Oil Manufacturing Research Articles

The anti-wear enhancement of boric acid + molybdenum disulfide derived tribofilm

Additives are important components to reduce friction and wear of tribological systems. Zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP), the most commonly used anti-wear additive prevents the tribological system from the friction and wear loss without any commercially available antagonist additive. However, its environmentally harmful content enforces to lubricating oil manufacturers to replace it with an alternative one. Therefore, in this study, the H3BO3 + MoS2 combination was tested in the boundary lubrication regime in a tribometer with a pin on flat reciprocating test module to be a possible alternative anti-wear additive against ZDDP. The friction and wear behavior of Boric acid (H3BO3) + Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2), ZDDP, MoS2, and H3BO3 evaluated in terms of friction coefficient (COF), wear rate, surface energy and tribo-chemical analysis of tribofilms. SEM/EDX and XPS were employed to explore tribofilm formations on the wear scars. According to the results, the addition of MoS2 into H3BO3 presented a similar tribological performance to ZDDP by forming a strength tribofilm on the surface containing B2O3, MoO3, and metal sulfate.

Traditional Healthcare and Patient Response Services in Karo Regency

Local knowledge developed based on experience has been tested for use for centuries and adapted to local culture and environment as well as in Karo Regency. Karo people have long known traditional medicines are diverse, know several types of diseases as well as how to treat them. This knowledge is one of the local wisdom that persists today. This research is qualitative, the determination of informants using Snowball Sampling techniques, data collected through in-depth interviews and observations. Key Informant as many as 17 people from 7 sub-districts. The traditional form of health care in Karo regency is 67% skill, herb 27%, and combination (skill and herb) 6%. Moreover, the age which has a small percentage (20-30 years) of 5.58%, the most significant 51 years and above with a percentage of 70%, how to acquire the most skills is hereditary (empirical) as much as 71%, the most jobs besides Hattra are farmers (59%) and does not have a permit /STPT of 82%. Of the 40 respondents, 80% expressed dissatisfaction and 20% expressed dissatisfaction with hattra's service. The traditional herb by ethnic Karo is known as the "Karo remedy".. Tanaman drugs are often used gagatan harimo, lempuyang, pepper, garlic, shallots, bahing, tinggeren dredge flowers, and small oranges. Karo uses this plant as a raw material for the manufacture of karo oil, param and tawar

Teknologi Tepat Guna Pemurnian Minyak Kelapa Tradisional Di Desa Mengkalang Jambu Kabupaten Kubu Raya Kalimantan Barat

Traditional coconut oil has the potential to be developed into commercial oil. These community service activities are a) coconut oil production practices, b) introduction of coconut oil refining technology and c) assessment of people's perceptions of coconut oil production. The variables used are the process of making oil, product quality, technology transfer and people's motivation to make oil. Questionnaire data were analyzed with contingencies to show the close relationship between variables and community groups. The results of the activity showed that there were two ways of making traditional coconut oil, using fresh coconut milk and fermented coconut milk. The resulting oil is crude coconut oil with a characteristic rancid odor, dark color and not durable. The process of oil production is a variable that shows real differences between young and old groups, while other variables are not significantly different. As many as 75% of young group respondents stated that the process of making coconut oil at a somewhat difficult to difficult level. The close relationship between the respondent group and the process of making coconut oil has high accuracy, which is 0.64. Improving coconut oil manufacturing techniques with the refining process can be one way to improve quality and efforts to support the commercialization of traditional coconut oil.

An Extensive Analysis of Biodiesel Blend Combustion Characteristics under a Wide-Range of Thermal Conditions of a Cooperative Fuel Research Engine

Examining the influence of thermal conditions in the engine cylinder at the start of fuel injection on engine combustion characteristics is critically important. This may help to understand physical and chemical processes occurring in engine cycles and this is relevant to both fossil fuels and alternative fuels like biodiesels. In this study, six different biodiesel–diesel blends (B0, B10, B20, B40, B60 and B100 representing 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 100% by volume of biodiesel in the diesel–biodiesel mixtures, respectively) have been successfully tested in a cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine operating under a wide range of thermal conditions at the start of fuel injection. This is a standard cetane testing CFR-F5 engine, a special tool for fuel research. In this study, it was further retrofitted to investigate combustion characteristics along with standard cetane measurements for those biodiesel blends. The novel biodiesel has been produced from residues taken from a palm cooking oil manufacturing process. It is found that the cetane number of B100 is almost 30% higher than that of B0 and this could be attributed to the oxygen content in the biofuel. Under similar thermal conditions at the start of injection, it is observed that the influence of engine load on premixed combustion is minimal. This could be attributable to the well-controlled intake air temperature in this special engine and therefore the evaporation and mixing rate prior to the start of combustion is similar under different loading conditions. Owing to higher cetane number (CN), B100 is more reactive and auto-ignites up to 3 degrees of crank angle (DCA) earlier compared to B0. It is generally observed in this study that B10 shows a higher maximum value of in-cylinder pressure compared to that of B0 and B20. This could be evidence for lubricant enhancement when operating the engine with low-blending ratio mixtures like B10 in this case.

Identification and characterization of two novel α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides from almond (Armeniaca sibirica) oil manufacture residue

Almond consumption is associated with ameliorating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study is to isolate peptides with high α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from almond (Armeniaca sibirica) oil manufactured residue hydrolysate by ultrafiltration, gel chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and to characterize their structures. The results indicated that the nutritional values of Var, Met+Cys, Ile, and Leu were high in almond oil residue, and the first limiting amino acid was Lys. Two peptides recovered from hydrolysed products of Prote Ax and Protease M were Trp-His and Trp-Ser, respectively, which showed higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity compared with other peptides. These two peptides were relatively stable under simulated digestion conditions. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity IC50 of Trp-His was 17.03 ± 0.05 μmol/L for both before and after digestion, whereas the IC50 of Trp-Ser significantly increased after simulated digestion, from 24.71 ± 0.02 μmol/L to 44.63 ± 0.03 μmol/L. These results indicated the potential use of residue from almond oil processing for treating T2DM.

Competency improvement through internship: An evaluation of corporate social responsibility program in vocational school

The high unemployment rate in Indonesia derived from vocational school graduates could be alleviated through internship as a part of Corporate Social Responsibility program that deployed by company together with school to equip its students or graduates with set of competences, therefore they will be competent and able to compete in job market, especially in the era of disruptive technologies. This applied research of evaluation using qualitative approach aimed to evaluate the input and process of the corporate social responsibility program in vocational internship conducted by an oil and gas manufacturing company in Indonesia. The results of this revealed some inputs that were the source of program success and processes that determined the quality of the program. Aspects of input generally met the ideal criteria such as competent program staff, participant characteristic reflecting program objectives, flexible and synchronized curriculum, adequate facility, and available procedure. Aspects of the process complied with regulations and procedures as well. Both aspects resulted the achievement of outcome that exceeded expectation such as competence improvement, cost saving, awards and provide information to be replicated by other institutions.

Effects of nano-palm oil fuel ash and nano-eggshell powder on concrete

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a by-product from palm oil manufacturing and is currently disposed to open areas and landfills without treatment, thereby causing environment pollution. Grinding POFA to nanoparticles called NPOFA results in increased pozzolanic activity. Meanwhile, eggshells (ESs) are a biowaste from restaurants. They are disposed to landfills, thus generating undesirable gases and causing environmental damages. ES powder (ESP) has a large amount of calcium oxide, which is essential for hydration in concrete production. In this study, ESP was used to induce low calcium content in NPOFA. Cement was replaced with NPOFA at ratios of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% to produce green concrete, and the ESP proportions constituted 2.5% and 5% of the total binders. The curing ages were 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that NPOFA exhibited a significant improvement in strength of developed green concrete. ESP improved concrete durability by reducing water absorption. Therefore, this concrete may have high resistance to environmental attacks, such as those involving sulfates and acids.

The strategy improvement of the engine maintenance

PT. A is a company engaged in the manufacture of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO). Constraints faced by PT. A is no planned scheduling of machine maintenance. Therefore, it is necessary to design a maintenance strategy in the form of a machine maintenance schedule to overcome the problem, as well as an analysis of the causes of failure of engine components that are often damaged. This problem is solved by using the Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) methods in determining repair priorities so that a more optimal treatment plan is obtained. The Pareto diagram is used to determine the most critical machine in the RCM method. The results of the pareto diagram obtained by the screw press machine are the most critical machines. Furthermore, the results of the application of RCM methods obtained components that must be treated regularly (time directed).

Fish Oil Production Process From Waste Catfish (Pangasius Pangasius) in Balai Besar Pengujian Penerapan Hasil Perikanan (BBP2HP) East Jakarta

Processing by product of catfish (Pangasius pangasius) on domestic scale or industrial produces many problems related to polluting the environment. Fish processing industry activities always generate waste because it is used generally only part of the meat, head, offal (entrails), spines and skin removed. Catfish have oil content is high enough, so the catfish waste has the potential to be extracted fish oil are rich in benefits. Fish oils generally contain unsaturated fatty acids are eicosapentaenoicacid (EPA) and docosahecsaenoatacid (DHA). Unsaturated fatty acids are known to prevent many diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, lower blood cholesterol levels, cancer, platelet mellitus, diseases of the bone joints, asthma, and prevent the aging process. The purpose of Field Work Practice are learned the process of oil production fish waste from catfish (Pangasius pangasius). The Practice of Field Work has been carried out at the Balai Besar Pengujian Penerapan Hasil Perikanan (BBP2HP). The results obtained through observation, interviews and active participation in the manufacture of fish oil in BBP2HP includes the preparation of materials and tools, washing, weighing, heating, pressing, phase separation, making crude oil, and packaging. Raw materials used in the manufacture of oil is a waste of catfish (Pangasius pangasius). From 1 kg of waste catfish (offal, belly flap, head, fins, tail) obtained 116 ml crude fish oil. Section waste catfish has gone through the process of steaming and pressing which causes the water content there in is reduced. After that, the catfish oil packed in bottles.

Experimental Investigation of the Viscosity Parameters Ranges—Case Study of Engine Oils in the Selected Viscosity Grade

The primary objective of the research was to compare the viscosity parameters of the same viscosity grade engine oils, as declared by the manufacturers, to the actual laboratory measurements. The secondary objective was to briefly investigate (1) what kind of information oil manufacturers provide in the product data sheets of the studied oils, and (2) the potential savings resulting from the use of the energy efficient oils. The study material consisted of 42 selected synthetic engine oils that belong to the 5W-30 viscosity grade. Stabinger SVM 3001 viscometer was used to determine kinematic viscosity at −20 °C, 40 °C, 100 °C and 130 °C. The HTHS (high temperature high shear), CCS (cold cranking simulator), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and GC (Gas Chromatography) measurements were also performed for the samples that had the lowest and the highest kinematic viscosity. Large differences (5–25%) between oil producers’ declarations and the results of laboratory tests were found. Although all of the engine oils tested met the 5W-30 grade standards, the high variability of viscosity measurements needs to be reported. The difference between the oil with the highest and the oil with the lowest kinematic viscosity at −20 °C was 11,804 mm2/s. The outlying temperature-related viscosity profiles were recovered using Mahalanobis distances which identified 16 out of 42 analyzed oil samples as atypical.

Additive manufacturing in the oil and gas industries

Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a process for creating prototypes and functional components achieved by consolidation of material layer upon layer. Applications of AM technologies have been witnessed in the healthcare, automotive, architecture, power generation, electronics and aviation industries. Some of the main benefits of AM include effective material utilisation, new design possibilities, improved functionality of the products and flexible production. The opportunities for the applications of additive manufacturing in the oil and gas industries are only just being explored. In this study, a review of the potential opportunities of AM technologies in oil and gas industries was reported. The adoption of the AM technologies necessitated the need for a rethink on design for manufacture and assembly of oil and gas component parts such as high-tech end burners, metal fuel nozzles, and submersible pump components amongst others. The possibility of employing AM technologies on-site for the production of spare parts for replacement of damage components in oil and gas equipment and facilities is commendable, as this brings about reduction in production downtime and replacement cost. The future of AM in the oil and gas industries is highly promising, however before AM can actualize its full-fledged potentials in these industries, further research is required in the area of new materials development and processing, improved surface finish of AM fabricated parts, enhanced fabrication speed and parametric optimisation to improve the mechanical properties of the fabricated components.

Comparative Study of Value Relevance of Financial Information in the Oil and Gas and Manufacturing Sectors in Nigeria

This paper conducted a comparative study on the value relevance of accounting information in the Oil and Gas and manufacturing sector using five quoted companies which were randomly selected from each of these sectors. Data were collected on the Market Price per Share, Earning per Share and Book Value of Equity for the period 2014 to 2018 from the annual financial reports of the selected companies. We hypothesized that Value relevance in the oil sector do not have more significant effect on the earnings per share in the manufacturing sector and, also that Value relevance in the oil sector do not have more significant effect on the market price per share in the industrial sector. We regress book value of equity on both market price per share and earnings per share on the two sectors under consideration using simple linear regression techniques. The regression results revealed that accounting information of the companies in the industrial sector is more relevant compared to the financial information disclosed by companies in the Oil and Gas sector. The study recommends that the regulators of the market should carry out yearly Cross-sectional studies to ascertain the trend and include this comparison requirement as one of the yardsticks of measuring performance. Keywords: value relevance, earnings per share, book value of equity DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-12-03 Publication date: June 30th 2020

Extraction of lipids from post-hydrolysis copra cake with hexane as solvent: Kinetic and equilibrium data

Abstract Copra cake (CC), an agro-industrial residue produced in the manufacture of coconut oil, still has a considerable amount of lipids (∼15 %w/w). In order to valorize the residue, CC was subjected to dilute acid hydrolysis to produce a solid residue with higher lipid content of ∼25 %w/w. Considering the substantial amount of lipids available in the post-hydrolysis copra cake (PHCC), it is necessary to gather lipid extraction kinetics and equilibrium data for process and equipment design. The effects of solvent-to-solid ratio (4, 8, and 12 mL/g) and temperature (30, 40, and 50 °C) on the kinetics and equilibrium of lipid extraction from PHCC using n-hexane as solvent was investigated. Regardless of extraction temperature and SSR, equilibrium is reached in less than 10 min. To appropriately describe the lipid extraction system, various kinetic models were fitted, with the Modified-Peleg’s model best representing the extraction process (R2 ≥ 0.95). Extraction of lipids from PHCC required less amount of solvent to extract and recover the same amount of lipids present in CC. The fatty acids in the extracted lipids are primarily lauric acid. Fuel properties based on the fatty acid profile, as estimated using empirical models, were found to be suitable as biodiesel.

Simulation process unit bleaching in cooking oil plant using super pro designer version 10.0

The bleaching process is one of the processes in the manufacture of cooking oil that serves to absorb the gum, moisture content and color in crude palm oil. Role of color in the marketing of cooking oil is very important, because, in general consumers tend to use the color parameters as the quality of cooking oil. The use of programs to facilitate the design of a process such as Super Pro Designer, Aspen, and Hysys is a way to increase the profitability of an industry. This study aims to provide information that Super Pro Designer applications can simulate the bleaching process contained in the cooking oil plant. Method used was simulated data obtained from the plant using Super Pro Designer Version 10.0. The result showed that at feed flow rate of 86,000 kg/hour the temperature of 100 °C was obtained as output of plate heat exchanger.

Результаты экспериментальных исследований маслоизготовителя

Авторами статьи приведена актуальность постановки вопроса интенсификации сбивания сливочного масла. На современном этапе производства сливочного масла актуальным для маслодельной отрасли остается вопрос сохранения традиционных технологий, позволяющих выпускать разнообразные виды масла из коровьего молока, а также применение инновационных технологий, способствующих интенсификации процесса сбивания. Важным фактором для получения качественного продукта является использование современного маслодельного оборудования, позволяющего при минимальной энергоемкости сбивания получить максимальное количество готового продукта. Авторами предлагается один из научных подходов при сбивании сливочного масла – явление «Бегущая волна». Бегущая волна, как фактор сбивания сливочного масла, образуется при вращении роторно-лопастного рабочего органа и способствует сокращению энергоемкости сбивания. Представлена методика проведения и результаты исследований по обоснованию оптимальных конструктивных и технологических параметров разработанного маслоизготовителя. Экспериментально подтверждена целесообразность установки в емкости маслоизготовителя механизма сбивания в виде горизонтально расположенного роторно-лопастного рабочего органа. Разработан экспериментальный образец маслоизготовителя периодического действия с роторно-лопастным рабочим органом и проведены лабораторные исследования, после анализа которых были выявлены оптимальные конструктивные и кинематические параметры маслоизготовителя с производительностью сбивания 13,4 кг/ч, процентом выхода сливочного масла 59,5 % и потерей жира менее 0,4%: частота вращения роторно-лопастного рабочего органа np = 422 мин-1; количество лопастей роторно-лопастного рабочего органа zр =3; коэффициент заполнения емкости φзап = 0,57. Таким образом установлено, что разработанный маслоизготовитель периодического действия с роторно-лопастным рабочим органом обеспечивает эффективное сбивание сливочного масла с высоким процентом использования жира (более 99,6%) и энергоемкостью сбивания, равной 7,24Вт·ч/кг.

Analysis of the Reliability of the Butter-Oil Processing Plant using CAS Mathematica and Maxima

The aim of the present paper is to analysis the reliability of the system by using CAS Mathematica and also, it’s comparative study with CAS Maxima. The butter oil manufacturing plant consists of seven units i.e. separator, pasteurizer, continuous butter making, melting vats, butter oil clarifier, packaging and standby state. Model is developed by using Markov birth-death process. The first order differential equations are derived by using model and then solved for comparative study of reliability to give accuracy in result. By using Mathematica, we calculate probability of each state, which is beneficial to plant owners because better accuracy in result enhance reliability of the plant Graphs are plotted and tables are developed with the help of CAS Mathematica and Maxima, graphs show the variation and tables shows the fluctuations in reliability in comparative manner.

The processing of kieselguhr sludge with obtaining a new end product as reserve for reducing resources consumption of vegetable oil manufacture

The article presents the research findings of processing kieselguhr sludge – a waste product of refined sunflower oil production, generated at winterization stage, when vegetable waxes, waxlike substances and other components, which crystallize at low temperatures and cause the oil turbidity, are removed. The resulting waste product is a slow stock of organomineral composition with organic matter content 65-70%. This sludge is virtually not recycled, but dumped at municipal solid waste disposal sites. This results in the environment pollution and non-recoverable losses of high-quality mineral stock and valuable organic components. It has been determined that after thermal modification of sludge waste the organic substances in it are partially oxidized with the formation of carbon layer on the surface of diatomite particles. The resulting product is a thermally modified kieselguhr sludge, which is characterized with mesoporous structure, high water repellency, and oil-receptivity and can be used as an adsorption material for purifying wastewaters from emulsified petroleum products in dynamic conditions. The secondary use of kieselguhr sludge would allow reducing the amounts of waste accumulation and improving the efficiency of raw material resources utilization.

An automated alarm system for food safety by using electronic invoices

Invoices had been used in food product traceability, however, none have addressed the automated alarm system for food safety by utilizing electronic invoice big data. In this paper, we present an alarm system for edible oil manufacture that can prevent a food safety crisis rather than trace problematic sources post-crisis. Using nearly 100 million labeled e-invoices from the 2013‒2014 of 595 edible oil manufacturers provided by Ministry of Finance, we applied text-mining, statistical and machine learning techniques to "train" the system for two functions: (1) to sieve edible oil-related e-invoices of manufacturers who may also produce other merchandise and (2) to identify suspicious edible oil manufacture based on irrational transactions from the e-invoices sieved. The system was able to (1) accurately sieve the correct invoices with sensitivity >95% and specificity >98% via text classification and (2) identify problematic manufacturers with 100% accuracy via Random Forest machine learning method, as well as with sensitivity >70% and specificity >99% through simple decision-tree method. E-invoice has bright future on the application of food safety. It can not only be used for product traceability, but also prevention of adverse events by flag suspicious manufacturers. Compulsory usage of e-invoice for food producing can increase the accuracy of this alarm system.

Utilization of Glass Powder and Oil Palm Fibers to Develop Thermally Efficient Blocks

Increasing concern over environmental issues has put onus on the construction industry to develop products and materials that are more sustainable and environmentally friendly. This paper focuses on the utilization of oil palm fibers (OPF) and glass powder (GP) to develop thermally efficient building material as a sustainable alternative. OPF are abundantly available in Malaysia as waste in palm oil manufacturing and are found to be useful in enhancing the thermal performance of building material , while waste glass, which contributes to municipal solid waste generation, can be beneficially utilized as a supplementary cementitious material as it possesses pozzolanic behavior. OPF-reinforced blocks were successfully developed with targeted thermal, mechanical and microstructural properties as a sustainable alternative for application in the hot–humid weather conditions in Malaysia. This paper reports on the development of the glass powder–fiber-reinforced mortar (GPFRM) as a final phase of the research in the development of a sustainable thermally efficient wall system. The GPFRM mix was prepared utilizing fibers in ratios of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% by weight of the binder, whereas GP was incorporated by replacement of 10% and 20% of cement. The developed GPFRM besides having good thermal performance has acceptable mechanical performance, hence proving to be a sustainable alternative to conventional mortar to be incorporated within masonry wall systems.

Palm oil social conflict resolution and mediation in Jambi

The increase of oil palm plantation and manufacturing in Jambi offers any environmental and social problems, leading to conflict between companies and the local community. In addition, some conflic...