Oil Processing Waste Research Articles

Perspectives of the Use of Rapeseed Oil for the Doping of Waste-Based Industrial Fuel

We have applied rapeseed oil to improve the industrial fuels based on waste-derived coal water slurry. This unifies the two modern trends of creation of the renewable and waste-derived fuels decreasing the consumption of combustible fossils. The fuel consisting of the filter cake of fiery coal (90 wt %) and rapeseed oil shows an optimal ignition delay times (∼4 s) at 970 K, which is evidently better than that for coal water slurry doped by fuel oil. Simultaneously, it shows a stable combustion temperature exceeding that observed for composition with fuel oil. These results were compared with properties of the biofuel consisting of the rapeseed oil (65–70 wt %) and biofiller made from dry straw. This composition shows good combustion properties at low temperatures. An optimal ignition delay (∼2 s) appears at T ≈ 825 K. The rapeseed oil itself shows the high fire safety during storage and less of the harmful exhaust gases than oil-processing wastes usually used within the waste-derived fuels.

Phosphorus removal efficiency from wastewater under different loading conditions using sand biofilters augmented with biochar

Treated wastewater is a valuable resource, particularly in countries facing water shortage such as Jordan. Nevertheless, excess nutrients, especially phosphorus, may have detrimental impacts on receiving waterbodies. Treated wastewater in Jordan often exceeds the recommended levels set by the Jordanian Standards for wastewater reuse and discharge. Therefore, it is important to reduce phosphorus loads to acceptable levels before discharge. Biofiltration is a low-cost technology that has shown good potential for wastewater treatment. The performance of biofilters largely depends on the media used. In this study, local sand and sand augmented with biochar prepared from the olive oil processing waste (SBC) were used as filter media for phosphorus removal from clarified secondary treated wastewater. The two media types were tested under different hydraulic and phosphorus loading conditions to simulate shock, flooding, and inundation conditions. The results showed that sand media was more effective in removing phosphorus (90.8 ± 2.6%) than sand amended with biochar (83.3 ± 3.2%). Both media showed resilience under extreme loading conditions. Although phosphorus removal efficiency was negatively affected following the extreme loading events, the observed effects were temporary. The simulated inundation event further showed that the media was able to retain the adsorbed phosphorus. Furthermore, the phosphorus concentration in the effluent remained within the prescribed discharge guidelines at all times.

Ignition of composite liquid fuel droplets based on coal and oil processing waste by heated air flow

To expand the resource base of fuels and methods of hydrocarbon waste recovery, this paper presents the study of the ignition features and conditions of composite fuel slurries based on wastes from coal, chemical, petrochemical, energy, and transport industries. Composite liquid fuels have been prepared using basic components: filter cakes of low-caking, nonbaking, and bituminous coal; engine, turbine, and transformer oil waste; plasticizer. According to a well-known experimental approach, the investigations of the ignition processes have been performed for single fuel droplets (with a radius ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm) covering a fast-response thermocouple junction. A heated air flow – the ignition source of a droplet – was formed by a specialized blower and a heater. The air temperature varied within the range of 600–900 K. The oxidizer flow velocity was about 3 m/s. With the help of particle image velocimetry hardware and Actual Flow software, we determined the conditions and characteristics of the oxidizer flow transformation around droplets of various shapes. The typical stages of fuel droplet ignition were identified using high-speed video cameras and Tema Automotive software: heating; the evaporation of water and flammable liquid; the thermal decomposition of coal; the formation and ignition of a gas-vapor mixture; the heating of coke residue; the heterogeneous ignition and combustion of carbon. Further, ignition delay times were determined under the conditions of low temperature (600–900 K) heating, as well as the combustion times of fuel droplets with different compositions. Finally, the minimum temperatures were specified sufficient for the sustainable ignition of composite liquid fuel. The established ranges of minimum temperatures show the possibility of burning fuel slurries based on coal and oil processing wastes in heat and power boilers of different capacity. The temperature modes can be adjusted to the required environmental, economic and energy performance indicators. The maximum temperature of a droplet during the combustion process is more than 1100 K. This result confirms the high combustion heat of fuel slurries, even those based on typical industrial wastes, and shows great prospects of their application in the thermal power engineering. The wide use of abundant industrial wastes as the main fuel components of coal water slurries containing petrochemicals is a high-potential solution to the global problem of their recovery and the reduction of the environmental load of coal-based thermal power engineering on the nature and humankind.

Droplet ignition of coal–water slurries prepared from typical coal- and oil-processing wastes

The requirements for stable ignition (and subsequent combustion) of fuel suspensions prepared from typical coal- and oil-processing wastes are studied experimentally. Attention focuses on the differences between the ignition characteristics of coal–water slurries (containing petrochemicals) obtained on the basis of filter cakes containing T, K, SS, Zh, D, and G coal. To eliminate the influence of the droplet holder (traditionally, thermocouple junctions, ceramic rods, or metal wire) on the ignition characteristics of the fuel droplet, the experiments employ a special model combustion chamber and a device for introducing a single drop of suspension. The ignition time and the minimum temperature of stable ignition of a droplet of coal–water slurries suspended in an oxidant flux are established. The influence of the following factors on the initiation of fuel combustion is determined: the oxidant temperature, the droplet size, the size of the coal dust, and the properties and concentrations of the components. The compositions of the coal–water slurries corresponding to optimal ignition (minimum inertia) are identified.

Maximum combustion temperature for coal-water slurry containing petrochemicals

This study examines the temperature change of droplets of coal-water slurry containing petrochemicals (CWSP). The slurry consists of coal and oil processing waste. The temperature of oxidant in a modelled combustion chamber is varied between 600 and 1200 K. The initial size (radius) of CWSP droplets varied in the range of 0.5–3 mm. The study identifies typical temperature trends at the center and on the surface of the CWSP droplet. The temperature trends represent the following stages: (i) heating of fuel, (ii) evaporation of water and a liquid combustible component, (iii) thermal decomposition of coal and yield of volatiles, (iv) gas phase ignition of volatiles together with vapor of the combustible liquid, and (v) heterogeneous ignition of carbon and its burnout. Moreover, these trends indicate the maximum combustion temperatures of CWSP that reflect corresponding heat release. The study specifies the parameters which influence the maximum combustion temperature: fuel component composition, properties of components, droplet size, and the oxidant temperature. Finally, the study defines the minimum ignition temperatures and delay times of sustainable combustion initiation that characterize the ignition inertia. The knowledge of influence of these factors will allow one to predict the optimal conditions for the combustion of the CWSP.

Burning Properties of Slurry Based on Coal and Oil Processing Waste

The main physicochemical coefficients of the components and of the tested coal–water slurry containing petrochemicals (CWSP) have been collected. The viscosity, mixture stability, density, ash content, humidity, flash and ignition temperatures, and enthalpy of combustion of the tested CWSP are reported. The temperatures of combustion of fuel compositions with different concentrations of solid and liquid components have been measured, as well as the important parameters: the ignition time delays of droplets (radius 0.25–2.5 mm) and the times required to reach their complete burning. The study allows determination of the optimal fuel compositions yielding the shortest ignition time delays, the longest times to complete burning, the highest temperatures of combustion, and the maximum enthalpy of combustion. It is found that the viscosity of CWSP is dependent almost proportionally on the moisture content of components. It is shown that the calorific value of CWSP is dependent proportionally on the calorific v...

Evaluation of Different Screening Methods for Biosurfactant Producers Isolated from Contaminated Egyptian Samples Grown on Industrial Olive Oil Processing Waste

Evaluation of Different Screening Methods for Biosurfactant Producers Isolated from Contaminated Egyptian Samples Grown on Industrial Olive Oil Processing Waste

Co-composting of rose oil processing waste with caged layer manure and straw or sawdust: Effects of carbon source and C/N ratio on decomposition

Rose oil is a specific essential oil that is produced mainly for the cosmetics industry in a few selected locations around the world. Rose oil production is a water distillation process from petals of Rosa damascena Mill. Since the oil content of the rose petals of this variety is between 0.3-0.4% (w/w), almost 4000 to 3000 kg of rose petals are needed to produce 1 kg of rose oil. Rose oil production is a seasonal activity and takes place during the relatively short period where the roses are blooming. As a result, large quantities of solid waste are produced over a limited time interval. This research aims: (i) to determine the possibilities of aerobic co-composting as a waste management option for rose oil processing waste with caged layer manure; (ii) to identify effects of different carbon sources - straw or sawdust on co-composting of rose oil processing waste and caged layer manure, which are both readily available in Isparta, where significant rose oil production also takes place; (iii) to determine the effects of different C/N ratios on co-composting by the means of organic matter decomposition and dry matter loss. Composting experiments were carried out by 12 identical laboratory-scale composting reactors (60 L) simultaneously. The results of the study showed that the best results were obtained with a mixture consisting of 50% rose oil processing waste, 64% caged layer manure and 15% straw wet weight in terms of organic matter loss (66%) and dry matter loss (38%).

Immobilization of soil copper using organic and inorganic amendments

AbstractThis experiment aimed to immobilize Cu in polluted agricultural soils via the application of agrochemicals to reduce its bioavailability to plants. A greenhouse pot experiment was established using a Cu contaminated vineyard topsoil collected from a farm in Greece. The soil was mixed with inorganic [i.e., zeolite (Z), Al‐oxide (AX), Mn‐oxide (MX), and phosphate rock (PR)] as well as organic amendments [i.e., activated charcoal (AC), commercial peat soil material (CP), and compost from olive oil processing wastes (COW)] with an application rate of 2.5% and cultivated by corn (Zea maize). After plant harvesting, Cu was measured separately in the aboveground biomass and roots, respectively, whereas the soil samples were analyzed for DTPA‐extractable and geochemical fractions of Cu (soluble + exchangeable fraction, sorbed and carbonate fraction, Fe‐/Mn‐oxides fraction, and organic fraction). The immobilizing agents, except MX, reduced the soluble plus exchangeable Cu in the treated soil. The lowest concentrations of the soluble plus exchangeable Cu occurred in the soil amended with AC followed by CP, AX, COW, PR, and Z, respectively. The amendments decreased the uptake of Cu by corn. Concentrations of Cu were between 11 and 38% lower in the above ground biomass and 19 and 48% lower in the roots than the control. The organic amendments were more effective than the inorganic additives. The AC was the most effective organic additive and AX was the most effective inorganic amendment.

Enhancement of adhesive properties of road asphalts, waste oil processing products

In continuation of studies on the development of low-waste technologies for comprehensive utilization of oil production and refining waste, a method has been proposed for enhancement of the adhesive properties of secondary asphalt binders by introducing into their composition new amidoamine adhesive additives synthesized from soap stock, vegetable oil processing waste.

The gutter oil issue in China

In China, the term gutter oil collectively refers to the oils recovered from various types of food waste, used cooking oil and food processing waste. People are deeply concerned about gutter oil returning to the dining table disguised as cooking oil. Driven by profit, some illegal companies and individuals have formed a illegal supply chain to refine the waste oils from various food sources and sell it as cooking oil, and the operation usually spans several provinces. As a result, many Chinese biodiesel manufacturers cannot compete with these illegal processing facilities for feedstock and are facing survival challenges. However, research on the gutter oil issue has been lacking. This review paper integrates information from various reports on gutter oil and summarises the existing gutter oil inventory, the illegal supply chain from gutter oil to dining table and the management practices in China and the USA, to gain a better understanding of the gutter oil issue, the challenges and possible solutions.

Effect of the Levels of the Virgin Coconut Oil Processing Waste (Blondo) on Productive Performance and Egg Quality of Laying Hens

Effect of the Levels of the Virgin Coconut Oil Processing Waste (Blondo) on Productive Performance and Egg Quality of Laying Hens

Phosphorus Sorption and Availability to Canola Grown in an Alfisol Amended with Various Soil Amendments

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of various soil amendments on sorption and availability of phosphorus (P) in a biosolid-amended Alfisol planted with canola. For this purpose a greenhouse pot experiment was established in an acidic Greek Alfisol amended once with sewage sludge (300 t ha−1) 13 years ago. Five kg from this soil was thoroughly mixed with 0 or 50 g of zeolite (Z), coal fly ash (FA), sugar beet factory lime (SBFL), and compost from olive oil–processing wastes (OW) and cultivated with canola (Brassica napus). Additionally, a non-biosolid-amended soil from an adjacent field was used as control. Two months after planting, soil and plant samples were selected and analyzed for available and total P. Phosphorus sorption isotherms were prepared on soil samples after plants were harvested, and adjusted to the Freundlich equation. Phosphorus distribution coefficient (K d) values were obtained by the same batch equilibrium experiments. Results showed that 13 years after application of high-dose biosolids, soil pH increased from 5.19 to 6.92, canola biomass yield increased from 1.96 to 5.3 g pot−1, Olsen P increased from 25.5 to 57.7 mg kg−1, and plant tissue P concentration increased from 1162 to 2881 mg kg−1. Application of FA, Z, SBFL, and OW to the biosolid-amended soils increased soil pH from 6.92 to 8.05, 7.07, 7.72, and 7.19, canola biomass yield from 5.3 to 8.6, 7.5, 7.6, and 5.4 g pot−1, and Olsen P from 57.7 to 110.5, 61.2, 80.5, and 64.5 mg kg−1respectively. Application of Z, SBFL, and OW to the biosolid-amended soil increased plant tissue P from 2881 to 3048, 3320, and 3523 mg kg−1, respectively, whereas FA application decreased it to 2696 mg kg−1. Application of the high dose of biosolids to the acidic Alfisol decreased P_K d from 23.3 to 12.9 L kg−1. Application of FA, Z, and SBFL to the biosolid-amended soil increased P_K d from 12.9 to 23.19, 13.83, and 14.48 L kg−1, respectively, whereas OW application decreased it to 12.82 L kg−1.Values of Kd decreased as the concentration of the added P increased in the test solution in the case of non-biosolid-amended soil and fly ash treatment but it relatively increased as the concentration of the added P increased in the test solution in the biosolid-amended soil and Z, SBFL, and OW treatments.

Improvement of Approaches to Waste Containment System Development, Management, and Evaluation

Waste-containment sites number in the hundreds of thousands throughout the world as a result of past and continuing industrial, municipal, and military activities. Within the United States alone, recent records of the United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA indicate the existence of more than 200,000 contaminated sites, a large fraction of which involve or need waste containment. In addition to contaminated sites and facilities, a large waste-generation inventory comprises billions of metric tons of metal mining and processing wastes, oil and gas processing wastes, industrial wastes, municipal wastes, and solid wastes from electric power generation stations. At the Hanford site, which had been a plutonium production site for 50 years, approximately 7,600 cubic meters of actinides, as well as 1.2 million cubic meters of low-level radioactive wastes, are buried. It is not feasible to chemically or biologically clean up all contaminated sites because of excessive costs including opportunity costs . Furthermore, the complexities of both the subsurface geohydrology of contaminated sites and the lack of field-scale cleanup technologies that can apply mechanisms proved at the bench scale for some persistent contaminants to field scale make it infeasible to implement cleanup programs as the sole means of managing contaminated sites. With respect to solid waste management, recycling has not kept pace with generation rates. Consequently, waste storage in containment systems will remain as a waste-management option for the foreseeable future. Among these systems are landfills, waste piles, covers and liners, grout curtains, slurry walls, reactive walls and beds, concrete tombs, and radioactive waste repositories. For these systems, the primary design function is minimizing the rates of contaminant release into the environment for service lives that range from about 10 years to 1,000 years. The performance of this function requires that the structural integrity of these systems be maintained for very long time periods. Considering the high uncertainties associated with system performance over very long time spans within which transient stressors such as floods and earthquakes may affect some facilities, the challenge is to develop effective ap-

Isolation and Characterization of Defatted Canola Meal Protein

Protein was extracted and isolated from canola oil processing waste. Canola is an increasingly important oilseed crop worldwide. More than 99% of protein was extracted from crude commercial hexane defatted canola meal when a 5% w/v suspension in 0.4% w/v NaOH was agitated for 60 min at room temperature in baffled flasks on an orbital shaker at 180−200 rpm. Protein recovery was 87.5% upon precipitation with acetic acid. The major proteins in canola seed were glutelins (91.8% soluble in 0.4% w/v NaOH) and globulins (50.9% soluble in 5% w/v NaCl) as measured by separate extractions. Canola proteins had poor solubility between pH 2 and 10 for all dispersion solutions. Solubility of protein isolates was 60% or less. Extraction and precipitation procedure did not produce lysinoalanine. Amino acid profile of isolates indicated high nutritional quality for use in products for 10−12-year-olds and adults. Keywords: Canola meal; canola meal protein; protein quality

Identification of the alpha-galactosidase MEL genes in some populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a new gene MEL11.

In this report we mapped a new MEL11 gene and summarize our population studies of the alpha-galactosidase MEL genes of S. cerevisiae. The unique family of structural MEL genes has undergone rapid translocations to the telomeres of most chromosomes in some specific Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations inhabiting olive oil processing waste (alpechin) and animal intestines. A comparative study of MEL genes in wine, pathogenic and alpechin populations of S. cerevisiae was conducted using genetic hybridization analysis, molecular karyotyping and Southern hybridization with the MEL1 probe. Five polymeric genes for the fermentation of melibiose, MEL3, MEL4, MEL6, MEL7, MEL11, were identified in an alpechin strain CBS 3081. The new MEL11 gene was mapped by tetrad analysis to the left telomeric region of chromosome I. In contrast, in wine and pathogenic populations of S. cerevisiae, MEL genes have been apparently eliminated. Their rare Mel+ strains carry only one of the MEL1, MEL2, or MEL8 genes. One clinical strain YJM273 was heterozygotic on the MEL1 gene; its mel1(0) allele did not have a sequence of the gene.

Recovery of Grapefruit Oil Constituents from Processing Waste Water using Styrene‐divinylbenzene Resins

ABSTRACTStyrene‐divinylbenzene (SDVB) resins were utilized for the recovery of coldpressed grapefruit oil constituents from model solutions and waste waters. Sorption rates and sorption capacities were determined for a series of resins with model solutions. Citrus oil processing waste water was passed through an upflow column extraction system. Adsorbed oil was desorbed using 95% ethanol and gas chromatographic analysis was performed to determine the quality of the extracted oil. The waste water samples contained suspended solids which reduced the extraction ability of the resins. Major compounds recovered from waste waters were d‐limonene and alpha‐terpineol. Nootkatone and linalool recovery levels varied, while octanal and decanal were present in extremely low levels in the recovered products.

Treatment of edible oil and soap processing wastes

Laboratory batch and continuous-flow experiments were conducted to study the treatment of oily wastes using a system comprising dispersed (diffused) air flotation and activated sludge processes. Removal of oil and Suspended Solids was effectively accomplished by air flotation in conjunction with chemical coagulation. Alum was superior to ferric chloride and lime, especially at low doses. Acidification to pH 4, coupled with dispersed air flotation, was also effective in oil removal but was less effective in Suspended Solids reduction. The activated sludge process successfully removed soluble organics and oils remaining after air flotation treatment and was not inhibited by the relatively high salt content of the waste. Optimum results were obtained at moderately low organic loadings, suggesting the use of an extended aeration process.