of levulinic acid. Overall, this study demonstrates that by properly utilizing subcritical water properties, the SeqHTL platform through simultaneous fractionation and conversion, provides a potential for the stepwise production of bio-based chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass.

Efficient nitrogen removal from mainstream wastewater through coupling Partial Nitritation, Anammox and Methane-dependent nitrite/nitrate reduction (PNAM)

The application of partial nitritation and anammox to remove nitrogen from mainstream wastewater is of great interest because of the potential to reduce energy cost and carbon dosage. However, this process confronts a dilemma of relatively high effluent nitrogen concentration (>10 mg N/L), owning to the unwanted prevalence of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and the intrinsic nitrate production by anammox bacteria. Here, a novel technology, named the one-stage PNAM, that integrates Partial Nitritation, Anammox and Methane-dependent nitrite/nitrate reduction reactions, was developed in a single membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). With feeding of synthetic mainstream wastewater containing ∼50 mg NH4+-N/L at a hydraulic retention time of 12 h, more than 95% nitrogen was removed in the established one-stage PNAM process at a practically useful rate of 0.1 kg N/m3/d. Microbial community characterization and in-situ batch tests revealed a sophisticated microbial structure consisting of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), anammox bacteria, nitrite/nitrate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-DAMO) bacteria and archaea, and a small fraction of NOB and aerobic methanotrophs. The role of methane in removing nitrate was confirmed by switching on/off the methane supply, which relaxed the requirement for NOB suppression. In addition, the established system was relatively robust against temperature variations, evidenced by a total nitrogen removal efficiency above 80% at temperature as low as 14 ℃. The results provide a promising alternative for efficient nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater using methane as the sole carbon source.

Effects of fluorinated ethylene propylene contents in a novel gas diffusion layer on cell performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

The object of this study is the manufacturing processes and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) contents on the cell performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). These results are useful for optimizing gas diffusion layer (GDL) fabrication processes and the operating conditions of the PEMFC. A traditional GDL with a micro porous layer (MPL) can enhance the water management ability. For the case of the one-stage GDL manufacturing process, carbon paper with an FEP content of 10 wt% has the best fuel cell performance and limiting current density. Besides, in the two-stage GDL fabrication process, when the cathode fuel is air, carbon paper with the same 10 wt% FEP content can delay the occurrence of limiting current density. The types of carbon black have remarkable influences on water management capabilities. It is noted that the XC-72R carbon powder has a relatively appropriate pore volume to have enough water to keep the membrane moist and avoid water flooding. The higher the gas humidification temperature, the faster the electrochemical reaction rate. But when the operating current density is high, it will generate too much water, resulting in water flooding and a decrease in the PEMFC performance. Therefore, when the cathode fuel is air and the inlet humidification temperature is 80°C for the anode and 50°C for the cathode, the limiting current density can be effectively extended to maintain the cell performance.

Two-Stage Anaerobic Codigestion of Crude Glycerol and Micro-Algal Biomass for Biohydrogen and Methane Production by Anaerobic Sludge Consortium

Optimization of factors affecting biohydrogen production from the codigestion of crude glycerol and microalgal biomass by anaerobic sludge consortium was conducted. The experiments were designed by a response surface methodology with central composite design. The factors affecting the production of hydrogen were the concentrations of crude glycerol, microalgal biomass, and inoculum. The maximum hydrogen production (655.1 mL-H2/L) was achieved with 13.83 g/L crude glycerol, 23.1 g-VS/L microalgal biomass, and 10.3% (v/v) inoculum. The hydrogenic effluents obtained under low, high, and optimal conditions were further used as substrates for methane production. Methane production rates and methane yield of 868.7 mL-CH4/L and 2.95 mL-CH4/L-h were attained with the effluent produced under optimum conditions. The use of crude glycerol and microalgal biomass as cosubstrates had an antagonistic effect on biohydrogen production and a synergistic effect on methane fermentation. The two-stage process provided a more attractive solution, with a total energy of 1.27 kJ/g-VSadded, than the one-stage process.

Ethanol Production by Co-Cultivation of Yeast and Lactic Acid Bacteria on Starch

The co-cultivation of GRAS amylolytic bacteria together with ethanol-producing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in starch-containing media might be one of the ways solving the problem of starch-containing waste disposal with simultaneous formation of ethanol as a potential biofuel for increasing octane number of gasoline. The aim of the study was to test the combination of microorganisms (amylolytic lactic acid bacteria and yeast) suitable for co-cultivation on starch and to optimize the conditions for starch cofermentation. Methods. Conventional microbiological, biochemical and statistical methods, including serial dilution technique with counting colony forming units (CFU) for growth assessment of mixed cultures, Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) for measuring ethanol concentration and Box-Behnken experimental design (Statistica 10) for bioethanol production optimization, were used in this work. Results. The combination of microorganisms for mixed cultures co-cultivation in single-stage starch fermentation was established: the strain of ethanol-producing yeast S. cerevisiae UCM Y-527 and the amylolytic strain of lactic acid bacteria Streptococcus bovis IMV B-7151. Mathematical simulation using a Box-Behnken (3k-p) design determined the optimal parameters for the fermentation of starch in the process of co-cultivation of yeast and bacteria: 10 g/L of starch in the medium at simultaneous inoculations of both cultures and co-cultivation for 72 hours. The theoretically obtained parameters data were experimentally verified: the maximum ethanol yield 1.95 g/L in the experiment corresponded to the theoretically calculated values. Conclusions. It was suggested and optimized a method of starch cofermentation using strains of amylolytic lactic acid bacteria S. bovis IMV B-7151 and yeast S. cerevisiae UCM Y-527, which can be used for one-stage process of hydrolysis and fermentation of starch and starchcontaining wastes with the production of bioethanol and microbial biomass.

Removal of nitrogen components, bulk organics, and fluorophores during one-stage partial nitrification-Anammox treatment of landfill leachate

Anammox-based processes have been intensively studied for the nitrogen removal from leachate, but less attention was paid to monitoring the evolution of leachate organics. In this study, fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrix (EEM) measurement coupling with Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) analysis was used to supplement the routine monitoring in order to reveal more insights into pollutants removal during the leachate treatment by a one-stage partial nitrification-Anammox process (PNA). During this PNA process, up to 96% of total nitrogen and 43% of COD were removed, indicating the potential of PNA process to simultaneously remove nitrogen and organics. Fluorescence intensities and ratios clearly showed the dynamics of influent fluorophores during seasonal variations, where a high amount of protein-like compound was observed during summer months. Protein-like compound was preferentially removed (43–63%) in the PNA process, whereas humic/fulvic-like compounds exhibited recalcitrance to biodegradation. The increase of oxygen supply promoted protein-like compound degradation, which could be associated with the aerobic oxidation pathway. Furthermore, the protein-like compound removal was linearly correlated with the reduction of NH4+-N at limited oxygen conditions (i.e., air flow rate ≤1.6 Lgas/h/Lreactor) (r = 0.97, n = 65). The fluorescence directly extracted at Ex/Em:230 nm/345 nm was strongly correlated with the biodegradable chemical oxidation demand (BCOD) (r = 0.92, n = 204), showing its high potential as an indicator for biodegradable organics. Given the relatively weak correlation between fluorescence parameters and COD, EEM coupled with multivariate partial least squares (PLS) modeling was proposed and exhibited good predictive power for COD, as exemplified by a mean error of 4.5%.

Insights into complete nitrate removal in one-stage nitritation-anammox by coupling heterotrophic denitrification

Nitritation-anammox has been considered to be the most promising process for nitrogen (N) removal from wastewater. However, the anammox reaction still produces an amount of nitrate, which cannot be removed further. This study hypothesizes that heterotrophic denitrification can be an appealing option to remove the residual nitrate in the one-stage nitritation-anammox process. Through monitoring N-removal performance and microbial community succession of a laboratory microaerobic reactor, the effect of four different levels of oxygen supply on nitrate removal was investigated. The reactor was continuously fed with real manure-free piggery wastewater containing ~240 mg NH4+-N/L and chemical oxygen demand (COD)/total nitrogen (TN) ratio of less than 1 for 180 days. With a high influent loading rate of 0.7 kg N/(m3·d), efficient total nitrogen removal (>80 %) was achieved during stable operation of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations between 0.3 and 0.6 mg O2/L, indicating N-removal via the nitritation-anammox pathway in the low-carbon wastewater treatment. At the same time, the effluent nitrate reduced with decreased oxygen supply and completely depleted at DO of 0.3 ± 0.1 mg O2/L. In addition to oxygen, preventing ammonia nitrogen from falling to very low levels (<10 mg/L) could be also useful for the complete nitrate removal and stable nitritation-anammox. 16S rRNA gene-based analyses confirmed a complex microbial community including nitrifiers, denitrifiers and anammox bacteria in the biomass of the reactor. Collectively, this study provides new insights into high-level N-removal of a nitritation-anammox process by complete nitrate depletion.

Hexaamminecobalt(III) catalyzed thiosulfate leaching of gold from a concentrate calcine and gold recovery from its pregnant leach solution via resin adsorption

Co(II) is effective in catalyzing gold thiosulfate leaching, but Co(III) has seldom been adopted directly as the catalyst. This paper examined the effect of hexaamminecobalt(III) on the thiosulfate leaching of gold from a concentrate calcine and the gold recovery via resin adsorption from the leach solution. Under the leaching solution conditions, the Co(NH3)63+/Co(NH3)x2+ (x = 4, 5) redox couple is thermodynamically formed playing the catalytic role. Experimental results verify the catalysis of Co(NH3)63+, which is better than that of Co(II) and Cu(II) in thiosulfate leaching of gold. Replacing Cu(II) by Co(NH3)63+ or Co(II), the thiosulfate consumption was significantly reduced and the complex two-stage gold elution process was simplified to a low-cost one-stage process. Compared with Co(II), Co(NH3)63+ that is already the oxidant could shorten the leaching time from 8 h to 6 h without affecting the gold extraction (~80%). In addition, the thiosulfate consumption was further lowered from 18.8 kg·t-1ore to 15.0 kg·t-1ore under the catalysis of Co(NH3)63+, which was confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, the decrease of thiosulfate consumption may result from the formation of a lower concentration of the mixed-ligand Co(III) complexes such as Co(NH3)x(S2O3)+ (x = 4, 5). Gold recovery results suggested that, comparing Co(NH3)63+ with Co(II), the gold in the Co(NH3)63+ catalyzed leaching solution could be recovered more efficiently by resin adsorption. Therefore, Co(NH3)63+ is a catalyst more efficient than Co(II) and has promise to replace Cu(II) in the extraction and recovery of gold from its ores by thiosulfate leaching and resin adsorption.

Improving the Conversion of Biomass in Catalytic Pyrolysis via Intensification of Biomass—Catalyst Contact by Co-Pressing

Biomass pyrolysis is a promising technology for fuel and chemical production from an abundant renewable source. It takes place usually in two stages; non-catalytic pyrolysis with further catalytic upgrading of the formed pyrolysis oil. The direct catalytic pyrolysis of biomass reduces the pyrolysis temperature, increase the yield to target products and improves their quality. However, in such one-stage process the contact between biomass and solid catalyst particles is poor leading to an excessively high degree of pure thermal pyrolysis reactions. The aim of this study was to enhance the catalyst-biomass contact via co-pressing of biomass and catalyst particles as a pre-treatment method. Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass components with HY and USY zeolites was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), as well as experiments in a pyrolysis reactor. The liquid and coke yields were characterized using gas chromatography, and TGA respectively. The TGA results showed that the degradation of the co-pressed cellulose occurred at lower temperatures compared to the pure thermal degradation, as well as catalytic degradation of non-pretreated cellulose. All biomass components produced better results using the co-pressing method, where the liquid yields increased while coke/char yields decreased. Bio-oil from catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose with HY catalyst mainly produced heavier fractions, while in the presence of USY catalyst medium fraction was mainly produced within the gasoline range. For hemicellulose catalytic pyrolysis, the catalysts had similar effects in enhancing the lighter fraction, but specifically, HY showed higher selectivity to middle fraction while USY has produced higher percentage of lighter fraction. Using with both catalysts, co-pressing had the best effect of eliminating the heavier fraction and improving the gasoline range fraction. Spent catalyst from co-pressed sample had lower concentrations of coke/char components due to the shorter residence times of volatiles, which suppresses the occurrence of secondary reactions leading to coke/char formations.

Bio-electrochemically extracted nitrogen from residual resources for microbial protein production

Upcycling of nutrients from residual resources for producing microbial protein (MP) is an attractive method to valorize residues. In this study, we investigated bio-electrochemical methods to recover ammonia-N, for further production of MP. Reject water and digestate were used for ammonia-N recovery in microbial fuel cell (MFC) system. In one-stage process, ammonia-N recovery was 32 – 42% with 57 – 154 kJ/m3 waste stream of electricity generation. For further enhancing recovery efficiency, a two-stage process was developed, achieving efficiency of 53 – 61%. Subsequently, MP was grown with the extracted ammonia-N, and amino acid concentration was 421 and 272 mg/L under 25 °C and 35 °C, respectively. Similar essential amino acid content of MP (especially under 25 °C) with the one from fish demonstrated the attractiveness of upcycling residues to proteins. Based on simplified economic evaluation, the produced energy performed the potential to catch 1.63 – 6.54 €/m3 waste stream.