Transesterification Of Oil Research Articles

Analisis Pengaruh Jumlah Variasi Katalis MeOH Pada Pembuatan Biodiesel Melalui Proses Transesterifikasi

Biodiesel is a bioenergy or biofuel produced by transesterification of vegetable oil (animal fat). Transesterification is a chemical method in which oil triglycerides react with methanol with the help of an alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel. The goal of this study is to determine the quality of biodiesel utilizing MeOH as a catalyst throughout the transesterification process. This study aims to produce biodiesel using the transesterification process with palm oil as the main raw material. Making biodiesel begins with heating the palm oil at 61-65 oC and then adding a mixture of NaOH and methanol solutions so that glycerol, emulsion, and biodiesel are obtained as a result of transesterification. Finally, a separatory funnel is used to obtain pure biodiesel. The yield values of biodiesel produced with MeOH catalysts of 20%, 25%, and 30% were 81.5%, 86.6%, and 44.4%, respectively. Furthermore, this study performed density calculations that influenced the quality of biodiesel from each amount of MeOH utilized to achieve a density of 0.85 g/ml. As can be observed, the usage of MeOH catalyst has an effect on the quality of biodiesel yields.

Catalytic transesterification of kapok seed oil by dual metal oxide (Na2O-K2O; MgO-CaO) impregnated active-natural mordenite under ultrasonic irradiation

ABSTRACT Various solid base catalysts have been used for biodiesel production from different edible and non-edible vegetable oils. Hitherto, reports pertaining to dual-basic metal oxides onto an acidic support is very limited. Herein, we have conducted a novel study using Na2O-K2O and MgO-CaO impregnated into Active Natural Mordenite (ANM) as Na2O-K2O/ANM and MgO-CaO/ANM for kapok seed oil transesterification. The physicochemical properties of the as-synthesized catalysts were analyzed using XRD, XRF-He, SEM, AAS, acidity, and surface area. The results showed that the activation of natural mordenite could reduce impurities, increase acidic strength, and the surface area. A series of ratio on Na2O:K2O and MgO:CaO was fine-tuned to give the highest biodiesel production. The catalyst, Na2O-K2O/ANM, with a concentration of 50% and ratio of 1:1 showed the lowest acidity, 0.352 mmol/g, and gave the highest yield of 72.29%. The highest yield, 84.54%, was obtained from MgO-CaO/ANM (40%; 2:1), with the lowest acidity of 0.331 mmol/g. Biodiesel properties, from the transesterification of the kapok seed oil, were characterized by SNI 7182:2015 standards. The characteristics of synthesized biodiesel met the used standard, and in terms of reaction activity, it is found that the alkalinity level of the catalyst is more influential than its surface area.

Carbon Nitride-Based Nanomaterials as a Sustainable Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

In this work, we investigated a series of carbon nitride-based nanomaterials (CNs), i.e., H-PHI, mpg-C3N4, PCN, Na-PHI, Mg-PHI, CN-OA-m, and LiK-PHI, as candidate catalysts for biodiesel synthesis. The heterogeneous catalyst design based on CNs, with tunable catalytic sites and inexpensive syntheses, can allow biodiesel production to become a more sustainable process, helping to meet future energy demands. Transesterification of canola oil with methanol using LiK-PHI as a catalyst, under the optimized conditions, displayed the best performance for biodiesel production with 94% of yield and catalyst loading of 1.6 wt %. The outstanding performance exhibited by LiK-PHI is owed to this sample presenting the highest concentrations of basic sites, among the CN materials tested, directly correlated with the alkali metal content. This is an important information to understand the very nature of these basic active sites, which were exploited in this work to boost the catalyst efficiency among the best in the field. Moreover, the biodiesel produced under the best conditions, using LiK-PHI, was verified in relation to the number of esters and glycerides in this product. All values are within the values previously established by legislation, 97.6% ± 0.1 and 0.20%, respectively, which indicates the high quality of biodiesel produced.

Terminalia arjuna bark – A highly efficient renewable heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production

In agreement with the necessity for green synthesis, the present study elevates the feasibility of exploiting Terminalia arjuna bark calcined ash (TABCA) - a highly functional renewable heterogeneous alkaline catalyst for the cost-effective synthesis of fuel-grade fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by soybean oil (SO) transesterification under microwave irradiation. The mesoporous nature, significant surface area, and an extreme degree of basicity owing to the presence of CaO, MgO, K2O, SiO2, Na2O, and P2O5 effectively facilitate the SO conversion. Under the optimal conditions of 24:1 M ratio of methanol: SO, 8 wt % catalyst concentration, 80 °C temperature and time period of 60 min, microwave irradiation exhibits highest biodiesel yield (99.2 ± 0.6%) and improved selectivity (100%). Likewise, FAME content in the biodiesel was found to be 99.01% from 1H NMR. The produced SO biodiesel meets the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standard requirements, making it compatible in existing engines. In addition, the mesoporous TABCA catalyst showed high stability for five consecutive transesterification reactions which yielded 80 ± 0.8% biodiesel without additional treatments.

Extraction of biodiesel from vegetable waste hydrolysates and evaluation of its engine performance and emission characteristics.

Recently, microbial oil has become one of the promising next-generation feedstocks for producing biodiesel. While microbial oil can be extracted from different sources, there is only limited work on microbial production from fruits and vegetables. In this work, biodiesel was extracted through a two-step process: microbial conversion of vegetable waste into microbial oil using Lipomyces starkeyi, followed by transesterification of microbial oil into biodiesel. The lipid accumulation, composition of microbial oil, and the fuel properties of biodiesel were evaluated. The microbial oil consisted mainly of C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1, which were close to the properties of palm oil. The fuel properties of biodiesel comply with the EN14214:2012 standard. Thus, the vegetable waste can be a good biodiesel feedstock. Three blends (MOB10, MOB20 and MOB30 with 10, 20, and 30% of biodiesel) were tested for engine performance and emission characteristics in a 3.5kW VCR research engine. At full load, MOB20 reduced the pollutant emissions of CO and HC by 47.8% and 33.2% with the penalty of increased NOx by 3.9%, while BTE reduced by 0.8% with the increased BSFC by 5.2%. Thus, the addition of vegetable waste biodiesel blends reduced the emissions of CO and HC significantly with slight reduction of brake thermal efficiency.

Catalytic performances of CeO2@SBA-15 as nanostructured material for biodiesel production from Podocarpus falcatus oil

Biodiesel was synthesized by transesterification of Podocapus falcatus oil (PFO) using functionalized mesoporous silica (CeO2@SBA-15) as a heterogeneous nanocatalyst. SBA-15 and CeO2@SBA-15 catalysts were synthesized using one-step solvothermal method. Physicochemical properties of both catalysts (SBA-15 and CeO2@SBA-15) were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N2 adsorption-desorption. In addition, PFO and resulting biodiesel were characterized by FT-IR, followed by the physicochemical properties’ determination. To optimize the production of biodiesel, some parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst concentration and methanol/oil molar ratio were varied. As a result, the optimum amount of 80.2 % in biodiesel was obtained in a molar ratio of 40:1 (alcohol: oil) at 6 % weight of catalyst, at 100 °C for 5 h. Obtained results from physicochemical properties of the synthesized biodiesel were in good agreement with the standard validation method of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM6751).

Parkia speciosa: A basic heterogeneous catalyst for production of soybean oil-based biodiesel

A green heterogeneous catalyst was fabricated for the biodiesel synthesis via transesterification of soybean oil. The catalyst was generated by simple calcination of the biomass Parkia speciosa (Manipuri beans) at 700 °C. Characterization techniques like TGA, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, BET, TEM, STEM, EDS, XPS, and CO2-TPD were employed to analyse the catalyst. The results showed the existence of significant amount of potassium (K) with some amount of calcium (Ca) in the form of oxides and carbonates which serves as active catalytic sites for accelerating the process of transesterification. The highest biodiesel yield of 96.4 % was achieved at 40 °C, when reaction was performed for 3 h with catalyst loading of 5 wt%, 1:15 M ratio of oil to methanol and 20 wt% of co-solvent. The catalyst has also proved to be truly heterogeneous at low temperature as its efficiency remains intact even after five successive cycles. Thus, the biomass-derived catalyst can be seen as a potentially viable alternative for the conventional homogeneous catalyst.

Optimization and kinetics of biodiesel production of Ricinus communis oil and used cottonseed cooking oil employing synchronised ‘ultrasound + microwave’ and heterogeneous CaO catalyst

Current novel work investigates synchronized ultrasound and microwave (MW + US) applications with an appropriation of Ricinus communis oil (RCO) and used cottonseed cooking oil (UCCO) blends for biodiesel production. The study aims at process optimization, kinetic and energy analysis of biodiesel production where fuel properties improved. The effect of oil/methanol proportion, CaO %, RCO + UCCO blend ratio, and reaction time is examined using Box-Behnken investigational design. The appropriation of blended oil proportion as a process parameter has been deliberated for the first time. The optimized conditions were methanol:oil ratio: 9.7:1; CaO wt%: 2.8 wt%, reaction time: 12.3 min, and 59:41 of RCO:UCCO blend proportion with highest biodiesel yield of 92.11 ± 0.06%. The blended oil transesterification kinetics followed the pseudo-first-order, with activation energy 1.8 times lower than the conventional process. Blended oil biodiesel showed ∼7.5% enhanced calorific value and two-time viscosity reduction than RCO biodiesel. Fuel properties found equivalent to ASTM-D6751 biodiesel standards.

Persica Akhani Salicornia as novel biodiesel feedstock production for economic prosperity in salty and water scarcity areas: Optimized oil extraction process and transesterification reaction using new magnetic heterogenous nanocatalysts

As a new biodiesel feedstock, the oil extraction procedure from the seeds of the plant Salicornia (Persica Akhani subspecies) has been developed. Oil extraction from the seeds of the Salicornia Persica Akhani has been researched utilizing two different organic solvents and four different procedures, including the Soxhlet method, the traditional approach, the shaker method, and the ultrasonic probe method. The results indicated that oil yield by ultrasonic probe technique was higher than the other methods in a short time. Based on the outcomes, extracting the oil from Salicornia seeds using hexane resulted in a greater yield of oil than petroleum ether. This was true across all methods of extraction. The Physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of extracted oil suggested its suitability for biodiesel production. To transesterification reaction of Salicornia seeds oil with methanol into biodiesel, the heterogeneous magnetic Zn0.4Ni0.6Fe2O4 and Zn0.4Ni0.6Fe2O4@SO3H nanocomposites have been synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion procedure. FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDS, and VSM were used to determine the characteristics of the heterogeneous nanocomposites. These nanoparticles have a strong attraction to an outside magnet, which makes it much easier to collect them from the reaction environment for subsequent reuse. In the process of transesterification of Salicornia oil with methanol, novel sulfonated heterogeneous magnetic catalysts with a high density of superacid sites on the surface (2.50 mmol SO3H g−1) and significant magnetization (60 emu/g) afforded high activity and produced a biodiesel yield of 96%. In addition, the magnetic Zn0.4Ni0.6Fe2O4@SO3H nanoparticles could be reused up to five times in the process of turning oil into biodiesel, which resulted in reduced expenses associated with the manufacture of biodiesel. FT-IR and SEM analyses were performed both before and after the transesterification process, and the results showed that the absorption bands and particle distribution were practically the same in both new and used catalysts. The analysis of the FT-IR spectra reveals indications of the transformation of Salicornia oil into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Gas chromatography (GC) study of the FAME profiles of the as-prepared biodiesel also indicated that palmitic acid (C16:0) was the most saturated fatty acid (8.44%–8.50%), while linoleic acid (18:2) was the predominant unsaturated fatty acid (60.94%–60.97%).

Production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable raw materials

One way to reduce the amount of harmful emissions from diesel fuel could be the replacement of part of the fuel with biofuel. Research is related to the production of biodiesel fuel in three ways: transesterification of vegetable oils; esterification of fat acids extracted from vegetable oil; and hydroprocessing of vegetable oils using catalysts in the diesel hydrotreatment process. Food and non-food oils, monatomic and diatomic alcohols were used to produce biodiesel fuel. Optimal parameters of vegetable oil transesterification have been determined: temperature; raw material ratio (oil/alcohol); mixing speed; time; type of process catalyst. The characteristics of the obtained biodiesel fuel samples were studied and compared with each other as well as with the requirements of EN 14214 “Automotive fuels. Fat acid methyl ethers for diesel engines. General technical requirements” and EN 590:2009 “EURO diesel fuel. Technical specifications”. With regard to the physical and chemical characteristics of biodiesel fuel, the best way to produce it is by transesterification of vegetable oils. However, all fuels can be used as components of a blended environmentally friendly diesel fuel.

Revolutionizing biodiesel production: A breakthrough synthesis and characterization of bismuth ferrite nanocatalysts for transesterification of palm and waste cooking oil

The present work deals with the successful synthesis of heterogeneous bismuth ferrite nanocatalysts (BiFeO3) using kappa-carrageenan polysaccharides to study the efficient transesterification of palm cooking oil for biodiesel production. The optimized size of pristine BiFeO3 obtained was 95.8 nm, at a molar ratio of (Bi: Fe; 1:2) with a 1 % carrageenan biotemplate and calcined at 823 K for 2 h. The nanocatalysts have been producing high thermal stability, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the rhombohedral crystalline phases. The BiFeO3 nanocatalysts demonstrated outstanding catalytic performance during the transesterification of palm and waste cooking oils. The abovementioned processes with different reaction parameters for the production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were investigated in batches. The effects of the catalyst dosage, temperature, time, and molar ratio (oil/methanol) have been conducted. A maximum FAME yield of 98% was achieved using optimized conditions: oil and methanol at a molar ratio of 1:15, and BiFeO3 with a 7 wt% catalyst dosage in 2 h at 353 K. The results indicated high chemical stability of the catalyst after five consecutive cycles with the same catalytic performance and proved to be a suitable catalyst for the production of biodiesel with high reaction rates and low catalyst usage.

Sodium Methoxide/Zeolite-Supported Catalyst for Transesterification of Soybean Waste Cooking Oil for Biodiesel Production

This study aims to prepare a supported catalyst based on zeolite Y doped with NaOMe (sodium methoxide) for the transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO). The catalytic screening data showed that NaOMe/zeolite is a prominent catalyst for the transesterification of WCO prepared by a solvent-free, ball-milling process. We initially tested 5–20% of sodium methoxide loading onto zeolite Y and found that 20% is the optimum loading for the reaction. The transesterification reaction required a comparatively lower methanol-to-oil mole ratio of 16:1 with the reaction temperature as 60 °C. The ball-milled NaOMe/zeolite catalyst was characterized by BET surface area analysis, FE-SEM, TEM, FT–IR, and XRD. The BET surface analysis revealed that the surface area for zeolite Y was substantially decreased in the NaOMe/zeolite catalyst. The ball-milling process dropped the crystallinity of zeolite Y, which can be seen from the XRD and FE-SEM images of both zeolite Y and the NaOMe/zeolite catalyst. Finally, the transesterification reaction product was fully characterized by 1H-NMR and viscosity analysis for biodiesel, glycerol, and the WCO. The chemical shifts for the biodiesel and glycerol are found accordingly. This is also supported by the FT–IR characterization of biodiesel, glycerol, and WCO. It is noteworthy that a very high mass ratio of 250 g oil/g NaOMe is obtained when converting WCO to biodiesel, indicating very high catalytic activity for the aforementioned catalyst.

ENGINE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PALM KERNEL OIL-BASED BIODIESEL BLENDS ON SPEED VARIATIONS OF A 4-CYLINDER ENGINE AT CONSTANT TORQUE

Biodiesel made from the transesterification of plant-derived oils is an important alternative fuel source for diesel engines. Several disparate studies have emphasized the significance of biodiesels in emission reduction and engine efficiency. The present study examined the effect of using palm kernel oil (PKO), pure petroleum diesel, and its blends on the fuel consumption rates, energy expended, brake-specific fuel consumption, and brake thermal efficiency of a four-cylinder tractor under varying operating speeds (700 – 1900rpm) at constant torque. The study was conducted at a large farming site in Anambra State, Nigeria. The findings indicated that PKO biodiesel blends had the overall optimum energy output, fuel consumption rates, and brake-specific fuel consumption, respectively, at the highest engine speed of 1900. Although B10's rating of 60.6% for thermal brake efficiency was impressive, it was lower than B100's 66.95 %. Based on the results, B10 is the best gasoline for testing and may be used as a replacement fuel in four-cylinder farm tractor engines with no modifications. The study concludes that biodiesel blends showed potential as an alternative to fossil diesel.

Organic Structure-Directing Agent Free Synthesis of Mordenite with Seeds, Used as A Support for Mo Catalysts in the Transesterification of Soybean Oil

This work prepared mordenite using seeds and without organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs). The Mo/Mordenite was prepared through wet impregnation and the catalysts’ performance was checked for transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. The mordenite zeolite was prepared through hydrothermal crystallization under static conditions with a molar composition of 6Na<sub>2</sub>O:Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:30SiO<sub>2</sub>:780H<sub>2</sub>O. The catalyst samples were characterized crystallinity through X-ray diffraction, elemental composition by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Surface areas by N<sub>2</sub> adsorption-desorption, surface morphology scanning electron microscopy, functional group by infrared spectroscopy and active sites by temperature programmed desorption of ammonia. The transesterification of soybean oil was carried out using the following parameters: 5% catalyst by weight, 1:12 oil to methanol molar ratio, at 200°C for either 12 h or 24 h. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the characteristic peaks of the mordenite structure. After molybdenum oxide was added, the structure of mordenite zeolite was conserved while the specific surface area was reduced. The morphology can be described as a highly crystalline material with well-defined crystalline particles having a spherical profile characteristic of the typical morphology of sodium mordenite zeolite with a low silicon/aluminum ratio. The catalyst samples exhibited sites of a weak and medium-strength nature. The higher activity of the catalyst (Mo/Mordenite) about mordenite zeolite, could be justified by the existence of molybdenum. The wet impregnation of metal (Mo) on the surface of the MOR zeolite is an effective option to increase the acidity of the solid catalysts. Mordenite with 8.84% Mo could be a promising catalyst for the biodiesel factory.

Polyoxovanadate Catalyzed Synthesis of Biodiesel (Methyl Esters) from Waste Cooking Oil

Depleting fossil fuel resources and the steady increase in energy consumption have spurred research interest in alternative and renewable energy sources. This study aimed to investigate the transesterification of waste cooking oil using Polyoxovanadate (POV) as a catalyst. The waste cooking oil was first acquired and subjected to physicochemical analysis for characterization purposes. Subsequently, transesterification of the oil with methanol was performed using Polyoxovanadate (POV) synthesized from Ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) solution at pH. The synthesized POV underwent characterization using techniques including UV-visible spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The resulting biodiesel was also characterized using FTIR, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and its fuel properties were determined using ASTM Methods. The process proved successful, resulting in a biodiesel yield of 76.44 % when employing a catalyst loading of 0.8 g, a 1:9 oil-to-methanol ratio, and conducting the reaction at 60 °C for 90 minutes. The biodiesel obtained predominantly consisted of saturated fatty acid methyl esters. Furthermore, biodiesel exhibited favorable fuel properties that met the standards established by ASTM for diesel engines. Notably. Its low sulfur content highlighted its environmentally friendly nature in comparison to petroleum diesel.

Modification of Fresh-Water Clamshells (Pilsbryoconcha exilis compressa) as New Raw Material and its Application in the Biodiesel Production of Lard Oil

In the present work, the catalytic activity and stability of the Fresh-water Clamshells-derived CaO catalyst were investigated by the transesterification reaction of lard oil. The physicochemical properties of lard oil as a raw material for biodiesel production compared with palm oil were also studied. The obtained CaO_FWC was characterized by various analytical techniques to evaluate the physicochemical properties consisting of TGA, SEM, XRD, XRF, BET surface area, FT-IR, Hammett indicator method, and CO2-TPD. The results found that the fresh CaO_FWC showed the specific surface area, percentage of Ca element, total basic site, and basic strength of 8.293 m2g−1, 98.6 wt.%, 8.450 mmol g−1, and 15 < H_< 18.4, respectively which similar to CaO commercial grade. In addition, the fresh CaO_FWC catalyst also presented high catalytic activity that gave %FAME of lard oil more than 96.5 %. However, the CaO_FWC catalyst could only reuse 3 times with the catalytic activity slightly decreased, and %FAME remained higher than 95 %. While the stability of the CaO_FWC catalyst was tested by storage for a long time to 180 days, this experimental data suggested that the CaO_FWC catalyst could preserve for only 30 days, with the catalytic efficiency remaining similar to the fresh CaO_FWC. Furthermore, the preservation and reusability of the catalyst were also studied in terms of the kinetic rate of reaction for use as a database to optimize the reaction conditions. Finally, the fuel properties of biodiesel products derived from lard oil and palm oil as raw materials and catalyzed by CaO_FWC catalyst met the specified standards both of EN-14214 and ASTM-D6751. Therefore, all the results of this work were excellent databases for utilizing and adding value to the Fresh-water Clamshells and lard oil as biomass sources for further development and development as renewable and alternative energy in Thailand. HIGHLIGHTS The CaO catalyst obtained after calcination of the Fresh-water Clamshells has displayed excellent catalytic activity for the transesterification of lard oil with biodiesel conversion and FAME yield obtained under optimal conditions up to 96.86 % The Fresh-water Clamshells could stand promising resource for low-cost catalysts to lead the way for low-cost biodiesel The kinetic data can be used to optimize the biodiesel production process GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Nano Nickel-Zirconia: An Effective Catalyst for the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

The utilization of heterogeneous catalysts during the production of biodiesel potentially minimize the cost of processing due to the exclusion of the separation step. The (X wt%)Ni–ZrO2 (where X = 10, 25 and 50) catalysts prepared through a hydrothermal process were tested for the production of biodiesel by the transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) with methanol. The influences of various reaction parameters were systematically optimized. While the physicochemical characteristics of the as-synthesized catalysts were examined using numerous techniques such as FTIR, XRD, TGA BET, EDX, SEM, and HRTEM. Among all the catalysts, (10 wt%)Ni–ZrO2 exhibited high surface area when compared to the pristine ZrO2, (25 wt%)Ni–ZrO2 and (50 wt%)Ni–ZrO2 nanocatalysts. It may have influenced the catalytic properties of (10 wt%)Ni–ZrO2, which exhibited maximum catalytic activity with a biodiesel production yield of 90.5% under optimal conditions. Such as 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 10 wt% catalysts to oil ratio, 8 h reaction time and 180 °C reaction temperature. Furthermore, the recovered catalyst was efficiently reused in several repeated experiments, demonstrating marginal loss in its activity after multiple cycles (five times).

Non Catalytic Transesterification of Vegetables Oil to Biodiesel in Sub-and Supercritical Methanol: A Kinetic’s Study

Non catalytic transesterification in sub and supercritical methanol have been used to produce biodiesel from palm oil and soybean oil. A kinetic study was done under reaction condition with temperature and time control. The experiments were carried out in a batch type reactor at reaction temperatures from 210 °C (subcritical condition) to 290 °C (the supercritical state) in the interval ranges of temperature of 20 °C and at various molar ratios of oil to methanol. The rate constants of the reaction were determined by employing a simple method, with the overall chemical reaction followed the pseudo-first–order reaction. Based on the results, the rate constants of vegetables oil were significantly influenced by reaction temperature, which were gradually increased at subcritical temperature, but sharply increased in the supercritical state. However, the rate constants of soybean oil were slightly higher than that of palm oil. The activation energy for transesterification of soybean oil was 89.32 and 79.05 kJ/mole for palm oil. Meanwhile, the frequency factor values of both oils were 72462892 and 391210 min-1, respectively. The rate reaction for both of oil were expressed as -rTG = 72462892 exp(-89.32/RT)CTG for soybean oil and -rTG = 391210 exp(-79.05/RT)CTG for palm oil. © 2013 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

CO2 REDUCTION IN BRAZILIAN ROAD AND RAIL TRANSPORT

For several years, the use of oil for driving vehicles, generating power and many other activities has caused the world to become highly dependent on it, which is running out. The paper purposes to clarify the Biodiesel stands out among these alternatives as a potential replacement for petroleum diesel, and it is obtained through the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fat. As a methodology, the study opted for a case study using equations to calculate the final fuel consumption of buses urban transportation in Rio de Janeiro City. As findings, we obtained that to being renewable, biodiesel reduces Brazil's dependence on petroleum and emits less greenhouse gases such as CO2. The paper includes social and pratical implications: based on calculations performed considering petrodiesel consumption in Brazil, this study aims to quantifying CO2 emissions until 2025. The value is in to avoid emissions when methyl biodiesel produced from soybean oil is used as part of the fuel, considering the blend percentages determined by the Brazilian government for the established period.

Synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched medium- and long-chain triglyceride by lipase-catalyzed transesterification: a novel strategy for clinical nutrition intervention.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has been recognized as a promising nutrient to improve therapeutic efficacy for cancer patients. Nevertheless, there are certain limitations to the application of EPA due to its structural characteristics. To maximize the nutritive value of EPA, a type of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) enriched with EPA was designed and synthesized using the lipase-catalyzed transesterification of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and EPA-enriched fish oil (FO). The optimum synthesis conditions for EPA-enriched MLCT used Lipozyme RM as catalyst, and had a substrate mass ratio (MCT/EPA-enriched FO) of 3:1, lipase loading of 80 g kg-1 , a reaction temperature of 60 °C, and a reaction time of 6 h. The MLCT content was as high as 80.79% after the transesterification reaction and the purification, and the content of MLCT containing EPA accounted for 70.21%. The distribution of EPA at the sn-2 position showed a significant increase in MLCT compared with the original substrate, from 18.89% to 26.93%. The in vitro digestion results demonstrated that MLCT had a significantly higher EPA bioaccessibility than the original substrate. Eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched MLCT was developed. This may provide a novel strategy for clinical nutritional intervention. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.