Oil Processing Waste Research Articles

Utilization of Olive Oil Processing Waste Composts in Organic Tomato Seedling Production

Olive oil byproducts show differences according to the olive oil extraction systems, which are called olive mill solid wastes, olive oil wastewater and olive oil wastewater sludge. Three different kinds of composts, including two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes, and olive oil wastewater sludge were produced with separated dairy manure, poultry manure, and straw. The composts obtained from two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes and olive oil wastewater sludge were named as two-phase, three-phase, and water sludge composts, respectively. They were separately enriched by rock phosphate and potassium salt. These composts were mixed with peat in a ratio of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (v/v). Tomato seeds were sown in all mixtures on 3 February 2016. All the seeds were sown into 2 trays and each plug included 2 replicates. The trays were left in a germination room for 3 days, then moved to a heated greenhouse which is specialized for growing seedlings, and the seedlings were grown there for 3 weeks. The results showed that increasing compost ratios in the growing medium and also the enrichment of the growing medium increased organic matter content, electrical conductivity, and macro and micro nutrient concentrations. The germination period lasted longer with increasing compost ratios. The shoot length was lower at a compost ratio of over 50% excluding water sludge compost, which reacted to over 75%. The highest plant dry weights were obtained in the plants grown on the media with compost ratios of 50%, 25%, and 25% for water sludge compost, enriched two-phase compost, and enriched three-phase compost, respectively. We concluded that the composts obtained from two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes and olive oil waste water sludge can be used without any need of enrichment and a ratio of 25% was found appropriate in most of the measured properties.

Multi-Criteria Efficiency Analysis of Using Waste-Based Fuel Mixtures in the Power Industries of China, Japan, and Russia

This paper presents the results of analyzing the efficiency of the following five fuel types: dry coal, wet coal processing waste, coal–water slurry, and two waste-derived slurries. In the calculations, we employed 16 criteria related to the energy industry, economy, social aspects, safety at plants, and environmental protection. We used the experimental data, obtained from the combustion of the fuels under study at three heating temperatures (700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C). Three countries were analyzed, where all of them have a high share of using fossil fuels in the energy industry: Japan, China, and Russia. The total performance indicator was calculated using three multiple-criteria decision analysis techniques (weighted sum method, weighted product method, and analytic hierarchy process). The choice of weight coefficients was confirmed for each method. We found that coal and coal–water slurry had the lowest integral efficiency indicators (0.016–0.535 and 0.045–0.566, respectively). The maximum effect was achieved when using waste-derived slurry with used turbine oil (0.190–0.800) and coal processing waste (0.535–0.907). There were, on average, 3%–60% differences in the integral efficiency indicator for the same fuel in different countries. The difference in the efficiency indicator of the same fuel in different countries was on average 3%–60%; with changes in temperature, the difference in efficiency was 5%–20%; and when changing the calculation procedure, the difference was 10%–90%.

Effects of Trichoderma Biostimulation on the Phenolic Profile of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil and Olive Oil By-Products.

Olive trees are grown on five continents. Fertilization of fields, pest control management, olive leaves, olive pomaces, and olive mill wastewaters have a substantial environmental impact. It is possible to reduce this problem by using organic products to cultivate and decrease olive oil processing waste by recovering the bioactive molecules. In this work, the effects of biostimulation, with beneficial microbes belonging to the Trichoderma genera, and with Trichoderma secondary metabolites (6PP and the HA) were evaluated on the phenolic profile and the antioxidant potential of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) and olive leaf samples to make them more commercially attractive as a source of phytochemicals useful for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Phenolics were identified and quantified by a spectrometer method using Q Exactive Orbitrap UHPLC-MS/MS (Ultra High Pressure Liquid Chromatography). Antioxidant activity was evaluated spectrophotometrically by the DPPH test. The use of Trichoderma strains, 6PP (6-Pentyl-α-Pyrone) and HA (Harzianic Acid), was demonstrated as an effective strategy to increase the leaves’ economic value as a source of phytochemicals (flavonoids, lignans, and oleuropein) useful for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Ash Composition in the Combustion of Promising Slurry Fuels

Abstract—Of all the traditional energy sources (coal, natural gas, fuel oil, and petroleum), coal has the greatest environmental impact. Coal combustion at thermal power plants produces copious atmospheric emissions, as well as ash and slag. The discovery of new fuels is a high priority at present. One possibility is the use of industrial wastes. Composite liquid fuels could permit the use of coal-mining, oil-processing, and other wastes, as well as biomass, in the energy cycle. However, too little is known about the ash produced in the combustion of such fuels. In the present work, the ash residue from the combustion of coal suspensions and water-based slurry fuel is analyzed. The ash mass from the combustion of a fixed mass of fuel is calculated, as well as the ash mass produced in the generation of a fixed quantity of energy.

Solid-state fermentation of sterile slurry and palm kernel cake (PKC) mixture using Rhizopus azygosporus UICC 539

This study described solid-state fermentation of sterile slurry and palm kernel cake (PKC) mixtures by Rhizopus azygosporus UICC 539, preparation of the fungus and waste mixture as a formula for animal feed, and analysis of nutrient content of the formula. Preparation of inoculum (v/v) in Potato Sucrose Broth (PSB) was carried out at 30 and 40 °C for 5 days. Wet weight biomass was used as inoculum for solid-state fermentation (SSF) using sterile slurry and PKC (3:1) mixtures and SSF was carried out in flat trays (20×20×5 cm) at 30 and 40 °C for 5 days. The fermented waste mixture was dried at 60 °C for 5 days. Changes in nutrient content of the formula were observed by comparing the treatment and control. Formula prepared at 30 °C showed an increase in carbohydrate, protein and moisture content. A decrease was observed in total fat and ash content, calorie from fat and total calorie. Formula prepared at 40 °C showed an increase in protein and ash content. A decrease was observed in carbohydrate, moisture and total fat content, calorie from fat, and total calorie. Rhizopus azygosporus UICC 539 was able to grow and utilize the palm oil processing waste and improved the nutrient content of the formula.

Solid-state fermentation and formulation of non-sterile palm oil processing waste using Rhizopus azygosporus UICC 539

This study reported the ability of Rhizopus azygosporus UICC 539 to utilize non-sterile slurry and palm kernel cake (PKC) through solid-state fermentation, preparation of the fungus and non-sterile waste mixture as a formula for animal feed, and analysis of nutrient content of the formula. Fungal culture in PSB at 30 and 40 °C for 5 days was prepared and wet weight biomass was used as inoculum for animal feed formula. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) was carried out on the mixtures of non-sterile slurry and PKC (3:1) at 30 and 40 °C for 5 days and the fermented waste mixtures were dried at 60°C for 5 days. The results showed that during SSF there were presence of colonies of other fungi and bacteria from the waste mixture besides R. azygosporus. The total cell number of R. azygosporus and other fungi were decreased after SSF. Changes in nutrient content in the formula were observed by comparing the treatment and control. Formula prepared at 40 °C showed an increase of carbohydrate content and total calorie, while formula prepared at 30 °C showed an increase only at carbohydrate content. A decrease of protein, water content, ash content, total fat, and energy from fat, was observed in formulas prepared at both temperatures.

ეთერზეთოვანი ვარდის გადამუშავების ნარჩენების გამოკვლევა

ეთერზეთოვანი ვარდის გადამუშავების ნარჩენების გამოკვლევა

Characterization of bioactive and nutraceutical compounds occurring in olive oil processing wastes.

Several bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids and secoiridoids, are transferred from olive drupes to olive oil during the first stage of production. Here, the characterization of these low molecular weight (LMW) compounds in olive oil and in closely related processing materials, like olive leaves (OL) and olive mill wastewaters (OMW), was faced up, for the first time, by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS). A novel binary matrix composed of 1,8-bis(tetramethylguanidino)naphthalene (TMGN) and 9-aminoacridine (9AA) (1:1 molar ratio), displaying excellent ionization properties at low levels of laser energy, was employed in reflectron negative ion mode by a MALDI TOF/TOF system equipped with a neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride (Nd:YLF) laser (345 nm). MS/MS experiments were performed by using ambient air as the collision gas. Four major secoiridoids typically present in olive oil, i.e., the aglycones of oleuropein and ligstroside, and oleacein and olecanthal at m/z 377.1, 361.1, 319.1 and 303.1, respectively, were detected in virgin olive oil (VOO) extracts, along with some of their chemical/enzymatic hydrolysis by-products, such as elenolic (m/z 241.1), decarboxymethyl-elenolic acids (m/z 183.1) and hydroxytyrosol (m/z 153.1). Besides oleuropein aglycone and oleacein, hydroxylated derivatives of decarboxymethyl-elenolic acid and hydroxytyrosol were evidenced in OMW. While oleuropein was confirmed in OL extracts, several interesting phenolic compounds, including hydroxytyrosol, were recognized in OMW. The proposed approach based on the use of a novel binary matrix for MALDI MS/MS analyses of LMW bioactive compounds can be considered a promising analytical tool for a rapid screening of the phenolic fraction in olive oils and related processing wastes.

Proses Implementasi Kebijakan Lingkungan Dalam Pemanfaatan Limbah Kelapa Sawit Di Kabupaten Rokan Hulu

The amount of waste from the management of oil palm plantations in Rokan Hulu Regency, besides having a negative impact on the environment and the community also has a positive impact, one of the positive impacts of palm oil plantation waste management is as an energy source that can be used for electricity. Utilization of palm oil waste is carried out in reference to environmental policies made by the government, this policy shows the government's attention to environmental conditions due to pollution of palm oil processing waste. The implementation of this policy was successfully carried out so as to provide benefits to the community, namely the existence of electricity that can be enjoyed by the community. This can be used as an example or model for other regions that also have extensive oil palm plantations. The purpose of this research is to see the process of implementing environmental policies in the utilization of palm oil waste capable of contributing electricity to the surrounding community. Data analysis uses a qualitative approach with data triangulation and is presented in a descriptive form. The results of the study found that in the implementation process as seen from the idealized policy, the target group, the implementing organization, environmental factors in Rokan Hulu Regency there was collaboration between the government and the community and with the private sector so that the implementation of environmental policies could be carried out and the results could be seen from the presence of PLTBg Providing electricity to residents in three villages, this policy can be said to be successful and can be a model for other areas that have large oil palm plantations.

The prospects of burning coal and oil processing waste in slurry, gel, and solid state

This paper presents the experimental investigation results of ignition and combustion characteristics of fuels based on typical coal flotation waste which is formed and accumulated around the world in large volumes (about 200–300 million tons per year). We focus on the comparison of these characteristics for waste-derived fuels in different states: slurry, gel, and solid. We analyze the ignition delay times, minimum (threshold) ignition temperatures, combustion heat, concentrations of anthropogenic emissions, and the relative efficiency of fuels. We have determined that minimum ignition temperatures and shorter ignition delay times are achieved in the solid state (50–80% lower than in the slurry and gel state). The lowest concentrations of the most hazardous emissions are present in the liquid (slurry) state (NOx and SOx are 18–75% lower than from the combustion of coal in the solid state). The conditions were identified for the efficient use of coal and oil processing waste as part of composite fuels. The relative fuel effective utilization factor of waste-derived fuel mixtures in different states ranged from 0.11 to 45.5. It is maximal for fuels in the slurry state. The obtained data has been compared with the results of other studies.

Potensi Limbah Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif Terbarukan Di Wilayah Kalimantan Barat

Abstract– The area of oil palm plantations spread in 12 (twelve) regencies and 1 (one) city in West Kalimantan until 2016 has reached more than 1.4 million hectares. In addition to producing the main products of CPO, the oil palm plantation industry also produces biomass waste which, if not treated properly, will have adverse impacts on the environment. Solid waste from the processing of fresh fruit bunches can be utilized as fuel boiler driving steam turbine power plant. Liquid waste can be processed into biogas for fuel gas engines or gas turbines. While solid waste from stems and palm oil plant bark can be processed to produce bioethanol. Solid waste from the palm oil processing plant that has not been optimally utilized in the form of empty bunches of volumes reached more than 1.077.087 tons/ year and shell 301.584 tons/ year. Of these two solid wastes have the potential to generate energy of 21.826 TJ/yr. While liquid waste has the potential to produce methane gas of 66.779 on/year with a calorific valu of 3.606 TJ /yr. The total energy produced by solid and liquid waste is 25.432 TJ/yr. If used as fuel boiler or gas engine with heat transfer value into energy (efficiency) of 21,5%, will be generated electrical energy equal to 1,466,159 MWh/yr or equivalent with power plant with capacity more than 167 MW that operate throughout the year. From the processing of stem and oil palm plant stem if in every year re-planting of 4% of the plant area (48,344 ha), will potentially produce bioethanol 698.861 kL/yr. From utilization of palm oil processing waste as raw material of energy replacing fossil fuel will have positive impact to environment and potency to reduce CO2 emission up to 3,047,808 t-CO2/yr. Utilization of waste oil palm plantations into energy will provide financial benefits and environmental improvement. Keywords- palm oil, biomass waste, energy, environment

Impact of environmentally attractive additives on the ignition delay times of slurry fuels: Experimental study

The article presents the experimental results of studying the effect of the most widely used additives and dopants (promising in terms of the environment) on the ignition delay of slurry fuels prepared on the basis of coal and oil processing wastes. We have studied the most common organic additives: vegetable oils (coconut, rapeseed, olive), forest fuels (fallen leaves and pine needle litter), wood components (oak bark, sawdust, charcoal), plant wastes (algae, sunflower wastes, straw), glycerol, turpentine, ethanol, chalk, cardboard, and motor tire pyrolysis residue. The main components of slurry fuels were coal processing wastes (filter cakes of coking coal), water and used turbine oil. We have performed a comparative analysis of ignition delay times and threshold (minimum) ignition temperatures. Maximum ignition temperatures of slurry fuels have been studied as well. The experiments involved fuel droplets with a size (radius) of 1 mm. The combustion temperatures varied within the range of 700–900 °C. It is reasonable to add 10–20 wt% of filter cakes to use large volumes of the accumulated coal processing wastes and retain rheological and energy performance indicators of the slurry. It was established that the use of rapeseed and coconut oils, charcoal, carbonaceous residue of motor tire pyrolysis, straw, sunflower wastes and turpentine can most effectively decrease the ignition delay and minimum ignition temperature of the slurry fuel.

К вопросу о переходе тепловых электрических станций с традиционных топлив на органоводоугольные топливные композиции

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью эффективной утилизации многочисленных аккумулированных отходов углеобогащения и нефтепереработки в составе водоугольных и органоводоугольных топлив, существенного снижения потребления полезных ископаемых для получения тепловой и электрической энергии, минимизации влияния теплоэнергетики на здоровье населения и состояние природы. Цель исследования: оценка преобразования систем топливоподачи при переходе тепловых электрических станций с твердого, жидкого и газового топлива на органоводоугольные топлива; проведение технико-экономического анализа применения органоводоугольных топлив на ТЭС с учетом основных статей затрат. Объект: тепловая электрическая станция тепловой мощностью 800 Гкал/ч и электрической мощностью 300 МВт, расположенная в Сибирском регионе Российской Федерации. В качестве основных видов топлива используется каменный уголь марки «Д» и природный газ, в качестве растопочного топлива используется мазут. Методы: проведение технико-экономического анализа эффективности перехода тепловой электрической станции с традиционного топлива на органоводоугольные топлива путем расчета следующих затрат: топливные, эксплуатационные, хранение топлива, хранение и утилизация золошлаковых отходов, уплата штрафов и экологические мероприятия, переоборудование системы топливного хозяйства. Результаты. Переход с традиционного твердого топлива (угля) на органоводоугольные суспензии существенно упрощает системы топливных хозяйств ТЭС и котельных, так как для создания таких систем требуется значительно меньшее количество оборудования. При выработке общей установленной мощности всеми угольными электростанциями мира за счет сжигания органоводоугольных топлив экономия одних только топливных затрат может составить от сотен млн р до десятков млрд р в год.

Environmental, economic and energetic benefits of using coal and oil processing waste instead of coal to produce the same amount of energy

The replacement of coals by less environmentally hazardous coal-water slurries with and without petrochemicals is often discussed with an emphasis on quite a long list of advantages of composite fuels. In this research, we perform a compound analysis of the main prospects of switching from coal to slurries containing coal and oil processing waste. The main focus is on comparing a group of parameters to produce the same amount of heat from the combustion of coals and high-potential fuels. The compound analysis includes fuel consumption, the most hazardous anthropogenic emissions (sulfur and nitrogen oxides), the mass of the ash residue, the cost of components as well as their properties and concentrations. The numerical values of the relative efficiency factor of fuels based on municipal and industrial wastes vary in a wide range from 2 to 165. The best results are shown by the slurries based on flotation wastes (filter cakes) of coking and nonbaking coals (ranks C and N). For them, the aggregated criterion indicators are 70–90% higher than for the respective coals. A forecast has been made on the amount of energy that can be generated using fuels from wastes. According to our forecast, the waste-based fuels under study may be used to generate 773 TWh of energy annually.

Anthropogenic Emissions from Combustion of Coal-Water Slurries Containing Petrochemicals Based on Coal and Oil Processing Wastes

Promising solutions have been identified that allow to significantly reduce hazardous emissions from combustion by substituting coal with coal-water slurries (CWS) and coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals (CWSP) as combustion fuels. Experiments show that satisfactory environmental indicators can be achieved even using coal and oil processing wastes as main components of CWSP.

Mathematical model simulating the ignition of a droplet of coal water slurry containing petrochemicals

Global problems of effective coal and oil processing waste recovery can be solved by making use of these wastes as the main fuel components for coal water slurries containing petrochemicals (CWSP). Until now, no predictive models have been developed that would simulate the sustainable ignition of CWSPs based on components with highly different properties, such as ash, moisture, and volatile content, heat of combustion, etc. This is exactly the type of model we are presenting in this paper. In order to gain a greater insight in the process under study, the experimental research has been conducted. We have created an experimental database with the main characteristics of CWSP ignition, namely the duration of stages, gas-phase and heterogeneous ignition delay times, maximum combustion temperatures, and minimum sufficient oxidizer temperatures. A mathematical model has been developed predicting the conditions and characteristics of CWSP droplet ignition. The signature feature of the model is that it accounts for all the main heat and mass transfer processes and chemical reactions in the solid fuel – liquid fuel – water system under study. This mathematical model can serve as the basis for estimating and comparing the ignition characteristics of different CWSPs.

Environmental benefits and drawbacks of composite fuels based on industrial wastes and different ranks of coal

A promising solution to many problems that thermal power industry is facing today would be switching from conventional coal dust combustion to coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals (CWSP). Here, we perform an experimental study of the most hazardous anthropogenic emissions (sulfur and nitrogen oxides) from the combustion of high-potential CWSP. We identify the main benefits and potential drawbacks of using CWSP in thermal power industry. A set of components and additives to CWSP are explored that significantly affect the environmental and energy performance of fuels. The anthropogenic emissions from the combustion of CWSP made of widespread coal and oil processing wastes are no higher than those from coal dust combustion. Using specialized additives to CWSP, we can change the concentrations of NOx and SOx several times. The most appealing additives to CWSP are sawdust, straw, charcoal, limestone, and glycerol. They provide better environmental, economic, and energy performance and improve the rheological properties of CWSP. Waste oils and oil sludge added to CWSP may impair the environmental performance but boost the cost and energy efficiency. Using coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals as a fuel at thermal power plants is an environmentally friendly as well as cost- and energy-efficient way to recover industrial wastes.

Environmental advantages of composite fuels based on industrial wastes and different ranks of coal

Thermal power plants and boiler units generate most of the anthropogenic emissions around the world. A promising solution to many problems that heat and power industry is facing today would be switching from conventional coal dust combustion to composite liquid fuels (CLF). These are also known as coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals (CWSP). Here, we perform an experimental study of the most hazardous anthropogenic emissions (sulfur and nitrogen oxides) from the combustion of high-potential CWSP. We identify the main benefits and potential drawbacks of using CWSP in heat and power industry. A set of components and additives to CWSP are explored that significantly affect the environmental and energy performance of fuels. The anthropogenic emissions from the combustion of CWSP made of widespread coal and oil processing wastes are no higher than those from coal dust combustion. Using specialized additives to CWSP, we can change the concentrations of NOx and SOx several times. The most appealing additives to CWSP are sawdust, straw, charcoal, limestone, and glycerol.

Coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals to solve problems of air pollution by coal thermal power stations and boiler plants: An introductory review

This introductory study presents the analysis of the environmental, economic and energy performance indicators of burning high-potential coal water slurries containing petrochemicals (CWSP) instead of coal, fuel oil, and natural gas at typical thermal power stations (TPS) and a boiler plant. We focus on the most hazardous anthropogenic emissions of coal power industry: sulfur and nitrogen oxides. The research findings show that these emissions may be several times lower if coal and oil processing wastes are mixed with water as compared to the combustion of traditional pulverized coal, even of high grades. The study focuses on wastes, such as filter cakes, oil sludge, waste industrial oils, heavy coal-tar products, resins, etc., that are produced and stored in abundance. Their deep conversion is very rare due to low economic benefit. Effective ways are necessary to recover such industrial wastes. We present the cost assessment of the changes to the heat and power generation technologies that are required from typical power plants for switching from coal, fuel oil and natural gas to CWSPs based on coal and oil processing wastes. The corresponding technological changes pay off after a short time, ranging from several months to several years. The most promising components for CWSP production have been identified, which provide payback within a year. Among these are filter cakes (coal processing wastes), which are produced as a ready-made coal-water slurry fuel (a mixture of flocculants, water, and fine coal dust). These fuels have the least impact on the environment in terms of the emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides as well as fly ash. An important conclusion of the study is that using CWSPs based on filter cakes is worthwhile both as the main fuel for thermal power stations and boiler plants and as starting fuel.

Effects of vermicomposts obtained from rose oil processing wastes, dairy manure, municipal open market wastes and straw on plant growth, mineral nutrition, and nutrient uptake of corn

ABSTRACTStudy aims to investigate the effects of vermicomposts containing oil processing wastes, dairy manure, municipal open market wastes and straw on the growth, nutrient concentrations and nutrient uptakes of corn plant. For this, there different mixtures were prepared. Vermicomposts were applied with the rates of 0, 5000, 10000, and 20000 kg ha−1 to 2 kg soil containing pots. Study was conducted in growth chamber for 2 months. Vermicompost applications increased plant growth, some plant nutrient concentrations and uptake. Also, vermicomposts showed the variation on parameters depending on their mixtures. Results showed that nutrients taken by the plant increased with the vermicompost until 10000 kg ha−1 dose. Most of the nutrient concentrations such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) were not increased in plant tissues, whereas uptake of them by the plant showed a significant increase. In addition, residual soil nutrients increased with the increase in vermicompost levels.