Oldenlandia Corymbosa Research Articles

WEED-CROP ASSOCIATION: A CASE STUDY OF FARMLANDS LOCATED AT THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, WARRI, DELTA STATE

ABSTRACT The impact of weeds on crops has remained an enigma to achieving sustainable food security. The study was conducted in the College of Education, Warri South Local Government Area of Delta State, to assess the prevalence and occurrence of weed species as a prerequisite to identifying sustainable control measures. A field survey was carried out using a 29cm x 29cm size quadrant with seven samples from each field. Several weed species were identified, and the data was used to calculate each species' average frequency, density, and percentage frequency. Twenty-two (22) weed species distributed among 20 genera and 15 families were identified from the different farmlands. The results showed that the most dominant species were Ageratum conyzoides, with an average frequency of 104.14, an average density of 0.124 and relative frequency of 31.95%; Oldenlandia corymbosa with an average frequency of 72.57, average density of 0.086 and relative frequency of 21.65% and Veronica serpyllifolia with an average frequency of 40.43, average density of 0.049 and relative frequency of 12.41. The least dominant species was Sida acuta, with an average frequency of 0.14, an average density of 0.000, and a relative frequency of 0.04, followed by Alternanthera philoxeroides, with an average frequency of 0.43, an average density of 0.001 and percentage frequency of 0.13. Poaceae, with four species, had the highest abundance of species. The results obtained from this study would help develop a weed control program and make informed decisions regarding herbicide selection.

Comparative study of Scleromitrion diffusum and Oldenlandia corymbosa: Microscopy, TLC, HPLC, and antioxidant activity.

Quality control of herbal medicines is crucial, especially the role of herbal drug identification. This is essential for preventing the misuse of herbs, which can affect efficacy or cause toxicity. Scleromitrion diffusum is a common herb, yet it is often mistaken for Oldenlandia corymbosa. This study analyzed the morphology, microscopy, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using two markers, asperuloside and scandoside methyl ester, to distinguish between S. diffusum and O. corymbosa with the analysis included 10 samples of S. diffusum and 10 samples of O. corymbosa collected from the Taiwan market. By quantifying the total polyphenols and flavonoids, we investigated the antioxidant activity, including the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging effect, 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) scavenging effect, and reducing power to further elucidate the biological effects of the two herbs. The results of this study revealed notable differences in microscopy and suggested a TLC method for distinguishing between the two herbs in the market. In HPLC, the ratios of asperuloside and scandoside methyl ester differed between the two herbs. S. diffusum contained a higher asperuloside content. In contrast, O. corymbosa contained higher concentrations of scandoside methyl esters. With more total polyphenols and flavonoids in S. diffusum than those in O. corymbosa, the antioxidant activity of S. diffusum was superior to that of O. corymbosa. This study provides a comprehensive understanding for the identification and quality evaluation of S. diffusum in the market. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The study consolidates and clarifies the morphological and microscopic differences between Scleromitrion diffusum and Oldenlandia corymbosa - a common adulterant species of S. diffusum on the Taiwan markets. Using Asperuloside and Scandoside methyl ester as two chemical markers, the study proposes a TLC method for rapidly testing S. diffusum and O. corymbosa on the market. Through HPLC analysis, our results showed that S. diffusum and O. corymbosa had a clear difference in the ratio of two markers, Asperuloside and Scandoside methyl ester: Asperuloside/Scandoside methyl ester in S. diffusum is higher than that in O. corymbosa. Through phytochemicals contents, including total phenols content, flavonoids content, and antioxidant activity, including DPPH, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, and reducing power, S. diffusum showed slightly higher levels of phenols and flavonoids as well as a better antioxidant activity than O. corymbosa.

Allelopathic potential of Oldenlandia corymbosa and identification of its allelopathic substances

The use of allelopathy developed as an alternative practice for weed management in agriculture. Oldenlandia corymbosa is an annual herb and notable for being applied in folk medicine. Its diverse range of pharmacological properties and several bioactive substances have been well reported. Nevertheless, the allelopathic potential of O. corymbosa has not yet been documented. Hence, we aim to explore the allelopathy of O. corymbosa for weed control purposes. The extracts of O. corymbosa were tested to determine their effects on the seedling growth of six tested species. Significant reductions in the growth of seedling were exhibited as the plant extract concentrations increased. The plant extracts of O. corymbosa were separated in several chromatography steps; two active substances isolated and characterized as hedyotiscone A and B. Hedyotiscone A and B significantly restricted the growth of cress seedling at concentrations higher than 0.3 mM. The I 50 values of hedyotiscone A and B for the cress seedlings ranged from 0.023 to 0.131 mM and 0.167 to 0.810 mM, respectively. The inhibitory activity against cress seedlings indicates that hedyotiscone A and B contribute to the allelopathic effects and may be responsible for the allelopathic potential of O. corymbosa.

Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Water and Methanol Extracts of Oldenlandia corymbosa

Background: Oldenlandia corymbose is a small perennial herb used traditionally to clear toxins, activate blood circulation, and relieve urinary obstruction. Objectives: This study investigated the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of water and methanol extracts of Oldenlandia corymbosa. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic, flavonoids, and tannin contents of Oldenlandia corymbosa were determined using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, Colorimetric AlCl3 method, and spectrophometry method respectively. The antioxidant activities were analyzed using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating activity (MCA), 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging, and phosphomolybdenum assay (PMA). Results: The total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin of the methanolic extracts were found to be higher than that of the water extracts. The DPPH, FRAP, MCA, ABTS and PMA for the water extracts were found to be 56.05 ± 0.1 %, 0.018 ± 0.002 mg Fe(II) equivalent/g, 0.346 ± 0.04 mg EDTA equivalent/g, 63.67 ± 0.6 mg trolox equivalent/g, 0.82 ± 0.03 ascorbic acid equivalents/g and greater than that of the methanol extract 47.26 ± 0.09 %, 0.009 ± 0.0001 mg Fe(II) equivalent/g, 0.198 ± 0.002 mg EDTA equivalent/g, 62.68 ± 0.7 mg trolox equivalent/g and 0.365 ± 0.008 ascorbic acid equivalents/g respectively. These results show that, though the methanol extracts contain more polyphenolic compounds, the water extract exhibits more antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The water extract of Oldenlandia corymbosa shows superior antioxidant activity due to the synergistic effects of its phytoconstituents than that of methanol extracts and can serve as a natural remedy for managing oxidative stress.

Genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis of Oldenlandia corymbosa reveals the biosynthesis and mode of action of anti-cancer metabolites.

Plants accumulate a vast array of secondary metabolites, which constitute a natural resource for pharmaceuticals. Oldenlandia corymbosa belongs to the Rubiaceae family, and has been used in traditional medicine to treat different diseases, including cancer. However, the active metabolites of the plant, their biosynthetic pathway and mode of action in cancer are unknown. To fill these gaps, we exposed this plant to eight different stress conditions and combined different omics data capturing gene expression, metabolic profiles, and anti-cancer activity. Our results show that O. corymbosa extracts are active against breast cancer cell lines and that ursolic acid is responsible for this activity. Moreover, we assembled a high-quality genome and uncovered two genes involved in the biosynthesis of ursolic acid. Finally, we also revealed that ursolic acid causes mitotic catastrophe in cancer cells and identified three high-confidence protein binding targets by Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) and reverse docking. Altogether, these results constitute a valuable resource to further characterize the biosynthesis of active metabolites in the Oldenlandia group, while the mode of action of ursolic acid will allow us to further develop this valuable compound.

Soil seed bank studies of Tithonia rotundifolia invaded fallow land and competitive association with Chromolaena odorata

In Nigeria, Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. Rob and Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S. F. Blake, are exotic invasive weeds, but a gradual decrease in the population of C. odorata with the rapid invasion of T. rotundifolia is now observed. Therefore, this study investigated the adaptive features of each weed in competition, with a further determination of seedling recruitment from the soil seed bank of plots invaded by T. rotundifolia. Field sampling was carried out in 10 plots: T. rotundifolia invaded plots and low or uninvaded plots in co-existing with other plants using 10 m x 10 m quadrats. The readily germinable seed species composition and the Sorensen index of similarity between the seed bank and their above ground vegetation were determined. Competition Series Experiment was also conducted for the two plants. Mariscus alternifolius (227) and Oldenlandia corymbosa (358) were the most abundant species in the seed bank while T. rotundifolia recruited 25 individuals. Low similarity index existed between the seed bank and the standing vegetation of the invaded and uninvaded plots. T. rotundifolia had improved growth in heteroculture with C. odorata over when in monoculture. However, a reduction in growth of C. odorata occurred when in competitive association with T. rotundifolia compared to when in monoculture. T. rotundifolia had competitive advantage over C. odorata.

Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Some Aquatic Macrophytes in Two Streams along the Tiko-Douala Highway, Cameroon

Aims: This study was aimed at determining the ecological health of two roadside streams across the Tiko-Douala highway, Cameroon, and investigating the phytoremediation potentials of dominant aquatic macrophytes within these streams.
 Study Design: Water, sediments, and aquatic plant samples were collected from Camp 7 and Moqouo streams, and analyzed for ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphates, magnesium, cadmium, and lead, including other relevant water quality parameters.
 Place and Duration of Study: In the Life Science Laboratory of the University of Buea, and Soil and Water Laboratory of the University of Dschang, Cameroon between June 2021 and June 2022.
 Methodology: Six water samples and six sediment samples were collected per stream, and two of the most dominant plant species (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach (Poaceae) and Dicanthelium clandestinum L. (Poaceae) from Camp 7, Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae) and Oldenlandia corymbosa L.(Rubiaceae) from Moqouo stream) were collected for heavy metal analysis. Heavy metal concentration and bioaccumulation factors were determined for each plant.
 
 Results: High concentrations of phosphates were recorded in Camp 7 (1.19 mg/L) and Moqouo (2.17 mg/L) streams. Dissolved oxygen levels were 0.69 mg/L and 0.80 mg/L in Camp 7 and Moqouo respectively. Sediment cadmium levels ranged from 0.33± 0.02 to 0.63± 0.16 mg/kg, and lead ranged from 0.34 ±0.03 to 0.37 ± 0.12 mg/kg in Moqouo and Camp 7 respectively. 
 Conclusion: The Mouqouo and Camp 7 streams are rich in phosphates and thus not suitable for drinking and irrigation. Cadmium and lead in stream water were within the permissible limits but sediments contained higher concentrations than water and therefore they could be released gradually into the water column. All plants in the study except (Dicanthelium cladestinum) accumulated cadmium and lead, and could be potential plants for the phytoremediation of these metals.

GC-MS Profiling and in vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Properties of Ethanolic and Acetone Extracts of Oldenlandia corymbosa L.

GC-MS Profiling and in vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Properties of Ethanolic and Acetone Extracts of Oldenlandia corymbosa L.

Phytochemical Profiling and Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Oldenlandia corymbosa and Ocimum sanctum Leaves Hydroalcoholic Extracts: Comparative Study

Herbs are an important source of bioactive substances. These are widely used to treat several disorders for better function in the human body, minimum toxic effects, and widespread availability. A total of two medicinal herbs from West Bengal, India, such as Oldenlandia corymbosa (Diamond flower) and Ocimum sanctum (Holy basil), are being considered for inclusion in the current study. Hydroalcoholic extracts (70% ethanolic) of the two plants' leaves were analyzed to detect and quantify important phytochemical substances and investigate in vitro antioxidant and pharmacological effects. Spectrophotometric and HPLC-DAD techniques were used for the quantitative estimation of different phytochemicals. In addition, in vitro antimicrobial properties were studied using the Kirby-Bauer paper disc diffusion method. Several assays have been performed on the medicinal plant Oldenlandia corymbosa (OC). The results have been compared to those obtained from a traditional medical plant, Ocimum sanctum (OS) for the first time to our knowledge. Results showed that OS contains a higher quantity of polyphenols, flavonoids, and has higher antioxidant potential with respect to OC. Similar trends were observed for polysaccharides contents. In contrast, OC contains a higher quantity of tannins, alkaloids, and protein and higher in vitro antibacterial and anti-diabetic properties. HPLC-DAD-based profiling of eight important phenolic constituents viz. Gallic acid, catechin hydrate, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, coumarin, quercetin, and kaempferol, were performed. The current study concluded that Oldenlandia corymbosa has many bioactive phenolics in considerable amounts compared to the highly established medicinal herb OS leaves extracts. The current study demonstrates the pharmacological significance of Oldenlandia corymbosa that may generate enthusiasm among researchers and those working in the pharmaceutical industry.

Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines)

This datasheet on Oldenlandia corymbosa covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Vectors & Intermediate Hosts, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

A novel gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric assay for highly sensitive detection of ascorbic acid

In this study, a novel approach for colorimetric detection of ascorbic acid (AA) was proposed based on the peroxidase-like activity of gold nanoparticles, which were synthesized using Oldenlandia corymbosa leaves extract (OC-AuNPs). The OC-AuNPs synthesis was optimized at 0.5 mM Au3+, a reaction time of 20 min, and a temperature of 60 °C. The results showed that the biogenic OC-AuNPs presented as highly-efficient peroxidase mimics for catalyzing H2O2 to oxidize 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine forming a typical blue product with the characteristic absorption at 654 nm. The developed colorimetric method exhibited high sensitivity for AA with a detection limit of 0.26 μM in the linear range of 0 – 100 μM. The proposed assay can be serviced as a sensitive biosensor for the determination of AA in aqueous solutions due to its simple detection procedure, fast operation, and high sensitivity.

In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation of Preventive Activity of Inflammation and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Plant Extracts from Oldenlandia corymbosa L.

Aims: The present study evaluates the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the crude dichloromethane (CDCME), ethyl acetate (CEAE), and methanol (CMeE) extracts from the plant Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Background:Oldenlandia species have been popular among the people of the Indian subcontinent to treat several types of internal and external inflammation for a long time. Plant decoctions have been used to battle inflammation in cases of tonsilitis, pneumonia and cholecystitis, among others. Objective: The present work designed to demonstrate the properties of the previously mentioned plant extracts to prevent inflammation both in vivo and in vitro. This work is the first investigation of such extracts from this species and their relationship with anti-inflammatory activity. Method: The anti-inflammatory properties of the Oldenlandia corymbosa L. extracts were evaluated in vitro with the Red Blood Cell (RBC) membrane stabilization method and the protein denaturation method and in vivo with the carrageenan-induced paw oedema method. Furthermore, the free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was carried out with the 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical oxidation, total antioxidant capacity and iron reduction assay. Result: Both in vivo and in vitro studies showed that CDCME had the most predominant effects with the value of 80.5% for RBC membrane stabilization, 60% for inhibition of protein denaturation at the concentration of 1000 µg/mL and 63.28% (after 3 h, * p < 0.05) for inhibition of paw oedema (300 mg/kg bwt) compared to carrageenan-induced mice. The free radical scavenging activity was studied by DPPH, total antioxidant and reducing activity assay. CDCME showed scavenging activity in all the methods and an IC50 value of 473.86 µg/mL for DPPH method. Conclusions: The findings of the study remarked that CDCME of the plant has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that validate the traditional use of the plant to get remedy from pain. Other: The plants Oldenlandia corymbosa L. were provided by the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratory campus, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Experiments on animals were conducted by ethical permission of Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh (license no: 225/320-IAMEBBC/IBSc).

Isolation, Characterization and Phytochemical Evaluation of Active Compound Coumarin from Oldenlandia corymbosa (Linn)

Medicinal plants have served through ages, as a constant source of medicaments for the exposure of a variety of diseases. Plants are known to provide cures for various human illnesses and are a rich source of phyto constituents having diversified pharmacological properties. Oldenlandia corymbosa (L.) (syn. Hedyotis corymbosa Lam., Thai name Ya-Lin-Ngu), a member of the family Rubiaceae, is widely distributed in tropical regions of Asia. The decoction of whole plants is used in traditional medicine for antipyretic purposes to decrease body temperature. Pharmacologically, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties of plant extracts have been reported. This plant is well known to contain mainly iridoid glucosides. The whole plant contains reducing sugars, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides and alkaloids. The present aim of the study is to extraction and isolation of bioactive compound from Oldenlandia corymbosa (L.). The isolation and characterization analysis included, Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, GC-MS and Spectroscopy studies (IR, NMR, and MASS). The presences of coumarin in the methanolic fraction revealed that the isolated constituent is most active compound. Isolation of bioactive compound coumarin may help in identification of various pharmacological activities and carrying out further research in Oldenlandia corymbosa (L.).

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Olden-landia corymbosa and Ocimum sanctum Leaf Aqueous Extract

The field of nanotechnology is the most renowned area of research in modern day science. One of the most convenient and comprehensive technique related to the synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts and their subsequent action. On the other hand, herbal medicines become an integral part of modern-day treatment strategy around the globe; combination of these two ways are widely accepted and beneficial due to its low cost, better societal recognition and less side effects. Phytochemical analysis revealed that leaf aqueous extract of two medicinal plants Oldenlandia corymbosa and Ocimum sanctum, harbours high concentration of antioxidants and bioactive molecules. Hence our present course of study aims at the green synthesis of silver nano-conjugates using Oldenlandia corymbosa and Ocimum sanctum leaf aqueous extracts. The synthesized nano-conjugates have undergone advanced chara-cterization techniques including UV-Vis Spectro-photometry, DLS, and FT-IR. The UV-Vis spectroscopy results showed single peak at 420 nm and 430 nm for Oldenlandia corymbosa and Ocimum sanctum nano-conjugates, respectively. The particle size for Oldenlandia corymbosa and Ocimum sanctum nano-particles are 21.04 nm and 24.36 nm, respectively as observed from the DLS data, and finally, the FT-IR data confirms the conjugation of bioactive molecules of the medicinal plants indicating that primary amines, secondary amines, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, alkenes, functional groups of the bioactive molecules are responsible for the stability of prepared silver nano-conjugates

Pharmaceutical properties of Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn

Abstract Medicinal plants have very important place in health and vitality of human beings. The aim of present study is to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour properties of methanolic extract of various parts of Oldenlandia corymbosa. The methanolic extract of both aerial and root of plant showed significant antibacterial activity against the pathogenic organisms Salmonella typhi, Chlostridium botulinum, Klebsiella pneumonia and Vibrio cholerae. Extracts showed excellent antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of aerial part extract is found to be 0.49 ± 0.006 mg/ml and root extract is 0.24 ± 0.005 mg/ml. Methanolic extract of aerial part shows inhibitory activity to human MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines with IC50 value of 0.67 ± 0.18 mg/ml. The present study depicts an overview on chemical constituents and pharmacological importance of the plant.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Nanoemulgel formulated from Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. and Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Extracts in Rats

The use of traditional medicine in the treatment of disease has increased globally due to its safety and efficacy. Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. and Oldenlandia corymbosa L. have been used traditionally as a topical preparation for joint disease in Indonesia. Hence, the study was planned to scientifically study the existing empirical data. A nanoemulgel of combined Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (ACE) and Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Extract (OCE) as a new drug focused on plant-based natural products with a good physical characteristic that inhibits inflammatory process in managing osteoarthritis (OA) was formulated. Thirty animals were randomly designated to the 6 groups (n=5) as follows: (1) The normal control group (Normal), (2) negative control groups of Monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA), (3) combination ACE-OCE, (4) single ACE, (5) single OCE, (6) positive control group (Diclofenac). Rats received intraarticular MIA injection dose 3mg/0.05 mL on day zero excluding normal control group. All groups were administered topical preparations allotted to each dose group on day 29. Knee edema profile (every 7 days) and serum cytokine level (on day 57) was evaluated with Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA). Till day 42, knee edema profile of all group treatment have been similar with normal control group (p>0.05). Serum cytokines level for some biomarkers, such as S100A8 Protein, Interleukin-1β, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase thrombospondin-like motifs-5 (ADAMTS-5), Collagen Type II and Aggrecan Core Protein were decreased. A significant difference compared with MIA group showed for all group treatment on measurement of S100A8 Protein, IL-1β, and iNOS as a biomarker of inflammatory process (#P<0.05). The developed nanoemulgel ACE-OCE either in single or in combination has good physical characteristic and promising effect of anti-inflammatory activity to enhance MIA induced cartilage damage as potential therapeutic agent for OA and encouraging to conduct further studies.

Nutritional composition, mineral content, antioxidant activity and quantitative estimation of water soluble vitamins and phenolics by RP-HPLC in some lesser used wild edible plants

The present study aimed to investigate the nutritional properties and antioxidant activities of six underutilized wild edible plants viz. Ipomoea aquatica, Achyranthes aspera, Aasystasia ganjetica, Enhydra fluctuans, Oldenlandia corymbosa and Amaranthus viridis that are commonly consumed as food in the India The antioxidant properties of the plants were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging ability, reducing power capacity, metal chelating activity, lipid peroxidation assay, estimation of total phenolic content and flavonoids content in different solvent extraction system like benzene, chloroform, methanol and 70% aqueous (aq.) ethanol. The quantitation of phenolic acids and flavonoids and water soluble vitamins in these plants were carried out by HPLC using Acclaim C 18 column (5 μm particle size, 250 × 4.6 mm), Dionex Ultimate 3000 liquid chromatograph and detection was carried out in photo diode array (PDA) detector. The results of investigation showed that these plants are rich sources of protein, carbohydrate minerals and vitamins, especially the B group of vitamins that can contribute immensely to nutrition, food security, and health and therapeutic benefits. The different levels of antioxidant activities were found in the solvent systems used. The HPLC analysis also showed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids in various amounts in these plants which could be utilized as natural antioxidant.

Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants of district Saharanpur

District Saharanpur is a rich source of medicinal plants because of its physical features, the north and the north-east of the district is surrounded by Shivalik hills and having rich biodiversity. The objective of present study was to investigate the presence of phytochemicals in five medicinal plants such as, Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.)Miers, Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.)Oken , Terminalia belerica Roxb., Xanthium strumarium Linn. and Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn. For the study the solvents used were water, methanol, ethanol and acetone. Soxhlet apparatus was used for the organic solvent extraction. Carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, tannins, saponin, and phenols were detected in these selected medicinal plants. Our analysis proved that crude aqueous and organic solvent extracts of these plants having the bioactive compounds which are medicinally important for the use in the treatment of various diseases

Determination of oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, lupeol, and stigmasterol by high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method in Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn.

Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn. (Rubiaceae) is an important herb traditionally used as a febrifuge and liver tonic. In this study, a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been established for the quantification of four bioactive markers, oleanolic acid (OA), ursolic acid (UA), lupeol (LU), and stigmasterol (ST), in the whole plant of O. corymbosa. Separation was achieved on silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates using hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol (8.2:1.8:0.5, v/v) for oleanolic acid and ursolic acid; and toluene-methanol (9.4:0.6, v/v) for lupeol and stigmasterol as the mobile phases. The quantitation of the four markers was carried out using the densitometric scanning at 540 nm after derivatization using sulfuric acid reagent. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship (r2 = 0.9831–0.9979) in the concentration range of 1200–4200 ng for oleanolic acid, 400–1400 ng for ursolic acid, 100–500 ng for lupeol, and 500–2500 ng per spot for stigm...

Comparative Screening of Phytochemical and Proximate Constituents of Leaf, Stem and Root of Oldenlandia corymbosa L. and Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb

Introduction: Oldenlandia corymbosa L. and O. herbacea (L.) Roxb. are species of the genus Oldenlandia in the family Rubiaceae. They are common weeds found in temperate and tropical regions of Africa and Asia . Methods: Phytochemical and proximate evaluation of the leaf, stem and root of Oldenlandia corymbosa L. and O. herbacea (L.) Roxb. were carried out with standard analytical methods, in order to assess the potentials of the plants’ parts. Results: Greatest percentage of alkaloid at 1.72 ± 0.00, anthraquinone at 2.78 ± 0.03 and tannin at 3.16 ± 0.24 were found in the leaf of O. corymbosa while highest level of flavonoid at 1.32 ± 0.00% was present in the leaf of O. herbacea . Highest concentration of crude protein at 13.87 ± 0.04% was detected in the leaf of O. corymbosa . Level of fat was relatively the lowest in all parts of both species. Greatest level of hydrogen cyanide was found in the leaf of O. herbacea at 3.41 ± 0.01 mg/kg followed by the values in the leaf of O. corymbosa at 2.29 ± 0.01 mg/kg and stem of O. herbacea at 2.72 ± 0.00 mg/kg. The values were considered significantly different at P < 0.05. Conclusions: The active metabolites and nutritive components of O. corymbosa and O. herbacea have successfully been revealed in this work; hence the ethnobotanical usefulness as food and medicine is highly encouraged. However, precaution should be taken in the use of raw samples of leaf and stem of these Oldenlandia species. In addition, this study may also supply additional information that may be helpful in resolving the on-going controversy in the placement of these species in the right genus.