On-board Charger Research Articles

Analysis of dual active bridge-based on-board battery charger for electric and hybrid vehicles

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of a Gallium Nitride (GaN) Dual Active Bridge (DAB)-based on-board battery charger for electric and hybrid vehicles. It focuses on the superior efficiency and reliability of GaN-based power electronics over traditional Silicon-based systems. The study explores the implementation of the DAB topology, recognized for its bidirectional power flow and high efficiency, in enhancing vehicle charging infrastructure. Efficiency analysis, switching behavior and losses are thoroughly examined. Simulation results in PSIM software validate the theoretical predictions, showing significant improvements in operational flexibility and energy efficiency.

Performance of bidirectional ON-Board Charger in Electric Vehicle: A review

As per present technological advancement increment of electric vehicles (EVs) in public and private transportation is inevitable. Also, most of the EVs carry batteries as energy transaction/storage units. Generally, it can be observed that, mostly in the case of private vehicles, EVs are in an idle state for a longer time during corresponding office hours. So, these EVs can potentially be utilized for transmitting power from the batteries to the grid during the peak load condition of the grid. During the off-peak period of the grid, the batteries of the vehicles can be charged. To achieve this to-and-fro power flow of the batteries bidirectional converters (BC) play a significant role. In this regard, a high volume of research has been carried out to improve the design and topology of the BC to obtain highly efficient EVs. Therefore, it is eminent to review topologies used in BC. This paper discusses single phase single stage isolated, single phase two stage isolated, single phase two stage non-isolated, three-phase single-stage isolated, three-phase two-stage isolated, three-phase single-stage non-isolated, DC-DC isolated, and DC-DC non-isolated converters. Moreover, analysis about the performance of the converter topology based on parameters such as a wide voltage range, power density, efficiency, power factor, and total harmonic distortion are discussed. Furthermore, this extensive review delves into comparing various configurations of BC to provide insights into selecting the most suitable converter for a specific application.

Non-Integrated and Integrated On-Board Battery Chargers (iOBCs) for Electric Vehicles (EVs): A Critical Review

The rising Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions stemming from the extensive use of automobiles across the globe represent a critical environmental challenge, contributing significantly to phenomena such as global warming and the deterioration of air quality. To address these challenges, there is a critical need for research and development in electric vehicles (EVs) and their associated charging infrastructure, including off-board and on-board chargers (OBCs). This paper aims to bridge the gaps in existing review literature by offering a comprehensive review of both integrated and non-integrated OBCs for EVs, based on the authors’ knowledge at the time of writing. The paper begins by outlining trends in the EV market, including voltage levels, power ratings, and relevant standards. It then provides a detailed analysis of two-level and multi-level power converter topologies, covering AC-DC power factor correction (PFC) and isolated DC-DC topologies. Subsequently, it discusses single-stage and two-stage non-integrated OBC solutions. Additionally, various categories of integrated OBCs (iOBCs) are explored, accompanied by relevant examples. The paper also includes comparison tables containing technical specifications and key characteristics for reference and analysis.

Suppression of Initial Charging Torque for Electric Drive-Reconfigured On-Board Charger

This paper presents a new electric drive-reconfigured on-board charger and initial electromagnetic torque suppression method. This proposed reconfigured on-board charger does not need many components added to the original electric drive system: only a connector is needed, which is easy to add. Specifically, the inverter for propulsion is reconfigured as a buck chopper and a conduction path to match the reconfigured windings. Two of the machine phase windings serve as inductors, while the third phase winding is reutilized as a common-mode inductor. In addition, the initial charging torque is generated at the outset of the charging process, which may cause an instant shock or even rotational movement. In order to prevent vehicle movement, the reason for the charging torque and suppression method were analyzed. Further, predictive control of the model based on mutual inductance analysis was adopted, where the charging torque was directly used as a control object in the cost function. Finally, experimental performances were applied to verify the proposed reconfigured on-board charger under constant current and constant voltage charging.

Integrated on-board electric vehicle battery charger with multifunctional features

ABSTRACT Because of the continuous demand for reliable, efficient, small-size, light weighted, and low-cost Electric Vehicle (EV) battery charging systems, an integrated on-board charger is proposed with a high-power propulsion motor drive. It utilises stator windings of motor, the 6-leg Voltage Source Converter (VSC), DC-DC converter, and feedback sensors to facilitate vehicular battery charging. With this system, soft switching technique based bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter is proposed that offers the advantage of simple circuitry design due to no usage of extra passive or active components. This paper presents mathematical modelling, analysis, and controller design of this proposed configuration under various operating modes. The complete system is developed in Sim Power system toolbox of MATLAB software and tested in real-time environment. The performance investigations of proposed system are carried out for three operating modes like Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V), Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) under Constant Current (CC) and Constant Voltage (CV) battery charging modes. Furthermore, the investigations ensure the system’s excellent efficiency, less THD, and nearly unity power factor operation under all operating conditions.

An Effective Charging Torque Elimination Method for Dual-Channel Electric-Drive-Reconstructed Onboard Chargers

The idea of electric-drive-reconstructed onboard charger (EDROC) systems, along with the concept of dual-channel charging, offers a novel design, thought to enhance the integration and fault tolerance of the charging system of electric vehicles (EVs). This article investigates a dual-channel EDROC incorporating an asymmetrical six-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine (ASPMSM). A unique operation mode, called the unbalanced charging voltage operation mode, exists in this topology, in case the voltages of the two batteries are unequal. This unbalance results in different winding currents following through two channels, leading to an undesired charging torque in the machine. To ensure the safety of the system, an effective charging torque elimination method, based on dual-channel winding current balance, is proposed, which achieves a dot-shaped current path of torque generation-associated subspace (i.e., α–β subspace) by balancing the dual-channel charging power. Eventually, a controller is designed for the system and a prototype is created, to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Single-phase and three-phase compatible isolated on-board charging system

Single-phase and three-phase compatible isolated on-board charging system

A Parameter Optimization Design Method for Single-Phase Dual Active Bridge AC-DC Converter

The single-stage dual active bridge (DAB) AC-DC converter has the advantages of high power density, low cost, and simple control; it has a broad potential for application in the field of onboard chargers (OBC). However, the lack of fast and accurate quantitative parameter optimization design methods in single-stage DAB AC-DC converters limits the overall efficiency of the converter. Based on the above problem, in order to improve the overall operating efficiency of the converter by optimizing the parameter transformer ratio and power inductance, this paper proposes a parameter design method considering a multi-timescale strategy by combining the steady-state analysis model of the converter in the line cycle and switching cycle and step-by-step reducing its design space through the constraints on the parameters. The first step is to obtain a safe design space for the parameters under the converter’s transmitted power and current stress constraints. The second step obtains the optimization design space of the parameters under the optimization of conduction loss and switching loss of the converter. Finally, the optimal parameters are determined by the loss analysis model. The proposed parameter optimization method entirely takes into account the steady-state characteristics of the DAB AC-DC converter during the line cycle, and the step-by-step constraints greatly accelerate the parameter design process. In addition, the proposed parameter optimization design method applies to all types of single-stage DAB AC-DC converters, which can be well applied to engineering practice.

A Comprehensive Investigation into Bidirectional DC-DC Converters with Soft Switching for Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the the promising solutions for the environmental issues such as carbon emission and global warming. The high voltage traction battery in EVs is charged from utility grid by an EV charger. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standardize EV charges into two categories on-board chargers and off-board chargers. Usually, the on-board chargers are located inside the vehicle whereas, off-board chargers are not mounted on the vehicle. For onboard chargers, size and power density of charger become a prior matter of concern. The only way to reduce the size of a converter and thereby increase the power density is to operate power electronic conversion system (PECS) at very high switching frequency (HSF) resulting in reduced size of magnetic component in the charger configuration. However, HSF operation may lead to a high electromagnetic interference (EMI), loss in switch and switch duty. The work in this paper is focused on the development of high frequency bi-directional DC-DC converter (BD2C) stage priory used in on-board chargers due to distributed sources of energy as well as to manage the power distribution in the configuration. The power electronic BDCs are derived from boost and buck unit. The boost derived converter are current fed converters and offers advantages in terms of inherent voltage gain, short circuit protection and lower input current ripple. The voltage spikes across switches, high rated device selection, hard switching, snubber and auxiliary circuit requirements are some of the undesirable factors. This occurrence happened due to unbalance power transfer by the power electronics converter. Similarly, voltage fed converter offers good voltage control during power transfer.

A High-Efficiency High-Density Three-Phase CLLC Resonant Converter With a Universally Derived Three-Phase Integrated Transformer for On-Board-Charger Application

A High-Efficiency High-Density Three-Phase <i>CLLC</i> Resonant Converter With a Universally Derived Three-Phase Integrated Transformer for On-Board-Charger Application

Analysis and Design of LCL Resonant Tank With Reduced Reactive Power for Bidirectional On-Board Charger Applications Utilizing Time-Domain Model

Analysis and Design of <i>LCL</i> Resonant Tank With Reduced Reactive Power for Bidirectional On-Board Charger Applications Utilizing Time-Domain Model

A Multienergy Interface Electric-Drive- Reconstructed Onboard Charger for EVs With Integrated Control Strategy

A Multienergy Interface Electric-Drive- Reconstructed Onboard Charger for EVs With Integrated Control Strategy

Operating modes of grid integrated PV-solar based electric vehicle charging system- a comprehensive review

The impact of air pollution on the world has been highlighted by the World Health Organization (WHO), which has contributed to the growth of emission-free and ecologically friendly transportation options such as electric vehicles (EVs). Between 2019 and 2020, EV sales climbed by 43%, and by 2025, 14 million EVs are expected to be sold worldwide. On the other hand, EVs have drawbacks such as expensive batteries, short lifespans, lack of EV dependability, limited driving range, and long charging periods. Integrating renewable energy sources (RESs) such as biomass, solar, and wind power into EV charging infrastructures is gaining popularity. PV solar-powered EV charging has benefits like cheaper fuel costs, easier installation, less demand on the grid for power, and cost savings. Hybrid and on-board charging systems offer benefits such as reduced weight, faster charging, and improved communication protocols. On-board chargers have higher energy transfer but are more expensive and difficult to integrate with charging stations. Off-board charging systems include public, rapid, induction, and home charging stations. Advanced charging management systems can optimize charging to preserve battery life. It is recommended that future research concentrate on the development of sophisticated control algorithms, integration of wireless charging, extension of fast-charging infrastructure, innovation in materials, compatibility with many vehicles, and optimization of grid interface to enhance efficiency and user experience. The charging of electric vehicles in standalone and grid-connected photovoltaic systems is covered in this paper, along with an explanation of the various modes of operation for these systems. There is also a quick explanation of the various kinds of EV chargers, their power capacities, and their specifications. The research and comparisons in this paper are expected to be useful resources for scholars who are interested in learning more about EV charging facilities.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE UNIFIED WITH WIND AND SOLAR POWER

The global energy crisis and escalating pollution from vehicle emissions pose critical challenges, compelling a shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) as an eco- friendly remedy. Despite their environmental advantages, EVs confront a hurdle in extended charging durations. To combat this, the concept of onboard charging has been explored, where EVs autonomously generate and store electricity. This paper introduces a hybrid model harmonizing solar and wind energies to propel EVs, utilizing the vehicle's battery as a storage unit for surplus energy. Integrating both renewable sources enables continuous energy production, addressing the intermittent nature of solar and wind power. The system strategically prioritizes solar charging during daylight hours and switches to wind charging at night, optimizing energy utilization. Simultaneous usage of both sources enhances overall efficiency. This hybrid system ensures a reliable, sustainable charging solution, reducing dependence on conventional grids and curbing greenhouse gas emissions. The amalgamation of renewable energies into the transportation sector aligns with the global transition towards cleaner and sustainable energy practices. In summary, this hybrid model presents a pragmatic solution to the energy crisis and vehicle emissions, contributing to a greener and more sustainable transportation landscape. Key Words: Hybrid Vehicle, Renewable Energy, Solar power, Wind power, Remote Control, Green transportation, Arduino Uno, Motor Driver, Ultrasonic Sensor.

Comparative Analysis for Off-Board Vienna Rectifier Electric Vehicle Charger Controlled by VOC and DPC Techniques

Electric vehicle charging stations are generally composed of AC-to-DC and DC-to-DC converters. Many topologies of converters, used for both on-board and off-board EV chargers, have been proposed by the researchers. The off-board Vienna rectifier EV charger is the focus of our work. This EV charger should be controlled for adjusting the system outputs at desired references. Among several control methods existing in the literature, the voltage-oriented and direct power control techniques are selected to control the Vienna rectifier. The aim of this paper is to present a comparative analysis for an Off-board Vienna rectifier controlled individually by the previous mentioned control techniques in order to charge the battery of an electric vehicle from the national grid. A three constant current values of 60A, 80A, and 100A, are imposed to the EV battery as reference currents using PI controllers. The comparison is based on the waveforms of three-phase grid voltages and currents, battery voltages, state of the charge of the battery, and the elapsed time of simulation. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of one phase of the input current at the case of 100A is measured using the fast Fourier transform tool of Matlab/Simulink software which employed for modeling and performing the simulation.

On-board Charger for Worldwide Use

On-board Charger for Worldwide Use

Bidirectional Power Control Strategy for On-Board Charger Based on Single-Stage Three-Phase Converter

To solve the problems of large switching losses and the need for large-capacity electrolytic capacitances in three-phase DC/AC on-board chargers for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications, this paper proposes a single-stage bidirectional high-frequency isolated converter that eliminates the need for large-capacity capacitances. Combined with the proposed modulation scheme, it can theoretically reduce the switching loss by about two-thirds with the three-phase converter compared with the conventional modulation scheme, improving the converter’s operating efficiency and power density. Firstly, based on the characteristics of the proposed topology, a hybrid modulation scheme is proposed, which combines a phase-shift modulation scheme based on double modulation waves and a sawtooth carrier with a 1/3 modulation scheme, and the theoretical feasibility of the hybrid modulation scheme is verified using a mathematical modeling equation. Secondly, this paper provides a detailed analysis of the four operating modes of the two full-bridge circuits and the commutation process of the three-phase converter within 1/6 of the fundamental frequency cycle (P1 modulation interval). Then, the control strategy is given for the constant-current and constant-voltage charging and constant-current discharging for electric vehicle batteries. Finally, simulation results verify the correctness of the proposed topology and modulation scheme in vehicle–grid interaction.

New combined control strategy of on-board bidirectional battery chargers for electric vehicles

This paper aims to develop a bidirectional on-board battery charger for electric vehicles (EVs). The studied battery charger is composed of a bidirectional ac-dc converter as the first stage of conversion and a bidirectional dc-dc converter as the second stage. The first one is controlled by a predictive direct power control strategy based on a space vector modulation technique known as P-SVM-DPC, and the second is used to regulate the battery current and regulate the power direction flow by using a direct current control technique. The choice of its topology has taken into consideration the grid-to-vehicles (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power flow directions. During charging or discharging, the DC/DC converter acts likes a buck or boost converter. Using MATLAB/Simulink software, the performance of the battery charger is examined in various operating modes, such as fast charging and quick discharging.

Single-Phase Charging of Six-Phase Integrated On-Board Battery Charger Using Predictive Current Control

Integrated On-Board Battery Chargers (IOBCs) have shown promise as an elegant charging solution for electric vehicles in recent literature. Although the three-phase charging technique of IOBCs has extensively been discussed in the literature, single-phase charging is still a challenging research topic. The Predictive Current Control (PCC) approach has shown many benefits, including a straightforward algorithm, simple implementation, comparatively quick response, and appropriate performance, when compared to conventional control techniques. This paper investigates the impact of single-phase charging of a six-phase-based IOBC system with different winding configurations using PCC, which, up to the best authors’ knowledge, has not been conceived thus far. Under single-phase charging, the zero-sequence current component is utilized to ensure zero torque production during charging mode. Since the impedance of the zero subspace is highly affected by the employed winding design, the performance of PCC with different winding layouts of either induction machine (IM) or permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is investigated and compared. The proposed method is experimentally validated using a 1.1kW six-phase IM and a 2 kW 12-slot/10-pole PMSM. Finite Element analysis is also carried out to investigate the effect of single-phase charging mode on the induced radial forces and vibration level when PM machine is employed.

Preliminary design of a retrofitted ultralight aircraft with a hybrid electric fuel cell power system

Emission-free aerial propulsion can be achieved with a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC). In the present investigation, this potential is addressed by designing a hybrid electric power system with fuel cells for an ultralight aerial vehicle to be retrofitted from a conventional fossil-fuelled piston engine configuration. The proposed power system includes a fuel cell, a lithium battery, and a compressed hydrogen vessel. A procedure is proposed to find the size of these components that minimizes the total mass and satisfies the target of a size below 200L and uses performance data of commercially available components. A comparison of different energy management approaches, with and without on-board charge of the battery, is performed. The results underline that the optimal solution is to select the size of the fuel cell to meet the cruise electric request and point out that the maximum discharge current of the battery must be regarded as a key issue in sizing this component, because of the very high take-off power.