Oil Palm Plantation Area Research Articles

Basal Stem Rot Disease Eradication and Improving Production with Ganoderma Vaccine/Biofungicide CHIPS in Flooded Area of Oil Palm Plantation

Ganoderma has always been the main cause of basal stem rot (BSR) in many countries including Indonesia. Many approaches have been made, such as physical, chemical, and biology approaches using endophytic microorganisms. This study uses Ganoderma vaccine/ Biofungicide CHIPS to control Ganoderma and MOAF fertilizer as a nutrition source in oil palms that are severely infected by Ganoderma. Experiment is conducted in an oil palm plantation at Kecamatan Bilah Hilir, Kabupaten Labuhan Batu, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. This plantation is a sandy mineral soil, which is a former swamp area. Because of the low contour of the land, the areas are often inundated by floods for more than 1 month from the end of the year to the beginning of the year. This study aims to eradicate basal stem rot (BSR) disease in the areas. Because of the flooded area, the soil is quite damp and equal dispersion of Ganoderma spores occurs massively throughout the whole area. We conducted the study for 4 years (2017 to 2020), using Ganoderma vaccine/Biofungicide CHIPS in 3 blocks: D4, D5, and C3 as study area and block C6 as control block (without CHIPS). Results of this study showed the productivity reached 79,12 to 94,02% of the PPKS (Indonesia Oil Palm Research Centre) standard production. Although in unfavorable environmental conditions, these numbers show a very satisfying result as it compensates for healthy normal oil palm production, while experiment blocks using inorganic fungicides and Trichoderma, the productivity decreased from year to year. The combined application of Organic fertilizer MOAF for nutrient sources with Ganoderma vaccine /Biofungicide CHIPS is very effective against the spread of basal stem rot (BSR) diseases in oil palms even in unfavorable environments as in flooded areas.

Does the Change in Land Cover Alters Birds and Butterflies Diversity?

Currently the expansion of oil palm is increasing, which at the same time creates a lot of negative responses related to environmental impacts, biodiversity loss, including birds and butterflies species diversity. Nowadays our understanding of the impacts of oil palm plantations is still based on the claim that oil palm plantations are established on primary forest land. The study aimed to estimate the impact of land cover changes, loss of biodiversity, and possible cohabitation between birds and butterflies based on baseline land type before oil palm plantation. The research was conducted at PT Tempirai Palm Resources, to be precise, in the baseline area (shrubs) and plantation areas planted with oil palm using direct and indirect observation methods. Based on research, it was known that land conversion to oil palm plantations caused changes in the number of species, and the diversity of birds and butterflies. The number of bird species in the baseline area was higher (S = 22 species, H ‘= 2.51) than in the plantation area. The number of butterfly species in the baseline area was less (0 species) than in the oil palm plantation area (5 species, H ‘= 1.56, Dmg = 2.23). In general, the increase in bird species’ biodiversity was higher (59.09%) compared to the loss. In contrast, the butterfly species was not lost. A cohabitation also occurred between birds and butterflies at the site. The study concluded that oil palm plantation not only have a negative impact but also a positive impact for biodiversity especially for bird and butterfly.­­­­

PENGEMBANGAN USAHA INTEGRASI SAWIT SAPI: DUKUNGAN LEGISLASI DAN STAKEHOLDER

<p>The area of oil palm plantations is now reaching 14.7 million hectares, and it is an opportunity for Indonesia to develop an integrated beef cattle industry with the oil-palm integrated system. However, the development of this system is not massive yet. The problem, among others, is the plantation area owned by the smallholder farmers, which is not sufficient for grazing areas. To formulate concentrate feeds for the cattle, farmers need support from palm oil processing companies for their raw materials. This paper is prepared as a literature review aimed at analysing the prospects and constraints, legal aspects, and stakeholders' role in developing cattle-oil palm integration. This paper concludes that there is ample opportunity to create an oil palm-cattle integration system. Furthermore, oil palm industry development requires legal aspects, the number of farmers and companies, and organisations. A policy is needed to develop an oil palm-cattle integration system coordinated by the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs. The needed policies, among others, organise smallholders involved in the integration system for easier access to technologies, extension, livestock health services, and access to feed raw materials such as palm kernel cake and sludge. The sustainability of oil palm-cattle integration efforts in the regions is needed to extend the status of current regulations regarding the integration system from Governor and Regency Regulations into Regional Regulations.</p>

RETRACHED Inhibiting Factors For Sustainable Use (Solid) Of Palm Waste As Food For Beef Cattle In Seluma District

Farmers in oil palm plantation areas in Seluma Regency have utilized the solid potential of palm oil waste as a source of beef cattle feed. Tunas Harapan Livestock Group, Sumber Arum Village, Sukaraja District, started using solid feed in 2009 to 2017, but now many farmers are no longer using it. This study aims to identify the inhibiting factors for solid use in Tunas Harapan Livestock Group. The study was conducted from July to August 2018. Data collection through in-depth interviews involved two key informants, namely the Head of the Farmer's Group and an agricultural extension worker, which was confirmed by interviews with 3 farmers and observations. The data collected is the result of the identification of technical, economic, and social factors related to the maintenance of beef cattle. The data were analyzed using the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method. The results showed that technical factors were the main obstacle to solid use with a value of 63.7%, followed by economic factors (25.8%) and social factors (10.5%). The reduction in the scale of livestock rearing from 4-5 to 1-2 is the dominant technical factor that hinders the sustainability of solid use in the field.

Effect of boric acid on the preservation of palm replanting wood waste

At present, the area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia is approximately 11 million hectares. In addition, to produce abundant palm oil, this palm plantation also produces waste in the form of replanted wood when regeneration is carried out. The aim of this research is the utilization of palm wood replanting waste by immersion treating with boric acid as a preservative with concentrations of 1; 2.5 and 5% and soaking time of 2, 4, 6 days. From the preliminary analysis of the replanting waste, the water content was obtained at 34.41%, flexural strength at 26.48 kg/cm2, and compressive strength at 3.73 kg/cm2. After the preservative treatment with boric acid with 2; 4; and 6 days immersion and drying process, it was found the decrease of water content, an increase of compressive strength and flexural strength. The 4 days immersion with boric acid 5% was the best treatment with the water content decreased to 0.31%, flexural strength increased to 47.60 kg/cm2 and compressive strength increased to 8.21 kg/cm2.

Impact of smallholder inclusivity to the sustainability of the marketing channel

Smallholders are a group of oil palm growers in Indonesia, having a share of more than 40% of the Indonesian oil palm plantation area. There are a number of weaknesses that limit their inclusivity in the industry, posing a risk to their sustainability. This study analyses this hypothesis through 3 different types of smallholders representing the highest to the lowest level of inclusivity, namely ex-plasma partner, independent partner, and independent non-partner. Data were collected from 217 smallholders, 8 village collectors, 4 RAM and 2 mills from the province of Riau, Jambi and South Sumatra. Higher selling prices, lower profit margins, and more efficient marketing channel are used to indicate business sustainability. Shepherd, Acharya and Aggarwal, and Composite Index agree that higher selling prices and lower profit margins improve the marketing channel efficiencies, while the Marketing Efficiency Index and Soekartawi marketing efficiency values agree that lower cost of production will do so. The results show that on average, plasma/ex-plasma smallholders present the highest selling price, lowest total profit margin, and high production costs. This is caused by fertilizer usage that follows the recommended amount, improving productivity. Therefore, it can be concluded that inclusivity could improve the sustainability of smallholder marketing channels.

Land use land cover change and the resilience of social-ecological systems in a sub-region in South west Cameroon.

The old paradigm of horizontal expansion of agricultural land and built-up areas over highland and lowland ecosystems remains highly prevalent in Cameroon, causing significant changes in LULC and undermining the resilience and sustainability of social-ecological systems. We analysed satellite imagery of 1986 and 2018 to examine the extent and spatial patterns of LULCC in Fako sub-region of Cameroon. In addition, we explored the likelihood of LULCC and magnitude of impact of the drivers and predictors of LULCC in the sub-region by engaging 25 stakeholders in a focus group survey. Other cultivated areas of cropland, built-up, oil palm, and banana plantation covers increased by 21,360ha (10.5%), 3152ha (1.6%), 5721ha (2.8%), and 1823ha (0.9%), while dense forest, rubberand tea plantation covers decreased by - 44,945ha (- 22.1%), - 15,557ha (- 7.7%), and - 110ha (- 0.1%), respectively, from 1986 to 2018. Most of the deforestation and LULCC was caused by expansion of other cultivated areas of cropland by smallholders, contrary to the widely publicised narrative of agro-industrial and built-up areas expansion. The spatial pattern of LULCC showed that expansion of other cultivated areas of cropland and agro-industrial plantations were highest in the north and east zones, respectively, while expansion of built-up areas and decrease in agro-industrial plantation covers were highest in the central, south and western coastal zones of Fako division. The variations in the spatial patterns of LULCC between the sub-divisions are attributed to differences in rates of population growth and urbanisation, topography, size of farming population, proportion of cultivable land, socio-economic opportunities, and strength and resilience of local economy. The presence of the Mount Cameroon (4095m), with high value forests, endemism, and conservation attractiveness restricted increased LULCC with elevation, while LULCC increased with nearness to the sea and national road networks. The likelihood of change from one LULC to oil palm plantation, banana plantation, and other cultivated areas and from rubber plantation, dense forest, lowland grassland to other land uses was 95% and 90%, respectively. Population growth, agricultural and farmland expansion, and infrastructural development were ranked asthe three most important drivers of degradation under the business as usual scenario, while sustainable land management, good governance, and reforestation were ranked as thethree most important predictors of LULCC reduction under the green economy scenario. In general, production and living space functions significantly increased at the expense of ecological land cover. Prioritising and increasing the legal protection of the mountain and coastal land-boundary ecosystems while providing for production and living land areinvaluable for the sustainability of the social-ecological systems in the western highlands of Cameroon.

Genomewide SNP marker identification associated with drought tolerance in oil palm

Abstract. Yono D, Nugroho YA, Tanjung ZA, Utomo C, Liwang T. 2021. Genomewide SNP marker identification associated with drought tolerance in oil palm. Biodiversitas 22: 3138-3144. Drought stress is one of the abiotic stresses that frequently occurred in the oil palm plantation and has a negative impact on fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production. Therefore, drought-tolerant palms are essential to be selected to mitigate this challenge. In Indonesia, several oil palm plantation areas have a dry climate, such as Lampung province. Distinct yield performance palms were identified from well-recorded agronomic trials in these areas, where the palms are frequently exposed to drought stresses every year and lead them to suffer from water deficit response. Group of high and low-yielding palms was selected based on FFB production of each palm for at least ten constitutive years. The double digest restriction amplified DNA (ddRAD) genotyping methods were used to capture the Single Nucleotide Polymorph (SNP) variant from pools of sample association datasets. At least, 538k SNPs were identified from these pooled datasets. A bulked segregant analysis with a Case-Control approach was implemented to screen the contrast SNP profiles between both pools. A total of 56 association signals was selected from sequential filtering. These SNP sites are located in 21 genes. Further SNP validation and phenotypic verification are necessary to obtain SNPs marker for drought-tolerant palm selections.

Pengaruh Komponen Neraca Air Terhadap Produktivitas Kelapa Sawit pada Berbagai Jenis Tanah:: Studi Kasus Kalimantan Tengah dan Barat

Perbedaan jenis tanah dan letak geografis kebun kelapa sawit menyebabkan variasi sifat fisik tanah (terutama tekstur dan porositasnya). Perbedaan letak geografis juga menyebabkan variasi jumlah curah hujan yang mempengaruhi neraca air lahan. Respons fluktuasi produksi kelapa sawit yang berbeda akibat variasi jenis tanah dan neraca air lahan dapat dikaji dengan analisis hubungan neraca air lahan dan produktivitas kelapa sawit antar jenis tanah dan antar wilayah. Pada penelitian ini, analisis neraca air lahan dilakukan pada tiga lokasi area perkebunan kelapa sawit PT Bumitama Gunajaya Agro yang berada di provinsi Kalimantan Tengah dan Kalimantan Barat, menggunakan metode Thornthwaite-Mather. Analisis hubungan komponen neraca air dengan produksi TBS kelapa sawit dihitung berdasarkan data bulanan selama 8 tahun (2012 – 2019) menggunakan time series analysis dan untuk mencari model regresi terbaik digunakan stepwise regression. Komponen neraca air yang paling mempengaruhi produksi tandan buah segar (TBS) kelapa sawit (ton/ha/bulan) adalah curah hujan 7 bulan sebelum panen, hari hujan 11 dan 28 bulan sebelum panen, dan defisit air 10 bulan sebelum panen. Penurunan produksi TBS (ton/ha/bulan) terjadi setiap ada kenaikan defisit air senilai 10 mm/bulan pada tanah Dystrudept, Paleudults dan Haplohumods di Area 3 berturut-turut adalah 11, 2, dan 3%. Pada Area 5 penurunannya adalah 12, 4, dan 5%. Pada Area 6 penurunannya adalah 5, 18 dan 3%.

STUDY OF THE UTILIZATION OF PALM OIL INDUSTRY LIQUID WASTE

Palm oil is one of the plantation crops that have high economic value and is growing rapidly. The wider the area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia, the more palm oil mills will process palm fresh fruit marks and produce waste from processed palm oil, namely solid waste and liquid waste. Each tonne of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) processed at the plant will potentially leave waste of about 23% empty palm oil, 4% wet decanter solid, 6.5% shell, 13% fiber, and 50% liquid waste. This review will discuss the utilization of palm oil mill liquid waste (LCPKS) which is organic material that still contains many benefits such as nutrients, therefore the application of liquid waste is an effort to recycle some of the nutrients (recycling nutrients) which is followed by harvesting fresh fruit bunches (FFB) from oil palm so that it will reduce the cost of fertilization which is classified as very high for oil palm cultivation. During the processing of oil palm fruit into palm oil in the palm oil industry, the remaining process is obtained in the form of liquid waste. If done properly, the liquid waste of the palm oil industry is considerable potential and can increase the added value of waste itself.Keywords: liquid waste industry, palm oil, utilization

Prediction of Land Change for Oil Palm Plantations in Penajam Subdistrict, Penajam Paser Utara Regency, East Kalimantan Province

Penajam Subdistrict is the center of government and economy of the North Penajam Paser Regency. It has an area of oil palm plantations that continues to grow every year. The massive growth of oil palm plantations has resulted in converting agricultural land to oil palm plantations. The transformation of land function occurs because oil palm plantations are considered more profitable than planting rice. This study aims to analyze and predict land-use changes for oil palm in Penajam Subdistrict in 2031. The method used in this study uses a Geographical Information System (GIS) approach with the CA-Markov prediction model. The drivers of land-use change as input to the CA-Markov model consist of distance from the road, distance from the river, distance from the forest, elevation, and slope. The results showed an increase in the area of oil palm plantations and a decrease in the forest area. The Kappa test results show a value of 88%, which means it has an adequate accuracy level. In 2031, the location of oil palm plantations in the Penajam Regency will reach 11,542.57 ha or 23,1%.

A Study of Soil Characteristics of Road damages in Jeram, Kuala Selangor

The main purpose of this research work is to identify the classification and strength of soil does it affected the road damages in Jeram, Kuala Selangor. The most factors influencing road damages in Jeram is an overloading vehicle using the main roads. To achieve the objectives of this paper soil laboratory testing has been done in justify the content of peat soil. Location of study can be categorizing as a plantation soil as there are a majority of land has been use in agricultural sector which are oil palm tree plantation. Besides, oil palm plantation suitable for peat soil land which has less soil strength. Sample of soil were collected in Jeram and bring it to soil mechanics and geotechnical laboratory in UMP. Few tests were being soil classification, particle size distribution, moisture content, density, specific gravity, Atterberg limit and direct shear test. Soil sample from three different roads were chosen which are Jalan Pantai Jeram, Jalan Simpang 3 Jeram and Jalan Tambak Tengah. The road has different criteria from the surface damages which no damages occur, less damage and most damages on road. From the data collected, Jalan Simpang 3 Jeram results the most damages road and the less strength of soil due to high content of peat soil. The soils criteria are located near trench and in the area of oil palm plantation. It also is the main road were used to collect the plantation yield to the factory.

Remote Sensing for Detection of Ganoderma Disease and Bagworm Infestation in Oil Palm

Two major disease and pest in oil palm are Ganoderma disease and bagworm infestation. Ganoderma disease caused by Ganoderma boninense and bagworm infestation caused by Metisa Plana has caused significant loss to oil palm industry. Therefore, early detection and control are important to reduce the losses. This paper reviewed the existing approaches, challenges and future trend of aerial remote sensing technology for Ganoderma disease and bagworm infestation in oil palm. The aerial remote sensing technology comprises of multispectral, hyperspectral camera and radar which have different platform such as satellite, aircraft and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The aerial multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing analysed spectral signatures from visible and near infrared spectrum range for detection of the disease and pest attacks. Studies showed that satellite-based multispectral remote sensing only provide moderate accuracy (<70%) compared to UAV-based multispectral remote sensing (>80%) for detection of disease and pest infestation. Meanwhile, our study using UAV showed 90% of accuracy for moderate and severe Ganoderma disease detection in oil palm. Meanwhile, application of aerial hyperspectral remote sensing for Ganoderma disease showed potential for early detection of Ganoderma disease in oil palm and also can be used to detect early pest infestation in oil palm based on field spectroscopy results. Other than that, radar remote sensing has also able to differentiate healthy and Ganoderma-infected oil palm and also pest infestation by analysis of radar backscatter image of the foliar, frond and crown of oil palm. The challenges for the implementation of aerial remote sensing technology for disease and pest detection in oil palm is in tackling problems from shadows, mixed-class from single canopy and false-positive classification and also producing equipment at a lower and affordable price and also a user-friendly data analysis system that can be used by the plantations for a fast disease and pest detection works. The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Deep Learning (MDL), low-cost remote sensing camera and light-weight UAV has opened the opportunity to tackle the challenges. As a conclusion, aerial remote sensing provides better and faster disease and pest infestation detection system compared to ground-based inspection. The advancement of the aerial remote sensing technology can provide more economic and efficient disease and pest infestation detection system for large oil palm plantation areas.

New Design Approach for Oil Palm Transportation Processes Using Kano Model and QFD

HighlightsApplication of Kano model based on customer’s requirements and quality function deployment for oil palm fresh fruit bunch transportationNew vehicle design based on the analysisCost-benefit analysis comparing new transportation design with an existing oneAbstract. Existing transportation systems have been extensively developed to serve a variety of needs. While most systems of agricultural product transportation are designed for multi-purpose functions, farming activities and agro-processing industries may need specific types of transportation. The main focus of this study was to find a design to fulfil customer transportation requirements for oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFBs). Since more than 70% of Thai oil palm farmers operate at a small scale with an average oil palm plantation area of 3 to 5 ha, the challenge is not to further develop advanced technology to transport FFBs, but to develop a new design approach that fits the basic needs of farmers. Kano model, based on customer requirements for the oil palm FFB transportation processes, was integrated with quality function deployment method to identify significant design attributes and vehicle specification details. Three dimensions of cost structure—the economic monetary value, time required to complete each step, and product quality—were further considered to compare new transportation design with an existing one. The results verified that the proposed design showed a substantial potential to reduce the cost and processing time of transportation and to increase product quality. Keywords: Cost and benefit analysis, Kano model, Oil palm transportation, QFD, Vehicle design approach.

Deep Learning-based Method for Multi-Class Classification of Oil Palm Planted Area on Plant Ages Using Ikonos Panchromatic Imagery

Oil palm has many advantages, such as biofuels, cosmetics, food ingredients, etc. The amount of oil contained in oil palm fruit is very dependent on the age of the plant, so automatic detection of oil palm plantation area based on plant ages is required to estimate the amount of oil. The use of high-resolution satellite images in oil palm detection has shown promising results for small dimensions, and previous studies have used more than one band of the satellite images data. This will be a burden in terms of cost and processing. Previous studies regarding oil palm area detection usually focused on detecting land cover to distinguish oil palm and non-oil palm areas. This study proposes a method based on deep-learning convolutional neural networks to classify oil palm plantations at a productive age. The images used in this study are the Ikonos satellite image with panchromatic bands only, which have a spatial ratio of 1m. The plantation area is classified into the non-oil palm, oil palm areas with young, mature, and old ages. This study proposes a multi-class classification method for oil palm plantations based on plant ages using convolutional neural networks (CNN). This study performs two fine-tune models on a pre-trained CNN and then classified using SVM and CNN. The performance of CNN architectures such as AlexNet, VGG16, and VGG19 was compared. The highest accuracy is 94.74% when using the CNN classifier and fine-tune model-2 of the VGG19 pre-trained network.

STUDI PEMANFAATAN ABU TERBANG LIMBAH HASIL PEMBAKARAN CAMPURAN CANGKANG DAN SERABUT KELAPA SAWIT SEBAGAI SUBSTITUSI SEMEN PADA PEMBUATAN BETON NORMAL DI LAHAN BASAH

According to the Badan Pusat Statistik data in 2018, the total area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia currently reaches around 12.3 million hectares. Solid waste is the most waste, which is around 35-40% of the total Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) which is processed in the form of empty fruit bunches, fiber, fruit shells, and burnt ash. PT. Hasnur Citra Terpadu in Rantau, Tapin Regency, South Kalimantan is one of the Palm Oil Mill which in the combustion process of a boiler engine using oil palm shells and fibers is burned simultaneously. The result of the combustion process produces waste in the form of boiler crust ash which is fine textured (fly ash) and coarse textured (bottom ash). This study uses fly ash as a cement substitution for concrete mixtures. The making of mortar specimens was varied with fly ash with a percentage of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% which will be tested for compressive strength at the age of 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days. Then the making of concrete specimens is planned with a quality of 25 MPa and the concrete compressive strength is tested at the age of 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and 56 days and the split tensile strength test of the concrete at 28 days. Based on the results of the mortar compressive strength analysis, the optimum mixture of fly ash is 10% which is used for making concrete. The average compressive strength of normal concrete at 28 days is 26.33 MPa and the compressive strength of concrete with 10% fly ash (optimum concrete) is 26.14 MPa exceeding the design compressive strength of 25 MPa. Based on the results of the split tensile strength test of concrete at the age of 28 days, it was obtained 3,914 MPa for normal concrete and 3,466 MPa for optimum concrete.

Land-Use Changes and the Effects of Oil Palm Expansion on a Peatland in Southern Thailand

Tropical peatlands are one of the largest reservoirs of terrestrial organic carbon. However, present-day tropical peat swamp forests are under threat by anthropogenic disturbances and have already been widely degraded. Anthropogenic pressures on peatland ecosystems have resulted in ecological and biogeochemical changes and the release of carbon to the atmosphere. In Southeast Asia, the conversion of peatlands to oil palm plantations has accelerated significantly during the last 2 decades. This research analyzed direct and indirect land-use changes (DLUC and ILUC) that have been associated with oil palm expansion and anthropogenic impacts in the Princess Sirindhorn Wildlife Sanctuary (PSWS), Narathiwat, southern Thailand. Our analysis is based on land-use and land-cover data of the Land Development of Thailand from two different periods: 2000–2009 and 2009–2016. For the purpose of comparison, the data were reclassified into 12 types of land use: oil palm, para rubber, paddy field, abandoned paddy field, orchard, other agriculture lands, wetlands and peatlands, mangrove, evergreen forest, water area, build-up area, and unused area. In addition, the area of net change due to DLUC and ILUC was calculated, and carbon stock changes were estimated from above- and below-ground biomass and soil organic carbon. The results show that the total oil palm plantation area has increased from 0.04% in 2000 to 6.84% in 2016, because of a Thai government policy promoting the use of biodiesel and increasing capacity of palm oil production in 2005. Paddy field, evergreen forest, wetlands, and peatlands were the main areas being replaced. The clearance of natural forest greatly increased in the period of 2000–2009. The ILUC indicates that the expansion of oil palm plantations invades other croplands (paddy field, para rubber, and orchard). The results demonstrate that the conversion of natural landscapes (evergreen forest, mangrove, wetlands, and peatlands) to oil palm plantations at Princess Sirindhorn Wildlife Sanctuary area had a negative effect, with carbon stock changes of 4 million Mg C during 2000–2016 (0.25 million Mg C/year). Given the significance of carbon stock changes arising from land-use changes, this research highlights the need for sustainable land-use management and long-term monitoring.

POTENSI LIMBAH PADAT PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT DI PROVINSI RIAU

Oil palm plantations produce solid biomass waste, namely replanting stems, midribs, empty fruit bunches (EFB), shells and fruit fibers. In 2018 the area of ​​oil palm plantations in Indonesia reached 14.3 million ha and the area of ​​oil palm plantations in the Riau Province until 2018 was 2.7 million hectares. The availability of oil palm plantation waste in Riau Province, such as waste production in gardens and palm oil mill waste (PKS) needs to be studied further, so that the amount of oil palm biomass waste will be illustrated. The purpose of this study was to calculate the potential for biomass waste from oil palm plantations in the form of replanting stems, midribs, EFB, shells and fruit fibers. The method used in this study is calculating waste based on mass balance and the data were analyzed using linear regression. The results of this study indicate an increasing trend in the amount of waste produced. The most potential amount of waste is oil palm empty bunches (TKKS) of 6 663 956 tonnes per year on average.

Feasibility Assessment of Converting Forest Into Palm Oil Plantation and Its Implication for Forest Policy and Palm Oil Sustainability Challenges: A Case Study in Melawi Regency of West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

The massive development of oil palm plantations puts significant pressure on forest converting in Melawi Regency, West Kalimantan Province. This is supported by the target of opening 200,000 ha of new oil palm plantations in West Kalimantan Province until 2034. Meanwhile, deforestation is the most critical climate change issue in tropical countries including Indonesia. This research examines the feasibility of clearing forest areas to be converted to palm oil plantations. This research employs the insurance approach to assess the benefits of forest ecosystems. Based on the calculation of the cost-benefits of financial and environmental feasibility, it is found that the protection of forest ecosystems is more feasible than opening palm oil plantations. However, based on the socio-economic cost-benefit calculation results, it is found that opening palm oil plantations is more feasible to implement than ecosystem protection activities. Finally, from the calculation of the total benefits-cost financial, environmental, and socio-economic feasibility, it is found that forest ecosystem protection activities are more feasible to implement than opening palm oil plantations. Another finding stated that an opening of 10,000 ha forest area for palm oil plantations would cause 6.4401 times more damage than the benefits that might be obtained if 10,000 ha of forest area ecosystem is not converted into a palm oil plantation area.

Socialization of Increasing School Participation Rates in Sepuk Tanjung

Compulsory education has become a policy priority of the Indonesian Government. The Indonesian people still face educational problems, such as many dropouts and the discontinuation of education among the population aged 7-15 years. One of the problems of this education appeared in Sambas Regency. In Sepuk Tanjung Village in Sambas District, there is one elementary school in an oil palm plantation area with a decreasing number of students at each grade level. The school has the highest percentage of students in 1 to 4 grades. However, starting from 5 grade to 6 grade, the number of students has decreased because students in 5 grade and 6 grade have dropped out of school. Therefore, socialization is needed to increase the school participation rate. This school participation rate can increase, of course, starting from within the family. So that parents as guardians of students and teachers will be participants in this activity. This activity resulted in a discussion about the reasons for the low enrollment rates in this area. As well as suggestions for solutions in overcoming transportation access difficulties to higher-level schools based on the number of facilities and population of the area