Omega-3 Group Research Articles

Effect of Omega‐3 or Omega‐6 Dietary Supplementation on Testicular Steroidogenesis, Adipokine Network, Cytokines, and Oxidative Stress in Adult Male Rats

This study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of omega-3 and omega-6 supplementation on the levels of different adipokines and cytokines, as well as the antioxidant system, in relation to male reproductive hormones and testicular functions. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were daily gavaged with either physiological saline (control group), sunflower oil (omega 6 group; 1 mL/kg body weight), or fish oil (omega-3 group; 1000 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. The administration of omega-3 or omega-6 resulted in decreased serum concentrations of kisspeptin 1, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone. In addition, it downregulated the mRNA expression levels of steroidogenic genes. The intratesticular levels of apelin, adiponectin, and irisin were elevated while chemerin, leptin, resistin, vaspin, and visfatin were declined following the administration of either omega-3 or omega-6. The testicular concentration of interleukin 10 was increased while interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and nuclear factor kappa B were decreased after consumption of omega-3 or omega-6. In the testes, the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1, and the total antioxidant capacity were improved. In conclusion, the administration of omega-3 or omega-6 adversely affects the process of steroidogenesis but improves the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status of the reproductive system via modulating the levels of testicular adipokines.

The Effect of ω3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on Levels of PPARγ and UCP2 Genes Expression, Serum Level of UCP2 Protein, Metabolic Status, and Appetite in Elite male Athletes: Protocol for a Randomized Control Trial.

Some genetic factors may influence body composition, such as PPARγ and UCP2. PPARγ plays an important role in body fat distribution. The objective of the present study is to determine the effects of omega3 fatty acids on the gene expression of PPARγ and UCP2, levels of blood lipid profile, fat mass, and fat-free mass, and appetite.Elite male athlete volunteers of up to 36 subjects were invited to participate in this RCT. Following a public announcement, volunteers were recruited from gyms, teams, and sports medicine boards in Tabriz, Iran. Gene’s expression of PPARγ and UCP2, serum levels of blood lipid profile, fat mass, and fat-free mass was collected. Data collection time points include baseline in addition to 3 weeks follow up. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tabriz University Medical of Sciences (IR.TBZMED.REC.1398.782) in October 2019 and was registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials: 20190625044008N1 on December 19, 2019.Recruitment began in July and concluded in December 2019. As of August 19, 2019, we have screened 373 volunteers. 36 were enrolled. Baseline measurements of participants were collected. After three-week of intervention, end study measurements of participants were collected. The results are expected to be released in 2021. Participants have a median age of 21.86 (±3.15). The finding of this study showed Results showed PPARγ mRNA levels, and UCP2 mRNA and protein levels increased in the omega3 group (p < 0.05), as did REE (p < 0.05). Also, differences in the sensation of hunger or satiety were significant (p < 0.05).This study could result in the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on PPARγ, and UCP2 expressions, blood lipid profiles and body composition. In addition, the results of this trial can be used as baseline information for conducting further clinical and sport nutrition studies.Trial Registration:The trial was registered at the Iranian registry of the clinical trial website (www.irct.ir) as IRCT20190625044008N1 (https://en.irct.ir/trial/43332), registered at (19/12/2019).HighlightsOmega3 fatty acids as a ligand of metabolic-related genes, have a role in energy expenditure.Omega3 supplements effect on PPARγ and UCP2 mRNA expression as regulators of energy metabolismOmega3 supplements increased REE.Omega-3 supplementation could change the changes in body composition.For athletes, omega-3 simultaneously decreased fat mass and increased fat-mass.HDL-C increased after short-term supplementation with omega-3.Increased intake of omega-3, caused increased intake of energy and protein.

Effects of Short Term Omega-3 Supplementation on Body Composition, Food Intake, and Lipid Profile in Elite Athletes: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Previous studies consistently showed a key role for omega-3 fatty acids in decreasing fat mass (FM) in animal models. Also, increased omega-3 stimulates fat loss in individuals who experience obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, it is not known whether omega-3 supplementation make similar effects in healthy individuals with low FM. This study aimed to investigate the effects of omega-3 on changes in body composition, food intake, and lipid profile in healthy athletes. In this double-blind placebo-controlled RCT, 36 healthy athletes were allocated into omega-3 or placebo groups. Physical activity (global physical activity questionnaire), dietary intake (24-h food recall), anthropometric status, and lipid profile were measured at baseline and after 3-weeks. 35 volunteers completed the trial. The weight did not significantly change at the end of the study. Body fat% decreased significantly at the end of the study in the omega-3 group (p=0.003), but intergroup differences were not significant (p=0.77). FM decreased and fat free mass (FFM) increased in omega-3 groups (p&lt;0.05). HDL-C increased (omega-3 group p=0.001; placebo group p=0.01; after adjustment for baseline values p=0.78). Also, in the omega-3 group, energy intake (p=0.0007) and protein intake (p=0.04) increased after intervention, but after baseline adjustments they were not significant. In conclusion, 3-week omega-3 supplementation seems to be not effective in decreased FM, increased HDL-C, and energy and protein intakes in athletes. Further studies are recommended to determine the effect of different doses of omega-3 on adipose tissue and blood lipids in athletes with low FM. Clinical Trial Registration The present study was prospectively registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Studies on December 19, 2019 (ID: 20190625044008N1).

340P Omega-3 fatty acids for cancer cachexia in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis

Cancer cachexia is a common debilitating weight loss syndrome in advanced cancer, particularly in lung cancer patients. The omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), because of their immune-modulating effects, have been used to improve the nutritional status of patients with cancer cachexia. This meta-analysis evaluated the effect of omega-3 fatty acids in change in weight and lean body mass or skeletal mass, and in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Electronic databases were extensively searched for randomized controlled trials investigating omega-3 fatty acids in cancer cachexia among patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Unpublished literature was also searched through manual handsearching and accessing online databases. Two review authors independently evaluated the methodological quality of the trials and analyzed the data. Six trials (394 patients) were included in the analysis. Five trials assessed change in weight, while two trials assessed change in lean body mass or skeletal mass, and HRQoL scores (Global Health and Physical Functioning Subscales). There is a significant difference in change in weight (mean difference [MD]: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.38; ƶ: 14.49, p<0.01) and HRQoL scores (Global Health subscale [MD: 14.40, 95% CI: 9.22 to 19.59, ƶ: 5.44, p<0.01] and Physical Functioning subscale [MD: 10.38, 95% CI: 8.50 to 12.27, ƶ: 10.78, p<0.01]) favoring the omega-3 fatty acids group. However, there is no sufficient evidence to support the association of change in lean body mass or skeletal mass, and the said intervention (MD: 2.05, 95% CI: -0.55 to 4.66; ƶ: 1.54, p: 0.12). Among patients with advanced non-small lung cancer with cancer cachexia, there is a significant increase in weight and HRQoL scores in the omega-3 fatty acids group. However, there is no sufficient evidence to support the association of change in lean body mass or skeletal mass, and the said intervention.

Effects of the re-esterified triglyceride (rTG) form of omega-3 supplements on dry eye following cataract surgery

Background/AimsTo evaluate the clinical outcomes of the systemic re-esterified triglyceride (rTG) form of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with dry eye symptoms after cataract surgery.MethodsThis prospective comparative cohort study comprised...

Protective Effect of Boric Acid and Omega-3 on Myocardial Infarction in an Experimental Rat Model.

Boric acid and omega-3 are used as essential elements for both animal and human health. Many researchers have shown these beneficial effects on cardiac and inflammatory markers. This study aims to evaluate cardiac protective effect of boric acid and omega-3 against MI (myocardial infarction), probably due to the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines of natriuretic peptides in rats. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, MI, MI+boric acid, MI+omega-3, and MI+boric acid+omega-3. Saline solution (2ml/day), omega-3 (800mg/kg/day), and boric acid (100mg/kg/day)+omega-3 (800mg/kg/day) were orally administered to the relevant groups throughout the 28days. To constitute the MI model, the rats were exposed to isoproterenol-HCl (ISO) (200mg/kg, S.C.) on the 27th and 28th. In the MI group, serum levels of CK-MB, BNP, and TNF-α are increased significantly. Also, ST waves and heart rates were higher in the MI than the control. These results demonstrate that biochemical results healed in MI+boric acid, MI+omega-3, and MI+boric acid+omega-3 groups compared MI group. ECG and light microscope results supported the findings as well. The statistical analysis showed that boric acid and/or omega-3 has protective effects on cellular damage in MI.

Effect of Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory markers and insulin resistance indices in patient with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver: A randomized double-blind clinical trial

BackgroundPatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have disturbed glycemic control and elevated inflammatory markers. Omega-3 is known to ameliorate this disordered condition. We aimed to investigate the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on inflammatory markers and insulin resistance indices in T2DM and NAFLD patients. MethodsIn a randomized-double blind clinical trial adult, patients with T2DM and NAFLD concurrently were randomly allocated to omega-3 (OG) and placebo group (PG). OG used 2 g-per-day omega-3 for 12 weeks. Anthropometrics, dietary intake, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, serum insulin, CRP, IL-6 and α-TNF were assessed before and after the study. ResultsForty four participants (aged 49.14 ± 6.48 and 47.41 ± 9.15 for OG (n = 22) and PG (n = 22) group, respectively) finished the study. At the baseline, dietary intake and blood samples analysis did not show any significant differences between groups. Anthropometrics parameters were not statistically different. The results showed β cells function significantly increased in OG, but had no effect on other glycemic and insulin resistance parameters (FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, serum insulin, insulin sensitivity). Also, omega-3 supplementation significantly increased the level of IL-6, but was not affected by other inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF-α). ConclusionThe findings of this study showed that consuming daily 2 g of omega-3 for 3 months in T2DM patients with NAFLD significantly increased β cells function and IL-6, but had no effect on other glycemic and insulin resistance and other inflammatory markers.

Effect of animal versus plant omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on serum level of fetuin-A in patients with chronic renal failure; a randomized double-blinded parallel clinical trial

Introduction: Low levels of fetuin-A in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with arterial stiffness, vascular calcification and cardiovascular mortality. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the effect of omega-3 supplements with plant (flaxseed) and animal origins on fetuin-A levels in patients with chronic renal failure. Patients and Methods: In the present clinical trial, 90 patients with chronic renal failure (chronic kidney disease) were randomly divided into three groups. The first group received two grams of omega-3 tablets per day of animal origin (fish oil), the second group received 2 g of omega-3 tablets per day of plant origin (flaxseed oil), and the third group received one placebo per day as the control group. The duration of the drug treatment was 90 days. Before and after the intervention, blood levels of fetuin-A, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) were determined. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Results: Before and after the intervention, LDL-C and HDL-C levels were not significantly different in the study groups. In the animal origin omega-3 group, the levels of triglycerides and cholesterol decreased significantly after the intervention compared to before the intervention (P=0.004), however they did not change significantly in the plant origin omega-3 and control groups. Before and after the intervention, fetuin-A and ESR levels were not significantly different in the study groups. The frequency of positive CRP results in the animal and plant origin omega-3 groups was 20% and 24% respectively before intervention and 4% and 24% after intervention respectively, indicating a decrease in the levels of CRP in the animal origin omega-3 group. Conclusion: Animal origin omega-3 is more effective in reducing serum lipids and CRP than plant-origin omega-3. Omega-3 supplements of plant or animal origin have been more effective in men than in women.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of an Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement in Patients With Predialysis Chronic Kidney Disease

Omega-3 fatty acids may reduce albuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to assess the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on albuminuria, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, and inflammatory markers in patients with CKD. Patients with CKD and a urine albumin excretion of at least 30mg/g creatinine were supplemented for 3months with 3,666mg/day of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids or a corn oil supplement. The study was double blind. At baseline, 6 weeks, and 12weeks, fasting blood and morning spot urine samples were obtained. Blood pressure, carotid intima media thickness, and pulse wave velocity were measured. The main outcome measure was a reduction of ≥20% in urine albumin. One hundred patients were randomized (50 received omega-3 fatty acids and 50 received corn oil). Four patients who received omega-3 fatty acids and 5 who received vegetable oil were lost to follow-up. In patients receiving omega-3 fatty acids, the omega-3 index increased from 3.08 (2.32-3.81) to 5.48 (3.045-7.04) percent. A 20% reduction in urine albumin excretion was observed in 13 participants of the control group and 19 participants of omega-3 group (Fisher's exact P=.274). However, the supplement had a significant and positive effect on pulse wave velocity and triglyceride level. An omega-3 fatty acid supplement of 3,666mg/day did not modify urine albumin excretion in patients with CKD but did improve pulse wave velocity and serum triglyceride levels.

The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis quantified by coronary computed tomography angiography

Data on the effects omega-3 fatty acids on coronary artery disease (CAD) are contradictory. While a recent metanalysis could not show improved cardiovascular outcomes, anti-atherogenic mechanisms are well known. Aim was to assess the influence of Omega-3 polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation on coronary atherosclerosis quantified by coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). 106 patients (59.4y±10.7; 50% females) with low-to-intermediate risk referred to CTA were included. 53 patients under omega 3-PUFA (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) supplementation were retrospectively matched with 53 controls (CR) for age, gender and coronary risk profile (smoking, arterial hypertension, family history, dyslipidemia, c-LDL, Cholesterol, TG, diabetes) (1:1, propensity score) and lifestyle habits (exercise, alcohol consumption and nutrition). CTA analysis included 1) stenosis severity score >70%severe, 50-70% moderate, 25-50%mild, <25% minimal), 2) total plaque burden (segment involvement score (SIS) and mixed non-calcified plaque burden (G-score) and 3) high-risk-plaque features (Napkin-Ring-Sign, low attenuation plaque (LAP), spotty calcification<3mm, RI>1.1). CT-Density (Hounsfield Units, HU) of plaque was quantified by CTA. Prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis (any plaque: 83% vs. 90.6%, p=0.252), >50% stenosis and stenosis severity score (p=0.134) were not different between groups. Total and non-calcified plaque burden scores were lower in the omega-3 group (2.7 vs. 3.5, p=0.08 and 4.5 vs. 7.4, p=0.027 for SIS and G-score, resp.). Coronary artery calcium score (CACS) was similar (84.7 vs. 87.1AU). High-risk-plaque prevalence was lower in the Omega-3 group (3.8% vs. 32%, p<0.001); the number of high-risk-plaques (p<0.001) and Napkin-Ring-Sign prevalence was lower (3.8% vs. 20.9%) (p<0.001), resp. CT-density (HU) of plaque was higher in the Omega-3 group (131.6±2 vs. 62.1±27, p=0.02) indicating more fibrous-dense plaque component rather than lipid-rich atheroma. Mean duration of Omega-3 intake was 38.6±52months (range, 2-240). Omega-3-PUFA supplementation is associated with less coronary atherosclerotic "high-risk" plaque (lipid-rich) and lower total non-calcified plaque burden independent on cardiovascular risk factors. Our study supports direct anti-atherogenic effects of Omega-3-PUFA.

Oxylipins Associated to Current Diseases Detected for the First Time in the Oxidation of Corn Oil as a Model System of Oils Rich in Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Groups. A Global, Broad and in-Depth Study by 1H NMR Spectroscopy.

For the first time, an important number of oxylipins have been identified and quantified in corn oil submitted to mild oxidative conditions at each time of their oxidation process. This oil can be considered as a model system of edible oils rich in polyunsaturated omega-6 groups. The study was carried out using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), which does not require chemical modification of the sample. These newly detected oxylipins include dihydroperoxy-non-conjugated-dienes, hydroperoxy-epoxy-, hydroxy-epoxy- and keto-epoxy-monoenes as well as E-epoxy-monoenes, some of which have been associated with several diseases. Furthermore, the formation of other functional groups such as poly-formates, poly-hydroxy and poly-ether groups has also been proven. These are responsible for the polymerization and increased viscosity of the oil. Simultaneously, monitoring of the formation of well-known oxylipins, such as hydroperoxy-, hydroxy-, and keto-dienes, and of different kinds of oxygenated-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes such as 4-hydroperoxy-, 4-hydroxy-, 4-oxo-2E-nonenal and 4,5-epoxy-2E-decenal, which are also related to different degenerative diseases, has been carried out. The provided data regarding the compounds identification and their sequence and kinetics of formation constitute valuable information for future studies in which lipid oxidation is involved, both in food and in other scientific fields.

The efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms in perinatal women: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials

Omega-3 fatty acids (FA), as a nutrient, has been proven effective in major depressive disorder (MDD), however, the results of monotherapy in perinatal depression (PND) remain unclear. To examine the efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids (FA) monotherapy for perinatal depression (PND) compared with placebo. PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL were searched from inception up to November 2019. The reference lists of relevant review articles and included studies were also reviewed. Randomized placebo-controlled trials examining the efficacy and safety of omega-3 FA monotherapy in perinatal women with depressive symptoms were included. Pooled standard mean differences (SMD) were calculated and random-effects models were adopted for all analyses. Subgroups analyses and meta-regression were performed to quantify characteristics of the subjects and trials influencing the omega-3 response. In addition, meta-regression was conducted to identify the source of heterogeneity. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO, CRD42020159542. Eight eligible randomized placebo-controlled trials were included involving 638 participants. There was a significant effect of omega-3 FA on perinatal depression. Omega-3 with higher ratio of EPA/DHA (≥1.5) had significant efficacy both in mild-to-moderate pregnant and postpartum depression with low incidence of side effects. Among the included trials reporting adverse effects, there was no significant difference in incidence of gastrointestinal and neurologic events between the omega-3 and placebo groups. There was no evidence of publication bias. Our findings suggested that omega-3 FA significantly improved depressive symptoms in perinatal women regardless of pregnant or postpartum and well-tolerated. Furthermore, the omega-3 response was linked to higher EPA proportion in omega-3 formula and mild- to-moderate depression.

Dietary interventions for multiple sclerosis-related outcomes.

Dietary interventions for multiple sclerosis-related outcomes.

T34. THE IMPACT OF ANTIDEPRESSANT USE ON THE TRANSITION TO PSYCHOSIS RATE IN THE NEURAPRO TRIAL

BackgroundOver the last two decades, several randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have indicated that preventive psychosocial, pharmacologic (Van der Gaag et al. 2013), and nutritional interventions (Amminger et al. 2010) are likely to be beneficial in people at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis, in terms of delaying or preventing a transition to psychosis. Antidepressant medication is commonly prescribed in young people at UHR for psychosis; however, the evidence regarding its efficacy for psychosis prevention is limited (Fusar-Poli et al. 2007; Cornblatt et al. 2007; Fusar-Poli et al. 2015). The main aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of concomitant AD medication on the transition to psychosis rate in young people at ultra-high risk of psychosis who participated in the NEURAPRO trial (McGorry et al. 2017).MethodsIn this secondary analysis, data from 304 participants of a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial (NEURAPRO) of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) were included. During the trial, concomitant antidepressant medication was permitted for treatment of moderate to severe major depressive disorder (a score of ≥ 21 on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, MADRS) in all participants.ResultsOf 304 participants, 189 (62.2%) were treated with ADs. 98 (64.1%) of those were in the omega-3 group and 91 (60.3%) in the placebo group. The transition rate to psychosis was higher in individuals who received AD treatment (13.2%; 25 of 189) as in individuals without ADs (6.1%; 7 of 115). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve estimated a group difference of X2 = 3.237, P = .072 (log rank test).DiscussionAntidepressants are widely used in early psychosis. This analysis does not support the view that antidepressants may have reduced the transition to psychosis rate in this cohort. The findings are limited by the fact that antidepressants were prescribed based on clinical discretion. A randomised controlled trial is needed to determine whether antidepressants have a role in prevention of transition to psychosis.

The effect of omega-3 and vitamin D co-supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profiles in reproductive-aged women with pre-diabetes and hypovitaminosis D: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPrediabetes can predispose the individual to type 2 diabetes in the long-term. The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of vitamin D and omega-3 co-supplementation on glycemic control and serum lipid profiles in women of reproductive age with prediabetes and hypovitaminosis D.MethodsThe present factorial, triple-blind, clinical trial was conducted on 168 women of reproductive age with prediabetes and hypovitaminosis D. The participants were assigned to four groups based on block randomization method: the placebo group received omega-3 and vitamin D placebos; the omega-3 group took omega-3 supplements and vitamin D placebos; the vitamin D group received omega-3 placebos and vitamin D supplements and the co-supplementation group. The groups received every 2 weeks 50,000 IU pearls of vitamin D and twice-daily doses of 1000-mg omega-3 tablets or placebos for 8 weeks. Dietary intake, physical activity, anthropometric indices and blood biochemical tests were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Analysis was performed using two-way mixed ANOVA.ResultsA significant reduction was observed in fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment-beta cell function, weight and waist circumference in the co-supplementation group compared to the other three groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels increased significantly in the co-supplementation group compared to the other three groups (P < 0.05). Despite the fact that homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels decreased after intervention in the co-supplementation group, there was no significant difference between the groups in these outcomes.ConclusionVitamin D and omega-3 co-supplementation improved fasting serum glucose, insulin, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, homeostasis model assessment-beta cell function, weight and waist circumference in women of reproductive age with prediabetes and hypovitaminosis D. This co-supplementation can therefore be recommended for glycemic control in these women.Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Code: IRCT20100130003226N17. Registered on 9 Feb. 2019

The Pharmacological Evaluation of Flax Seed Oil

Flax seed oil is important food and nutrition sources. It has a low content of saturated fatty acids (9% of all the fatty acids), a moderate content of single saturated fatty acids (about 18%) and a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (about 73%). This oil can be used as a nutritional supplement and is significant in respect of containing omega-3 fatty acid, especially a high level of ALA and a low level of omega-6 fatty acids. The protein content of flax seed varies between 20-30%, and it contains a high level of globulin (linin and conlinin) and gluten. The proportion of non-protein nitrogen constitutes 21.7% of the total nitrogen content. The total nitrogen content has been reported as 3.25g/100 grams of seed. Today, flax seed stands out among the functional additives in the food industry due to the presence of α-linolenic acid, lignans and fibers in its content. Among the oils obtained from seeds, flax seed comes into prominence since it has high contents of α-linoleic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) and lignans. Flax seed contains oil by 35-45%, and 45-52% of it consists of ALA. ALA is classified as omega-3 group fatty acid and has anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and antiarrhythmic characteristics.

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for cystic fibrosis.

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for cystic fibrosis.

Omega-3 supplementation, child antisocial behavior, and psychopathic personality: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel group trial.

While some RCTs have observed efficacy for omega-3 supplementation in reducing antisocial behavior, the role of psychopathic personality and gender in moderating treatment outcome has not been examined. This study examines whether omega-3 supplementation reduces antisocial behavior, and whether any treatment effects are a function of gender and psychopathy. Three hundred and twenty-four schoolchildren with a mean age of 11.9years were randomized into 3 groups: omega-3 (N = 108), placebo (N = 110), and no-treatment controls (N = 106). Parent and child reports of child antisocial and aggressive behavior and psychopathic-like personality were collected at 0months (baseline), 6months (end of treatment), and 12months (6months post-treatment). A group × time × gender interaction (p = .016) indicated that only females in the omega-3 group showed a significant reduction in antisocial behavior 6months post-treatment compared to baseline (d = .35), whereas the females in the two control groups showed no change over time. A group x time x psychopathy interaction (p < .006) was also observed, with psychopathic personality levels moderating treatment outcome. Children in the omega-3 group with high (but not low) psychopathic-like personality showed significant improvements in child-reported antisocial behavior at the end of treatment (d = .19) Results suggest that omega-3 supplementation may be helpful in reducing childhood antisocial and aggressive behavior in females, and those with psychopathic-like personalities.

The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Capsular Tissue around the Breast Implants.

One of the most common complications of the use of foreign material, in both reconstructive and cosmetic breast surgery, is capsular contracture. Historically, research on capsular contracture has focused mainly on reducing bacterial contamination through antibiotic solutions. Only secondary studies have focused on pharmacological control of the inflammation process, with particular attention paid to the main inflammation pathway, the arachidonic acid cascade. An important role in the arachidonic acid cascade is played by the omega-3 fatty acids, which are found mainly in oily fish and food supplements. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of omega-3 supplements on capsule contraction. Female C57BL/6 mice were implanted with custom-made silicone gel implants and divided into two groups. The treated group received omega-3 oil daily while the control group received water daily by gavage. After mice were euthanized, samples of capsules were collected to evaluate thickness and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression. The results showed that capsules in the omega-3 group were thinner and more transparent than those found in the control group. In addition, a significant downregulation of the TGF-β2 gene transcript was observed in the omega-3 group. Omega-3 supplementation seems to be effective in reducing the occurrence of capsular formation, mainly through inhibition of the TGF-β pathway and impairment of collagen deposit. Omega-3 supplementation is a simple and promising method that could be used to prevent or at least reduce capsular contracture after silicone implant surgery.

Hepatic de novo lipogenesis is suppressed and fat oxidation is increased by omega-3 fatty acids at the expense of glucose metabolism

ObjectiveIncreased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) is suggested to be an underlying cause in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and/or insulin resistance. It is suggested that omega-3 fatty...