Transesterification Of Oil Research Articles

Synthesized heterogeneous nano‐catalyst from cow teeth for fatty acid methyl esters production through transesterification of waste vegetable frying oil and methanol: Characterization and optimization studies

AbstractUsing readily available biomass, it is possible to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) at a low cost. This study focused on the transesterification process of waste frying vegetable oil to generate FAME (biodiesel) using a cost‐effective heterogeneous nano‐catalyst synthesized from waste cow teeth (CT). The cow teeth nano‐catalyst (CTNC) was synthesized via a three‐step method of calcination, hydration‐dehydration, and re‐calcination. The synthesized CTNC samples were characterized. The Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM) was used to obtain the optimal operating conditions that maximize the FAME yield (Y 1 ) and the effects of the transesterification process conditions on FAME production. The results revealed that CTNC is of microporous structure with higher crystallinity. It consists of hydroxyapatite, beta‐tricalcium phosphate, and calcium oxide, having a mean particle size of 43.96 nm, a specific surface area of 124.77 m 2 /g, and a pore volume of 0.303 cm 3 /g. The process conditions that significantly influenced the EWFVOME yield were the CTNC loading, reaction time, and MTOR. A maximum of 98.70% (Y 1 ) was obtained at the optimum transesterification process variables of reaction time (2 h), MTOR (12:1), and CTNC loading (3.75 wt%). The biodiesel fuel properties were found to be within the acceptable values of ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 fuel standards.

Synthesis of Biodiesel from Sunflower Oil Using the Calcium Carbide Dust as a Solid Catalyst

The developed solid catalyst from calcium carbide dust (CCD) with potassium nitrate is investigated for transesterification of sunflower oil to biodiesel or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The objective of this study is to develop the solid catalyst from CCD and test it at various operating parameters such as wt. % of KNO3/CCD, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction time and reusability of the modified solid catalyst with a fixed reaction temperature of 60 °C and 3 wt. % of catalyst loading. The FAME yield was up to 97 wt. % with 15 wt. % of KNO3/CCD, 15:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 7 h reaction time. Unfortunately, the modified solid catalyst could not be reused after regeneration using n-hexane washing followed by recalcination at 500 °C for 3 h.

Power of recycling waste cooking oil into biodiesel via green CaO-based eggshells/Ag heterogeneous nanocatalyst

The depletion of crude oil sources and a growing understanding of the adverse environmental effects of using fossil fuels promoted the development of alternative techniques to convert waste biomass into biofuels. Considering ecological safety and economic challenges, this work investigates the catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) for biodiesel production as a substitute for fossil fuels. Chicken eggshells were calcined at 900 °C to form CaO nanoparticles (NPs) and impregnated with Ag NPs solution prepared from fresh fenugreek leaf extract. Several characterization methods characterized the catalyst: FTIR, TEM, SEM, XRD, and zeta-potential/particle sizer, confirming the composite's spherical shape and mesoporous structure. The optimal transesterification conditions were achieved by performing batch reaction experiments. The biodiesel product was analyzed, and its fuel features (density and acid number, kinematic viscosity, cloud, and flash points) were determined and compared to standards. Confirmatory techniques (GC-FID, FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR) were also used to confirm the conversion of WCO into biodiesel. This study revealed the transformation of WCO into biodiesel with acceptable fuel features depending on the CaO/Ag catalyst's effectiveness as an excellent, safe commercial catalyst by its three times reusability with 90% biodiesel yield, ease of recovery, and cheap cost fabrication.

Potassium supported on zeolite-geopolymer hybrid materials as a new solid base catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil

The heterogeneous base catalysts were developed from zeolite-geopolymer hybrid material (Zeo-Geo) as a new support for potassium in transesterification of soybean oil. Zeo-Geo was prepared by mixing Al metal, metakaolin, and fumed silica in NaOH solution and curing at 60 °C, 24 h and 110 °C, 12 h. The Zeo-Geo contained a mixed phase of geopolymer and X-type zeolite. The xK/Zeo-Geo with x = 5, 10 or 15 wt% potassium were prepared by impregnation of Zeo-Geo with potassium acetate followed by calcination at 400 °C for 3 h. The phases of potassium were mainly K2O and K2CO3 and the basicity increased with potassium loading. The 15K/Zeo-Geo was the most active catalyst in transesterification of soybean oil with methanol, at 70 °C providing 97.64% biodiesel yield under the optimum condition: reaction time = 3 h, methanol to oil molar ratio = 16:1 and catalyst amount = 2 wt%. The catalyst was reused in 5 cycles without a significant activity loss and leaching of active species. From this study, 15K/Zeo-Geo has a potential for further development in large-scale production.

Highly efficient scallop seashell-derived catalyst for biodiesel production from sunflower and waste cooking oils: Reaction kinetics and effect of calcination temperature studies

The sustainable production of biodiesel from waste materials has become of utmost importance in recent years. In this study, cheap CaO catalysts were prepared by calcination of waste scallop seashells (Noble Pectin). The seashells were thermally treated at different temperatures (600–1000 °C) and then used in the transesterification of sunflower oil for biodiesel production. The catalysts were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and simultaneous Thermal Gravimetric-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC) techniques. The highest Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) yield (97%) was obtained in the presence of the catalyst calcined at 700 °C under the following conditions: a methanol-to-oil molar ratio (MOMR) of 12:1, a catalyst-to-oil ratio (CTOR) of 10 wt%, a stirring rate of 700 rpm, a reaction temperature of 65 °C and a reaction time of 4 h. The seashell-derived catalyst was practically stable for at least 4 consecutive runs in the reusability study, maintaining a high FAME yield (>92%). The reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics, with an activation energy (Ea) of 133.57 kJ/mol and a pre-exponential factor (A) of 4.025 × 1018 min−1. This catalyst additionally exhibited a very high activity in the transesterification of waste cooking oil, with a similar FAME yield of 97%. This shows that this catalyst is promising for potential biodiesel production scale-up schemes and industrial applications.

Coal fly ash supported ZnO catalyzed transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil: Optimization by response surface methodology

• Biodiesel was produced via transesterification of JCO by Coal fly ash supported ZnO (ZnO-CFA). • Activity of ZnO-CFA catalyst was enhanced by calcination at 400 o C. • Under the optimal transesterification conditions, maximum biodiesel yield was 91.08 ± 0.06%. • Physicochemical properties of produced biodiesel agreed with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 . Herein, a zinc oxide based coal fly ash (ZnO-CFA) composite as heterogeneous catalyst was formulated and explored for transesterification of non-edible oil (Jatropha curcas oil, JCO). The as-synthesized catalyst was analyzed to gain insights into its properties using various characterization techniques (EDX, FTIR, TEM, XRD and BET surface area). The solid catalyst’s ability to catalyze the methanolysis reaction was investigated and optimized at varying reaction temperature, methanol/JCO molar ratio and catalyst dosage using Box-Behnken design. Predicted value of biodiesel yield was found to be in excellent agreement with observed value with high coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.9759 a n d A d j . R 2 = 0.9449 . It was determined that optimum transesterification process conditions of 60.4 o C reaction temperature, 11.8:1 methanol/JCO molar ratio and 1.63 wt.% catalyst loading resulted in biodiesel yield and FAME content of 91.08 ± 0.06% and 97.22%, respectively. Additionally, the produced biodiesel at the optimum conditions was shown to be conformed to ASTM standard. The ZnO-CFA catalyst was simple to synthesize and handle, eliminating the need for costly aluminosilicate-based catalysts in biofuel synthesis. It was also simple to separate from the product stream and could be recycled up to four times.

Biodiesel synthesized from the blend of Thai red and Elaeis guineensis oil: An application of calcined base, optimization, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters studies

The study emphasized the use of the mixed oil (MO) extracted from Elaeis guineensis and Thai Red oilseeds for the synthesis of biodiesel using a derived bio-base catalyst from calcined Littorina littorea shell powder. The MO properties were determined with a view to examine its quality for biodiesel production. The derived calcined catalyst was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), BET adsorption analysis, and Hammett indicator. Process optimization of biodiesel synthesized was carried out by considering four constraint variables: reaction time (60–80 min), catalyst conc. (2–6% wt.), reaction temp.(55–75 °C), and ethanol/oil molar ratio (E-OH/OMR) (4–8 vol./vol.) using design expert STAT EASE 360. For the rate of reaction, degree of disorderliness, and the activation energy of the transesterification process, kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were considered using Eyring Polanyi and Gibb's Duhem equations, while the qualities of biodiesel as well as its economic appraisal were also carried out. Results obtained showed the API gravity ratio of the mixed oil of 2:3, which indicated a perfect blend ratio. Statistical analysis validation via response surface methodology indicated a biodiesel yield of 98.90% (wt./wt.) was obtained at 69.83 (min), 5.86% (wt.), 68.17 °C, and 7.04 (vol./vol.). Kinetic parameter evaluation showed the activation energy (Ea) of transesterification of the mixed oil to biodiesel to be 55.44 kJ mol−1 while thermodynamic parameters (Gibb's free-ΔGθ) were obtained as follows: 184.87 kJ mol−1, 179.77 kJ mol−1, and 174.67 kJ mol−1, at enthalpy (ΔHθ) value of 53.38 kJ mol−1 and entropy (ΔSθ) of -509.64 J mol−1, respectively. Catalyst reusability test was altered at 7th cycles, while the qualities of biodiesel were found comparable with biodiesel recommended standards (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214).

Modifications in the kinetics of transesterification of sunflower oil over strontium supported on silica by barium doping

Modifications in the kinetics of transesterification of sunflower oil over strontium supported on silica by barium doping

One Pot Esterification as Well as Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil using Potassium and Phosphotungstic Acid Supported Silica: Optimization and Kinetic Modeling

One Pot Esterification as Well as Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil using Potassium and Phosphotungstic Acid Supported Silica: Optimization and Kinetic Modeling

Transesterification of Shea (Karite) and Palm Oils in Supercritical Ethanol

Transesterification of Shea (Karite) and Palm Oils in Supercritical Ethanol

Transesterification of non-edible oil and effects of process parameters on biodiesel yield

Because of its many advantages over petro-diesel, biodiesel is being promoted as a sustainable fuel option. Nonetheless, its economic viability is hampered by the high manufacturing costs associated with it, mainly because of the excessively high cost of commonly-used cooking oils as raw materials and the synthetic calcium oxide used as a catalyst. The cost barriers to biodiesel production can be alleviated through the exploration of non-edible oils as raw materials and the use of waste resources. This work contributes to the development of a catalyst from waste bone for biodiesel synthesis from neemseed oil. The discarded bones were via thermal method calcined at 800 0 C, and impregnation methods using alkaline (NaOH) impregnation at a 1:6 ratio and an acid (H 3 PO 4 ) impregnation at a 1:4 ratio. Performance parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM), and the observed optimal conditions were catalyst concentration 4 wt%, methanol to oil ratio 8:1, reaction temperature 55 O C, reaction time 4 h, and agitation speed 400 rpm. Maximum yields were achieved with a 94% acid catalyst, 93% alkaline catalyst, and 92% thermal catalyst for transesterification. Under ideal conditions, the fuel characteristics of neem oil methyl esters were found to be well within the range recommended by ASTM D6751 for biodiesel. Therefore, the waste-bone catalysts produced for transesterification of neem seed oil towards biodiesel generation can be deemed an effective and active catalyst. The study's results suggest that non-edible neem seed oil could be a good choice for the industrial-scale manufacturing of biodiesel, which could eventually displace petro-diesel. • This paper focused on the production of biodiesel using acid, base and thermal activated catalyst from neem oil • This study shows that biodiesel production from neem oil is economically viable. • The catalyst showed good catalytic performance. • The study showed that acid activated catalyst has the highest yield and showed better performance

Influence of Structure and Base Modification of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures on Kinetic Parameters of the Transesterification of Rice Bran Oil to Biodiesel

Biodiesel is an alternative to biofuel that could help to reduce the use of fossil fuels and protect the environment. Evaluation of reaction kinetics provides information on reaction rates and mechanism which is necessary in evaluating catalyst’s effectiveness. In this research, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures, nanoparticles, nanoflowers and nanotubes were base-modified with potassium to enhance their active sites and used in the transesterification process for study of kinetic parameters. The nanocatalysts were characterized with FESEM and biodiesel conversion monitored with 1H NMR. The result shows that both structure and base modification have influence on the kinetics parameters. In all the catalysts, activation energy falls within 26-82 kJmol-1indicating that the process was kinetically controlled and nanotubes has the highest rate constant of 0.0287 min-1, lowest activation energy of 59.40 kJmol-1and highest turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.026s-1. The results show that kinetic parameters of transesterification are not only defendant on catalysts’ basic or acid active sites but can also be influenced by structural modification. Therefore, the structural and K-modified ZnO nanoparticles have effect on the kinetic parameters of the tranesterification of rice bran oil (RBO) to biodiel and thus significantly reduce the use of fossil fuels in the environment

Preparation and application of heterogeneous catalyst based on KOH impregnated activated carbon from rubber seed kernel for biodiesel synthesis

Research to explore the potential of rubber seeds kernel as a carbon source for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts has been carried out. This study aimed to characterize rubber seed kernel carbon, impregnate it with KOH, and apply it as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel synthesis. In this research, rubber seed kernel was powdered then carbonized in a furnace for 4 h at 500°C, followed by activation with HCl for 1 h and dried. The resulting activated carbon was impregnated with KOH solution for 3 h at 80°C. After pre-drying, it was calcined at 500°C for 3 h. The rubber seed kernel powder, activated carbon, and KOH impregnated carbon were characterized using SEM-EDX and FTIR. KOH impregnated carbon was used as a heterogeneous catalyst in coconut oil transesterification for biodiesel synthesis. The parameters studied were catalyst load (2 - 4%) and reaction temperature (55 - 65°C). Molar ratio of oil to methanol and time were set at 1:9 and 2 h, respectively. The highest yield (96.43%) was obtained at 3% catalyst load and reaction temperature of 60°C.

The Activity of Lipase From Jatropha Seed (Jatropha Curcas L.) And Its Application On Hydrolysis of Castor Oil In Organic Solvent

Jatropha curcas L. is one of the seed plants that have lipase activity and can work well in hydrolysis reactions and chemical synthesis. This study aims to determine lipase activity that reacts with castor oil in organic solvents. In this research, organic solvents, especially hydrophobic solvents, were used in the hydrolysis reaction to increase lipase's catalytic activity. The organic solvent used has a hydrophobicity level between 2 and 4, namely hexane. The research stages consisted of lipase isolation, lipase assay, the effect of adding metal ions assay, and analysis of the compound of castor oil. The results showed that jatropha seeds had lipase activity in crude of 0.603 U/mL and increased to 0.911 U/mL after the addition of K+. The result of hydrolysis and transesterification of castor oil by lipase is ricinoleic acid (4,58%) and methyl ricinoleic (11,67%), and the concentration of ricinoleic acid (17.09%) and methyl ricinoleic (60.83%) were increased after addition of K+. The esterification reaction produces alkyl ester compounds such as methyl palmitate, ethyl pentadecanoate, methyl linoleate, methyl oleate, and methyl stearate. The lipase isolated from jatropha seeds not only catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction but also catalyzes chemical synthesis reactions such as esterification and transesterification.

Bifunctional 1,2,4-Triazole/12-Tungstophosphoric Acid Composite Nanoparticles for Biodiesel Production.

Here, a composite nanoparticle with an acid-base bifunctional structure has been reported for the transesterification of rapeseed oil to produce biodiesel. Triazole-PWA (PWA = 12-tungstophosphoric acid) composite materials with a hexahedral structure are produced using the precipitation method, showing the average particle diameters of 200-800 nm. XPS and FT-IR analyses indicate well-defined chemical bonding of triazole moieties to the PWA. The functionalization and immobilization of PWAs are investigated due to strong interactions with triazole, which significantly improves the thermal stability and even surface area of the heteropoly acid. Furthermore, various ratios of triazole and PWAs are examined using NH3-TPD and CO2-TPD to optimize the bi-functionality of acidity and basicity. The prepared nanomaterials are evaluated during the transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol to analyze the effect of triazole addition to PWAs according to the different ratios. Overall, the bifunctional triazole-PWA composite nanoparticles exhibit higher fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversions than pure PWA nanoparticles. The optimized catalyst with a triazole:PWA ratio of 6:1 exhibits the best FAME-conversion performance due to its relatively large surface area, balance of acidity, and strong basicity from the well-designed chemical nano-structure.

Exploration of agricultural residue ash as a solid green heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production

AbstractBiodiesel is an economical and nonpolluting green fuel produced from the transesterification of oil and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. Transesterification of vegetable oils with conventional (homogeneous) catalysts for biodiesel production is considered to have a promising future but they are nonrenewable and hazardous. The major setback is the increase in cost of production. High production cost, in terms of feedstock oil and catalyst acquisition is one of the major challenges facing the global commercialization and acceptance of biodiesel. Heterogeneous solid catalysts are currently replacing homogeneous catalysts because of their ability to overcome hurdles associated with homogeneous catalysts. This study discussed the development and feasibility of calcined ash from agricultural residues as a solid green heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production without chemical degradation. Solid‐calcined ash based catalysts are being developed primarily via calcination at suitable temperatures and have been used as catalysts without mixing with carrier compounds. The various agricultural residues used and the corresponding biodiesel yields were also discussed. The study also looked at some agricultural residues that could be targeted for high catalytic output. It was found that high biodiesel yields (80%–98%) were achieved with most of the crude oil raw materials used. The catalyst could be reused at least five (5) times. From the discussed literature, it was found that the current state of biodiesel production can be improved by using heterogeneous base catalysts made from agricultural residue calcined ash.

A multi-component approach for co-immobilization of lipases on silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles: improving biodiesel production from waste cooking oil.

The capability of multi-component reactions in rapid immobilization of enzymes was considered for co-immobilization of Thermomyces lanuginous lipase (TLL) and Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) [TLL: CALB]; Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) and CALB [RML: CALB] on amine-functionalized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2). Immobilization of different ratios of lipases was performed within 3h under mild conditions; producing specific activity ranging from 29 to 35 U/mg for TLL:CALB and 21-34 U/mg for RML:CALB. The co-immobilized derivatives showed improved co-solvent and thermal stability compared to the corresponding free enzymes. All the derivatives were also used to catalyze the transesterification of waste cooking oil with methanol to produce biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters). Response surface method (RSM) and a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were used to study the effects of different factors on the FAME yield. Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2-RML-CALB and Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2-TLL-CALB had maximum FAME yields of 99-80%, respectively.

Parametric and kinetic study of simultaneous esterification and transesterification of model waste sunflower oil by using zirconium sulfate catalyst

Parametric and kinetic study of simultaneous esterification and transesterification of model waste sunflower oil by using zirconium sulfate catalyst

Influence of the glycerin content in the preparation of calcium diglyceroxide from eggshell applied in the residual oil transesterification

AbstractCurrently, biodiesel is pointed out worldwide as the main alternative in the complementation and substitution of petrochemical diesel. However, the current industrial route of synthesis of this biofuel depends on the cost of raw materials (which are also destined for food purposes) and the expense of the production process. Aiming to remedy this obstacle, the use of solid, sustainable, low‐cost, efficient, and reusable catalysts in residual raw materials, such as waste cooking oils, has been highlighted as a promising alternative. This work focused on studying the influence of the glycerin content used in the preparation by wet impregnation of catalyst calcium diglyceroxide in the efficiency of transesterification of waste cooking oil. The catalyst was synthesized from CaO from chicken eggshell, raw glycerin co‐product from biodiesel, and methanol. The transesterification reactions were performed using 120 g of frying residual oil, methanol: oil molar rate of 6:1, constant shaking, and reaction temperature of 63 ± 1°C for 180 min. The catalyst material synthesized with residual glycerin was active for four reactions (without reactivation of its sites) with high percentages of efficiency of 96.13, 96.85, 95.93, and 91.65, respectively. It was noted that the glycerol purity correlated with changes in the structural morphology of the final compound, as well as changes in the leaching rate, acidity index, water content, and ester content of the blends. It was found that adding 15% water to the lipid material correlated with an increase in ester content (99%) in the synthesized biodiesel.

Optimum Condition for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Crude Glycerol by Bacillus sp. Isolated from Lipid-Containing Wastewater

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of biopolymers used as an alternative to petroleum-based synthetic plastics. Their industrial application is not widely available due to production cost constraints, mainly from raw materials used for carbon sources. This research focuses on selecting a Bacillus strain from lipid-containing wastewater that can produce PHAs from crude glycerol and investigating the optimum conditions for producing PHAs from crude glycerol. The Bacillus strain was isolated from the wastewater storage pond at a fermented pork sausage manufacturing plant in Thailand for PHAs production utilizing Mineral Salt Medium (MSM) with 1 % w/v glucose as a carbon source. PHAs synthesis was preliminarily investigated by staining cells with Sudan Black B. The isolated FMI3 produced the highest PHAs at 43 % of the dry cell weight (DCW). It was identified as Bacillus pumilus FMI3. Crude glycerol was obtained from a by-product of the transesterification of waste cooking oil catalysed by NaOH. It was partially purified by acidification and neutralization and exhibited about 80 % w/w glycerol, 1.90 ± 0.09 % ash content, 2.80 ± 0.14 % water content, light brown colour, and pH 7.11 ± 0.35. Isolated B. pumilus FMI3 grows best and produces the highest PHAs yields under optimum conditions, i.e., MSM containing crude glycerol and ammonium sulphate at 61:1 mole ratio as carbon and nitrogen sources respectively, 15 % inoculum, initial pH of neutral at 7, and shaking at 150 rpm at 40 °C for 72 h. These conditions achieved PHAs at 79 % of DCW, classified as medium-chain-length PHAs comprising 3-hydroxyoctanoate,3-hydroxydecanoate, 3-hydroxydodecanoate, and 3-hydroxytetradecanoate at 9, 12, 67 and 12 %, respectively. This study reported the feasibility of utilizing crude glycerol as feedstock for PHAs production by the B. pumilus FMI3 strain, which was able to grow on and tolerate salts of crude glycerol. HIGHLIGHTS Bacteria which endure extreme environments (i.e., very limited of nutrients; drought and chemicals) can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates from crude glycerol Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from partially purified crude glycerol is presented The yield of polyhydroxyalkanoates achieve at 79 % of dry cell weight under the optimum condition GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT