Oil Manufacturing Research Articles

Oil yields, protein contents, and cost of manufacturing of oil obtained from different hybrids and sowing dates of canola

Three hybrids of canola were cultivated in Brazil submitted to three sowing dates in 2018: April 21 (early autumn), May 20 (mid-autumn), and June 24 (late autumn). The samples were harvested and the grain yields were measured. Thereafter, canola oil was extracted by Soxhlet with n-Hexane and by supercritical CO2 (SFE-CO2) following a completely randomized design. The following responses were evaluated: oil yields, oil composition, protein contents, and cost of manufacturing of oil. The highest grain yield was 2807 kg ha−1 and the highest oil yield was 34.7 wt.%. The main fatty acids identified in the oil were oleic acid (46.4–57.5 wt.%), linoleic acid (10.6–15.2 wt.%), and α-linolenic acid (5.8–8.1 wt.%). The highest protein content in the solid coproducts was 38.2 wt.%. Furthermore, the cost of manufacturing (COM) of oil was simulated for a pilot/industrial scale dedicated to processing 180 kg of seeds per batch. The COM of oil ranged from US$ 7.60 kg-1 to US$ 11.96 kg-1 (SFE-CO2) and from US$ 1.13 kg-1 to US$ 1.47 kg-1 (Soxhlet), respectively. After an integrated evaluation of technological and economic responses, the hybrid Hyola 61 sown on May 20 seems to be the most suitable condition for being cultivated by farmers and for being processed by food-related industries.

An Oil Package Study aiming the Logistics Optimization on the Palletizing Capacity

<p>The palletizing layout affects directly the company’s costs and logistics efficiency, because with an optimal layout is possible to reduce the number of truck loading to meet the same demand. Therefore, this paper is a case study, showing the actual scenario of soybean oil manufacturing company, to propose a packaging study which will define the optimal dimensions for the package and palletizing. The reached results show a 25% pallet capacity increase, as well as a 25% reduction of the number of truck loading necessary to meet the demand.</p>

Heat Treatment of Alloy 718 Made by Additive Manufacturing for Oil and Gas Applications

The ability to consolidate parts in complex assemblies using metal additive manufacturing offers transformational product development opportunities. Specifically, the high value capability for printing complex shapes and channels using metal laser powder bed fusion is a key enabler to realizing this vision. A thorough understanding of microstructure and defects specific to industry standard heat treatments and thermal processing is essential for fielding additively manufactured parts. The goal of this work was to evaluate oil and gas application specific heat treatments on Alloy 718 built using laser powder bed fusion. In the present study, the influence of heat treatment steps relevant to the use of Alloy 718 for components under American Petroleum Institute Specification 6A have been investigated. Multiple heat treatment conditions as well as hot isostatic pressing were studied and compared to the as-built material using a combination of thermodynamic simulations and metallurgical characterization. The overall conclusion of this study is that none of the studied heat treatment approaches is appropriate for American Petroleum Institute Specification 6A and that specific thermal post-processing routes compliant to the specification need to be considered.

Biomass-based carbon capture and utilization in kraft pulpmills

Corporate image, European Emission Trading System and EnvironmentalRegulations, encourage pulp industry to reduce carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions. Kraft pulp mills produceCO2 mainly in combustion processes. The largest sourcesare the recovery boiler, the biomass boiler, and the lime kiln. Due to utilizingmostly biomass-based fuels, the CO2 is largely biogenic.Capture and storage of CO2 (CCS) could offer pulp and paperindustry the possibility to act as site for negative CO2emissions. In addition, captured biogenic CO2 can be used asa raw material for bioproducts. Possibilities for CO2utilization include tall oil manufacturing, lignin extraction, and production ofprecipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), depending on local conditions andmill-specific details. In this study, total biomass-based CO2capture and storage potential (BECCS) and potential to implement capture andutilization of biomass-based CO2 (BECCU) in kraft pulp millswere estimated by analyzing the impacts of the processes on the operation of twomodern reference mills, a Nordic softwood kraft pulp mill with integrated paperproduction and a Southern eucalyptus kraft pulp mill. CO2capture is energy-intensive, and thus the effects on the energy balances of themills were estimated. When papermaking is integrated in the mill operations, energyadequacy can be a limiting factor for carbon capture implementation. Global carboncapture potential was estimated based on pulp production data. Kraft pulp mills havenotable CO2 capture potential, while the on-site utilizationpotential using currently available technologies is lower. The future of theseprocesses depends on technology development, desire to reuseCO2, and prospective changes in legislation.

New approach to development and manufacturing technologies of duplex steel

We conducted a brief review of current production and application of duplex and super duplex steels for manufacture of equipment exposed to the hazard of sulphide stress-corrosion cracking, sea water and other corrosive environment. The super duplex steel with enhanced corrosion-mechanical characteristics in comparison with the known steels of austenitic-ferritic class was developed. Based on the concepts of formation of a special structure of two-phase austenitic-ferritic steels in the process of crystallization, the possibilities of compositional, technological, thermal and special impact techniques are considered and advanced ways of controlling physical, chemical, structural homogeneity and properties of super duplex steels are developed. Electroslag remelting with the application of low-frequency alternating current provides effective control over the length of the two-phase area, the size of the primary dendrites of the austenitic and ferritic phases, the average distance between their axes, the parameters of the crystallizing cell, the development of liquation phenomena and the size of the growing non-metallic phases. Within framework of the proposed approach, the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions for the formation and growth of hardening phases are assessed, a new composition and a complex technology for the manufacture of corrosion-resistant super duplex steels for gas and oil production equipment has been developed. Thermodynamically stable, having sizes of 30-300 nm, niobium nitrides and carbonitrides are located inside the grains of the ferritic phase. At the same time, the sigma phase and chromium carbide precipitates at the intergrain boundaries are not observed. The results of the determination of mechanical and corrosion properties in accordance with the NACE TM 0177 standard (method A), tests of corrosion witness-samples in field conditions demonstrate the advantages and prospects of using new super duplex steel for the manufacture of oil and gas production equipment operating in an environment with high H2S content and CO2 under significant mechanical loads, without the risk of brittle fracture.

Applications of Lean Tools in Coconut Oil Manufacturing Company at Erode District

Applications of Lean Tools in Coconut Oil Manufacturing Company at Erode District

Design analysis of distributed control system (DCS) room with curved monitor

This paper presents the design analysis of distributed control system room with curved monitor. The objective of this research is to seek the possibility of replacement current monitor using eye ergonomic and human factor analysis. The research are backed up with three theories of Fitts’s Law, Horopter Theory, and Westheimer’s Saccadic Eye Movement Model. Fitts Law used to illustrate the general powers and faults of humans and machines. Horopter used to match another distinctive of our visual ergonomic: the placement of surfaces of monitors. Saccadic eye movements used to describe the express movements of eyes with monitor shape. The survey was conducted to operators seeking possibility to use curved monitor to replace the flat monitor. The researcher used simulator for Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) and its training movies and asking the participant doing the experiment then filling up questionnaires. Participants will be selected from the panel DCS operator doing their job in oil, gas and petrochemical manufacturing plants. The questionnaires are analysed by Rasch Model Analysis, to seek the benefit of curved monitor than flat monitor. Rasch analysis to find internal test reliability and conclusion out the each item analysis on visual ergonomic and human factor interaction.

Performance Analysis of Local Pekanbaru Bentonite for Reactive Solid Application of Mud Drilling

In oil and gas drilling activities, drilling mud is one of the most important commodities. The main mineral used as a reactive solid that works to suck fresh water and form drilling mud is bentonite. Bentonite which is used as a drilling mud in the market is mostly imported from the United States. In Indonesia there are several areas that have enough potential for bentonite minerals, namely Java, Sumatra, parts of Kalimantan and Sulawesi with reserves estimated to be more than 380 million tons. (Riyanto A, 1994). This study uses bentonite in Kulim area, Tenayan Raya City, Pekanbaru, in hopes of providing useful information input, especially in the use of bentonite minerals in drilling mud. Using local bentonite the price is cheaper and more efficient.
 The object observed was the effect and number of bentonite mixed with fresh water so that the rheological properties of drilling mud such as viscosity, gel strength, mud cake and filtration loss were obtained and would be in accordance with API specification 13A standards. Whereas to find out the composition and structure of local mineral clay, SEM and EDX analyzes were performed to determine the characteristics and composition of these minerals. From these tests add additives NaCO3 and NaOH as ion exchangers and add the element Na to the sludge.
 From SEM and EDX analysis, two samples taken in central Sumatra Sumatra can be categorized as clay Illite fe-rich and Clay Illite Platty. Rheological testing of drilling mud and chemical composition analysis of clay Illite fe-rich minerals and Clay Illite Platty in Riau, Central Sumatra and with the addition of additives NaCO3 and NaOH to local Clay, Rheology in mud based on Clay Illite Platty is obtained with Bentonite. commonly used as a basic material for the manufacture of oil and gas drilling mud with API Spec13 A.

Experimental Study on the Hot Deformation Characterization of Low-Carbon Nb-V-Ti Microalloyed Steel

X80 steel, as typical low-carbon Nb-V-Ti microalloyed steel, is getting more and more attention in oil and gas transmission pipeline manufacturing. In this paper, the hot deformation behavior of X80 steel has been investigated. Hot compression tests of the steel were conducted under different temperatures and strain rates. Based on the experimental data, the flow stress constitutive equations were established. It is found that the hot deformation activation energy of this steel is higher than C-Mn and low-carbon steel. Then, the kinetics model and grain size model of dynamic recrystallization were developed according to the flow curves and the optical microstructures. In addition, the processing maps were developed to analyze the workability of X80 steel at elevated temperature. The analysis results show that the optimum processing window is at the temperature of 1300-1473 K and the strain rate of 0.01-10 s−1. The microstructure observation indicates that the optimum processing parameters are applicable to the tested steel.

THE INFLUENCE OF ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS WITH VINYL ACETATE ON PROPERTIES OF RUBBER BASED OF BUTADIENE-NITRILE CAOUTCHOUC

Rubber-technical products, which are used in the oil and gas industry, must have high thermal and aggressive strength. Rubbers based on butadiene-nitrile caoutchoucs are usually used for these purposes, since they have good operational properties. However, under the influence of elevated temperatures, the resistance of such rubbers to the action of petroleum products is reduced, as a result of which the physico-mechanical characteristics decrease. To improve the operational properties of rubber-technical products, various technological additives are introduced into the rubber mixtures. Such additives can be copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate(EVA), which increase the resistance of rubbers to action of high temperatures and aggressive media. This is due to the fact that these copolymers are well combined with butadiene-nitrile caoutchoucs, forming coordination bonds with rubber molecules, which contributes thereby increasing in the elastic-strength and performance properties of rubber. In this connection, the influence of EVA (sevillenes 11104-030, 11808-340 and MarPol 1802), differing in the content of vinyl acetate units, on the rheometric, physico-mechanical and operational properties of the rubber mixture based on butadiene-nitrile rubber in this paper was investigated. The study was carried out to improve the thermo-resistance of rubber used for the manufacture of oil and petrol resistant rubber-technical products for the oil and gas industry. The rubber mixture was prepared on laboratory rolls and standard samples were vulcanized in an electrically heated press. The study of rheometric properties has shown that EVA affect the characteristics of the vulcanization process of a rubber mixture. For vulcanizates, the influence of the content of EVA in a rubber mixture on the physical and mechanical properties was studied: the conditional tensile strength, elongation at break, tear resistance, rebound elasticity, Shore A hardness, relative compression deformation. The effect of the standard liquid ZHR-1 on the change in these properties, as well as the degree of swelling of the vulcanizates after their daily soaking in the standard liquid SZHR-1 and a mixture of isooctane + toluene, was studied. It has been established that vulcanizate of a rubber mixture containing sevilene 11808-340 is characterized by the best physico-mechanical and operational properties.

Luminescent Oil Film Flow Tagging Skin Friction Meter Applied to FAITH Hill

The luminescent oil film flow tagging skin friction meter is presented and used to collect time-averaged spatially distributed skin friction data on the surface of NASA’s FAITH model. The technique estimates skin friction by monitoring the evolution of a luminescent oil film evolving under the influence of skin friction, pressure gradients, and gravity. The thickness distribution of the oil film, , and the velocity of the surface of the oil film, , are measured experimentally, and the dynamic viscosity of the oil, , is taken from the oil manufacturer or is determined through calibration. Then, skin friction is estimated as . The thickness distribution of the oil film is measured by ratioing the intensity of the luminescent signal from the fluorescent oil with the intensity of the incident light that is scattered from the surface of the model. The resulting quotient is independent of the intensity of the incident light and directly proportional to the thickness of the oil film. The velocity of the surface of the oil film is measured by tagging and following photochromic molecules in the oil film. The new luminescent oil film flow tagging skin friction data compare well with fringe image skin friction data. Also, an experimental study is conducted to determine the extent to which it is appropriate to neglect the effects of a pressure gradients and gravity when determining skin friction from the evolution of an oil film. Results are presented supporting that this approximation is appropriate for a sufficiently thin film of oil or for a sufficiently high skin friction magnitude.

Determination of Activation Energy and Ping-Pong Kinetic Model Constants of Enzyme-Catalyzed Self-Epoxidation of Free Fatty Acids using Micro-reactor

This work reports bioconversion of unsaturated free fatty acids present in soapstock, inherent waste of edible oil manufacture, to the epoxidized fatty acids using Candida rugose lipase in a micro-reactor. Activation energy of the epoxidation reaction was found to be 32.27 kJ mol−1 while the enzyme deactivation was observed at higher temperature than 35 °C with an activation energy of 91.18 kJ mol−1. The low hydrodynamic retention time in the micro-reactor provides a proper condition to measure of initial rates of the enzymatic reaction. The kinetics study was performed at ten different molar ratios of H2O2/C=C, and constants of the Ping-Pong bi bi model were estimated as follows: the maximum specific enzyme activity (Vmax) of 1.453 × 105 mM min−1 genzyme−1, dissociation constant for enzyme-FFA complex (KA) of 58.83 mM genzyme−1, Michaelis constant for FFAs (KmA) of 1.382 × 103 mM genzyme−1, Michaelis constant for hydrogen peroxide (KmB) of 3.279 × 106 mM genzyme−1, and the deactivation constant due to hydrogen peroxide (KIB) of 59.25 mM genzyme−1. The cross-linked enzyme aggregate technology provided a simple method to produce the robust biocatalyst for this bioconversion where more than 89% of original activity was maintained after 9 cycles in the micro-reactor.

Reducing the exploration and production of oil: Reverse logistics in the automobile service sector

The improper disposal of used oil poses a significant threat to society and the environment. The present study adds value to the existing knowledge base by identifying and analysing the critical barriers to reverse logistics of used oil obtained from the automobile service stations in the developing economies context. An interpretive structural modelling methodology was applied for establishing the interrelationship between the identified barriers and to rank the barriers based on their driving power. The results of the study revealed that a barrier namely ‘inadequate government policies, organisational policies, and lack of top management commitment’ was the most significant. Findings of this study are intended to guide the decision and policy makers in understanding the reverse logistics barrier analysis so that the most significant barriers can be eliminated for the effective reverse logistics and enhancing the performance of the automotive oil manufacturing companies.

The Effect of Ownership Structure, Financial and Environmental Performances on Environmental Disclosure

This study aims to examine the effect of ownership structure, financial performance, firm size, industrial sector, and environmental performance on corporate environmental disclosure. The sample is the companies participating in PROPER period 2010 – 2014 which are listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange. Participants of PROPER are companies that are vulnerable to the environmental damage. The sample must a company that publishes the financial statement in rupiah and the environmental disclosure. There are 53 PROPER companies listing in Indonesian Stock Exchange period 2010 – 2014. It is only 30 of 53 companies publish their financial statement in rupiah and publish environmental disclosure every year. The final observation is 150 firms – years. The result indicates that firms will publish environmental disclosure when managerial ownership lower, institutional ownership lower, and financial performance lower, total assets higher, firms with higher environmental compliance according to PROPER, firms in manufacturing and mining sectors of oil and gas (PEM), and the score of environmental performance higher. The results are consistent with all hypotheses.

Partially Defatted Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) Seeds - a Rich Source of Nutrients for Use in Food Products

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seeds are a rich source of ingredients such as aminoacids, fatty acids, minerals, and phytochemicals exhibiting nutraceutical effects on human health. In this work, partially defatted pumpkin seeds flour, a by-product obtained during the manufacture of pumpkin seeds oil, was studied as an additive for common wheat flour. We explored the physico-chemical properties as well the content in amino acids of the partially defatted pumpkin seeds. The obtained results revealed that partially defatted pumpkin seeds are a good source of protein (42.75% d.m.), lipids (12.28% d.m.), total carbohydrates (37.4% d.m.), from which crude fiber (26.64% d.m.). This by-product presents a high mineral content (mg/100g): potassium (1290), magnesium (693), iron (87.8), zinc (11.5) and copper (2.49).The partially defatted pumpkin seeds proteins contain significant amounts of essential amino acids such as valine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine and methionine.

More Fuel in the Tank

Following a crashing oil price, investment and manufacturing activity in the UK sector had been hit hard. But the industry is now in recovery mode, with the latest oil price boost adding further to an increasingly positive mood

Investigation of effective treatment techniques for Olive mill wastewater

Selection of cost-effective treatment modules for high saline wastewater produced from the olive mill is a challenging task. The aim of this study is to select the most effective technology applied to treat Olive mill wastewater. Several trials using various techniques were carried out to treat wastewater produced from pickling olives and olive oil manufacturing; for instance, anaerobic-aerobic, coagulation/flocculation, and electrocoagulation. The characteristics of olive manufacturing raw wastewater in terms of total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil and grease were 10032, 9174, and 914.8 mg/l respectively. The results showed that electro-coagulation technique with aluminum electrodes and operating parameters of 30 voltage and 1.5 hours achieved COD removal rate 84%. However, the residual concentration (900 mgO2/l) still needs further treatment. Aerobic treatment using activated sludge was applied after electrocoagulation. The results showed that the use aerobic treatment after electrocoagulation is more efficient than the use of anaerobic. Analysis of the treated water showed that the maximum COD removal efficiencies were 98% at optimum conditions. The effluent quality meets the discharge regulatory standard. Consequently, the electrocoagulation followed by aerobic process can be considered as a reliable, safe and cost-effective method for the treatment of olive mill wastewater.

IbM BIODIVERSIFIKASI ENERGI ALTERNATIF LIMBAH KELAPA SAWIT DAN JAGUNG DI DESA SUMBER MAKMUR KABUPATEN MUKOMUKO

The purpose of the program IbM are: (a) improving the knowledge and skills of the public about waste palm oil and corn into alternative energy approach to science and technology applied, (b) train waste processing palm oil and corn as an energy , (c) accompanying ways of processing, manufacturing and marketing of oil and corn waste products on an industrial scale household. The method of implementation used action research includes four stages, namely: program planning, execution, observation and evaluation, and reflection. In planning the activities conducted debriefing, the socialization of the target audience and the preparation of training programs. On the implementation of the program, carried out the implementation of program activities that include improvement of knowledge and skills, demonstrations and coaching as well as technology training applied sewage treatment production of palm oil and corn for processing into biogas, briquettes, organic fertilizers and various handicrafts of high economic value. The evaluation was done to see the extent to which program activities have been implemented, while the reflection conducted to determine the deficiency or excess of the activities that have been carried out in order to establish recommendations for the survival or development of subsequent activities. From some of the activities that have been done, the community was very enthusiastic in participating in these activities, especially the installation of a simple biogas filling material made from oil palm empty fruit bunches and cow dung. The main constraints of this activity is the difficulty of marketing the craft because the economic condition of the majority of people of middle so that they concentrate on fulfilling their basic needs. Keywords : palm oil , corn waste, biogas, biodiversification

PEMBUATAN VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) DENGAN METODE TANPA PEMANASAN SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT

The aim of this activity was to training the manufacture of virgin coconut oil (VCO) with a without heating method to the community, especially the mother-housewife, resident of RT 12, Pematang Gubernur, Muara Bangkahulu, Bengkulu. As for the specific targets to be achieved in this activity was for the women, especially mothers, resident of RT 12 has the ability to produce VCO at least for their family, so that can improve the health and well-being of their family. The method used in achieving this goal was by lecture, discussion and practice of making VCO so that these activities target communities to be better understand the method of making VCO and can practice it theirself at home respectively Keywords : Virgin Coconut Oil, without heating method, public health

Co-gasification characteristics of palm oil by-products and coals for syngas production

Large amounts of empty fruit bunches (EFB) are generated annually during the palm oil manufacturing process; however, they are still treated as waste. In this study, gasification experiments were conducted using EFB in a fluidized bed reactor (throughput=1 kg/hr) at an experimental temperature range of 700 to 1,000 oC to assess the use of EFB as a renewable energy resource. To overcome the issues of an unstable EFB supply, co-gasification experiments using EFB with coal were conducted. The resulting syngas yield was approximately 70 vol%, similar to that from EFB gasification. The heating value of syngas was a magnitude of three-times higher than that of EFB gasification. However, the dry gas yield and cold gas efficiency were lower than those of EFB gasification. A coal mixing rate of 20 wt% and 0.6 of ER would be appropriate conditions for continuous production of stable syngas.