Oil Hardening Research Articles

Obtaining films from secondary products of oil and fat production

The work is devoted to vegetable oils, the production and generation of waste during the processing and refining of oils, as well as waste generated during deep-frying of products. The question is raised about the possibility of using oil refi ning waste and oil waste for products manufacturing, and not just for the creation of biofuels. For instance, the possibility of obtaining fi lms during oil hardening and using them for packaging production is discussed. Preliminary results of the formation of films from waste sunflower oil are presented, which make it possible to find options for their use.

DEUTSCHE EDELSTAHLWERKE CRYODUR 2721

Abstract Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Cryodur 2721 is a medium-carbon, nickel-chromium alloy cold-work tool steel. This oil hardening type cold work tool steel offers a combination of high hardness, good wear resistance, high toughness, and good machinability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming and heat treating. Filing Code: TS-839. Producer or source: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Specialty Steel.

DEUTSCHE EDELSTAHLWERKE CRYODUR 2510

Abstract Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Cryodur 2510 is a high-carbon, manganese-chromium-tungsten-vanadium alloy cold-work tool steel. This oil hardening type cold work tool steel offers a combination of high hardness, good wear resistance, and good cutting edge retention. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, and hardness. It also includes information on heat treating. Filing Code: TS-838. Producer or source: Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Specialty Steel.

Microscale mechanochemical characterization of drying oil films by in situ correlative Brillouin and Raman spectroscopy.

Correlative Brillouin and Raman microspectroscopy (BRaMS) is applied for the in situ monitoring of the chemical and physical changes of linseed oil during polymerization. The viscoelastic properties of the drying oil throughout the phase transition were determined by Brillouin light scattering (BLS) and joined to the Raman spectroscopic information about the chemical process responsible for the oil hardening. A comparative study was then performed on an oil mock-up containing ZnO, one of the most common white pigments used in cultural heritage. The intriguing outcomes open new research perspectives for a deeper comprehension of the processes leading to the conversion of a fluid binder into a dry adhering film. The description of both chemical and structural properties of the polymeric network and their evolution are the basis for a better understanding of oil painting degradation. Last, as a feasibility test, BRaMS was applied to study a precious microfragment from J. Pollock’s masterpiece Alchemy.

Dielectric Spectroscopy of Vegetable Oils

The dielectric properties of flaxseed, sunflower, mustard, rapeseed, and olive oils were studied in the temperature range 25–70˚C and in the frequency range of the electric field 25 Hz–1 MHz. A mechanism for the hardening of vegetable oils is proposed according to temperature-dielectric spectroscopy. The hardening of oils is interpreted as a combination of crystallization processes of triglycerides of saturated fatty acids and glass transition processes of triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids. The glass transition temperature should be considered the true pour point, which allows setting the low temperature limit of the operability of vegetable oils as insulating liquids. Linear correlations between physicochemical, dielectric properties, and fatty acid composition of oils were established. The data presented can be used to assess the quality of vegetable oils, identify falsifications and to obtain oils with a balanced composition of fatty acids. The data derived can also be utilized in the selection of oils as oleochemical raw materials and for the development of compositions of electrical insulating liquids.

Process Design in the Manufacturing of Pipes for Chemical and Petrochemical Industry

In the present study the influence of vanadium microalloy on kinetics of transformation in medium carbon steel is studied. In order to choose the thermal treatment temperatures at optimal values, the steel transformation points were determined by dilatometric analysis. The bainitic transformation point was obtained under fast cooling conditions. The industrial experiments on the hardening and tempered of steel were performed in five variants of the oil hardening and reversing treatment, with austenitizing temperatures for hardening and the tempered temperature. The steel quality was determined, the influence of the temperature on the microalloyed steel structure with vanadium was highlighted. The mechanical characteristics of the pipes after the thermal hardening and tempering were analyzed after the traction test and the shock break. Electron microscopy analysis on extraction replicas revealed aspects of precipitation, globular constituent after return is finely and uniformly distributed, austenitization at lower temperature, resulted in a finer austenitic grain [20]. The finer structure obtained after hardening resulted in heat treatment to return to precipitation of fine and uniformly distributed carbides. It has been found that the influence on bainitic transformation depends on temperature; the steel structure after the quenching and tempering treatment was analyzed by optical and electronic microscopy. The development of welding consumables is permanently challenged with matching the increasing strength and toughness of thermomechanically treated or hardening and tempered steels.

Influence of Section Size and Grain Size on the Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties in Steel Grade AISI 5160

Steel grade AISI 5160, is a cost-effective straight chromium near eutectoid alloy steel used for several applications. The steel is used in thinner sections for application such as automotive leaf spring, knife etc. and in heavier section, the steel is used in applications such as wagon wheels, rails etc. The shallow hardenability of the steel generates a wide range of microstructures that influences the steel properties. The effect of normalizing, oil quenching and tempering was studied in a 140 mm thick round corner square (RCS) bar and 50 mm diameter bars of two different grain sizes. The microstructure evolution and its influence on the mechanical properties have been studied. The thicker 140 mm RCS bar showed pearlite in normalized and oil quenched condition. The pearlite in the oil quenched condition was extremely fine, resulting in superior mechanical properties. The 50 mm diameter bar with coarser grain size gave fully martensitic structure on oil hardening and a similar bar section with finer grain size showed the presence of pearlite in the matrix due to the influence of grain size on the hardenability. The study showed significant changes in microstructure as a function of section size, hardenability and heat treatment conditions. The study enabled proper choice of heat treatment for desired properties. The microstructure of other shallow hardenable near eutectoid steel was expected to show similar effect.

Determination of nickel in hydrogenated fats and selected chocolate bars in Czech Republic

Nickel is a metal that can be present in products containing hardened edible oils, possibly as leftover catalyst from the vegetable oil hardening process. Nickel may cause toxic effects including the promotion of cancer and contact allergy. In this work, nickel content was determined in hydrogenated vegetable fats and confectionery products, made with these fats, available on the Czech market using newly developed method combining microwave digestion and graphite furnace AAS. While concentrations of 0.086±0.014mg.kg−1 or less were found in hydrogenated vegetable fats, the Ni content in confectionery products was significantly higher, varying between 0.742±0.066 and 3.141±0.217mg.kg−1. Based on an average consumer basket, daily intake of nickel from vegetable fats is at least twice as low as intake from confectionery products. Based on results, the levels of nickel in neither vegetable fats nor confectionery products, do not represent a significant health risk.

Research on Operational Characteristics of Imported Rails under Conditions of East Siberian Railway

In world’s manufacturing of railroad rails there are several thermal bonding methods: differentiated waterflow quenching, air-blast or spray quenching, rail head’s hardening in polymer solution and bulk oil hardening; rails’ service durability is strongly dependent on thermo-hardening methods. Until recently, all of rails, produced at Nizhniy Tagil and Kuznetsk Metallurgical Works, were subjected to bulk oil hardening. Only in 2010-2011, in the Russian Federation, differentiated air quenching of rails was started at the JSC “EVRAZ ZSMK”; and rail heads’ hardening in polymer solution - at the JSC “Mechel”. At the same time, exploitation of imported rails with differentiated hardening has been performed on Russian railways since 1995. Service durability of these rails in Siberia and the Far North is of considerable interest. In this paper we investigated the quality of P65-type rails, made in Japan, removed after use from curved track section of the East-Siberian railway.

Conjugated linoleic acid formation by hydrogenation/isomerisation of safflower oil over bifunctional structured catalyst Rh/SBA‐15

AbstractDirected isomerisation of safflower oil under very low hydrogen partial pressure of 7 psi over a novel bifunctional highly structured rhodium‐based catalyst (Rh/SBA‐15), having narrow pore size distribution ranging from 4 to 8 nm, and BET‐specific surface of ≈1,000 m2 g−1, was investigated as a new chemocatalytic approach for vegetable oil hardening and simultaneously producing health‐beneficial conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). Time course profiles of (cis‐9, trans‐11)‐; (cis‐10, trans‐12)‐; (trans‐10, cis‐12)‐; (cis,cis)‐ and (trans, trans)‐octadecadienoic isomers (CLAs) as well as the other fatty acids traditionally encountered during the hydrogenation of vegetable oils are presented and discussed under selected process conditions. Preliminary results show that it is possible to tailor characteristics of the hydrogenation catalyst in such way to confer its bi‐functional activity: hydrogenation and conjugation isomerisation. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering

Activity and Selectivity of Nanostructured Sulfur-Doped Pd/SBA-15 Catalyst for Vegetable Oil Hardening

Sunflower and canola oils were hardened over a novel sulfur-promoted Pd catalyst. The formulated catalyst comprised of 0.7 wt % palladium nanoparticles promoted with 0.3 wt % sulfur highly dispersed on mesoporous silica SBA-15 (0.7% Pd−0.3% S/SBA-15). The effect of temperature (80−130 °C) and H2 pressure (3.6−9.3 atm) on the activity, selectivity, and trans (TFA) and saturated (SFA) fatty acids formation were studied for both oils. Under similar temperature and H2-pressure conditions, sunflower and canola oils exhibited different reactivities toward hydrogenation. For both oils, the activity of the catalyst increased with the temperature and with the pressure. However, increasing the temperature raised the levels of trans C18:1 especially at low hydrogen pressure. Partial hydrogenation of both oils from initial iodine (IVo) values of 120−130 to a final value of 90 with the sulfur-doped Pd catalyst yielded modified oils with a low TFA level (6%) and also controlled the formation of SFA (∼7%) under mild tem...

両刃鋸の出現時期について

This paper reveals the development process of reversing saw based on literary materials and real saws themselves. As a result, the following facts have been found.(1) It was found in one of the documents that the kind of reversing saw that is shaped like fine work saw with its head split in two, existed in the region of Tokyo prefecture in 1877 (the tenth year of Meiji) .(2) The inspection of the kind of reversing saw that appeared in the early Meiji era revealed that it is characterized by the shorter neck and tang compared to what we currently have, and Tamahagane (jewel steel) is used as a material to make the blade.(3) Behind the spread of reversing saw was the generalization of western steel (Togo Steel) as a material for blades and oil hardening technique, and the pursuit of convenience.

Finite element simulation of the orthogonal metal cutting process for qualitative understanding of the effects of crater wear on the chip formation process

The orthogonal cutting of oil hardening tool steel O1 is simulated using a fully coupled thermomechanical finite element model. ABAQUS program is the computational tool in this model. Emphasis is placed on the effects of the geometric variations of the tool rake face, resulting from crater wear, on the cutting process. Johnson–Cook’s model is employed as the constitutive equation for the workpiece material. The sticking and sliding tool–chip frictional behavior is described by Coulomb’s law, and the chip separation by a critical stress criterion. Four cases are simulated, which are associated with three distinct tool face geometries, i.e., flat tool and two types of cratered tools. Representative results, including deformed meshes, contours of the von Mises equivalent plastic strain, the von Mises equivalent stress and cutting temperature, distributions of the contact stresses on the tool–chip interface, and cutting forces, are provided for each case and are compared with each other. The cutting forces produced with the flat tool agree well with the experimental data.

Cis/trans isomers of tocotrienols - occurrence and bioavailability

In nature tocotrienols (compounds of vitamin E) have only been found in the 2R,3′trans,7′trans (R, trans-trans) configuration whereas synthetic tocotrienols often represent a mixture of cis and trans side chain isomers. In this study tocotrienols were isolated from samples (egg yolk, palm oil, and ewe's milk) by extraction of the unsaponifiable matter and subsequent semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A recently developed HPLC method [two series-connected columns ET 200/4 NUCLEODEX β-PM (200×4 mm ID, permethylated β-cyclodextrin phase; Macherey-Nagel, Duren, Germany), acetonitrile/water eluent (58 : 42 by vol.), fluorescence detection at an emission wavelength of 330 nm (excitation wavelength = 295 nm)] was used to separate the isolated tocotrienols into the four potential cis/trans side chain isomers. Commercially available, synthetic α-tocotrienol was orally administered to a laying hen. In the egg yolk all four α-tocotrienol geometrical isomers could be determined, thus demonstrating the bioavailability. Furthermore, no cis/trans isomers of γ-tocotrienol from hardened palm oil (melting point 46 °C) could be detected, i.e. the hydrogenation process during oil hardening evidently caused no isomerization of γ-tocotrienol. Finally, it is shown that ewe's milk does not contain a detectable amount of cis/transα-tocotrienol isomers, which might derive from biohydrogenation during microbial metabolism in the rumen.

Trans fatty acids in the Scottish diet

Trans fatty acids produced during hardening of oils have been associated with higher cholesterol levels and increased risk of heart disease. The potential risk from trans fatty acids may be greater in populations with relatively low intakes of essential fatty acids such as the Scots, who also have a high prevalence of heart disease. Means and ranges of trans fatty acid intakes are reported here for a Scottish population. A semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire was used to survey the diet of 10,359 Scottish men and women aged 40-59 years in 1984-6 as part of the baseline Scottish Heart Health Study. Trans fatty acid levels were calculated for each food item on the questionnaire and the total subdivided into that which is derived naturally (primarily by bacterial fermentation in ruminants) and that which is produced during industrial hydrogenation (hardening) of vegetable and fish oils. Means and ranges of intakes of each trans fatty acid variable were calculated by sex, age, smoking and social class groups. Mean total trans fatty acid intakes for men were 7.1 (SD 3.1) g/d, 2.7 (SD 2.9)% energy and for women were 6.4 (SD 2.9) g/d, 3.3 (SD 3.0)% energy. Industrially hydrogenated trans fatty acids made up nearly 58% of the total intake for men and 61% for women, with about 60% coming from cakes, biscuits and sweets, and 20% coming from the cheaper hard margarines. The main sources of the naturally derived trans fatty acids were red meat (27%), milk (20%), butter (18-19%) and cheese (13-16%). Differences between age, smoking and social class groups were apparent. However, apart from the social class differences of up to 1 g/d, these were so small that they are unlikely to be of any biological significance unless compounded by other factors such as marginal essential fatty acid adequacy. The possibility of trans fatty acid intakes up to 48 g/d and 12% total energy (compared with the Department of Health (1991) recommendations of 5 g/d or 2% energy) highlights the need for careful monitoring of the health risks at these high levels of intake.

THYRODUR 2510

Abstract THYRODUR 2510 (AISI D2) is an oil hardening, non-shrinking die steel which can be hardened at relatively low temperatures. The alloy exhibits excellent wear resistance. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and hardness. It also includes information on heat treating and surface treatment. Filing Code: TS-521. Producer or source: Thyssen Specialty Steels Inc.

GRAPH-MO

Abstract GRAPH-MO is an oil hardening, non-deforming type tool steel possessing remarkable machining properties. This datasheet provides information on composition, hardness, tensile properties, and compressive strength as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on heat treating. Filing Code: TS-40. Producer or source: Latrobe Steel Company. Originally published November 1955, revised May 1984, revised July 1991.

Laser treatment of sintered TiC-steel alloys

1. Laser treatment of TiC-5Kh6VM2 steel alloys leads to a significant increase in hardness in the zone of laser action. The maximum effect of laser hardening is obtained for alloys containing up to 30% TiC. 2. The addition of titanium carbide to the steel leads to an increase in the depth of the zone of laser action as the result of a change in the character of heat dissipation. 3. The increase in hardness of the alloy with 10% TiC is caused by the significant redistribution of the carbide phase, the increase in its degree of dispersion, and additional alloying of the steel binder. 4. After laser treatment of alloys containing 10% TiC their relative wear resistance e is four to five times higher than after through oil hardening. The e of the alloy with 10% TiC is also higher than the e of alloys with a higher TiC content. 5. The tendency toward crack formation of alloys with titanium carbide limits its content to 10%.

Fatigue failure resistance of springs of 50KhFA steel and 40KKhNMVTYu alloy in synthesis gas

An investigation was made of the fatigue failure resistance of springs of 50KhFA steel and 40KKhNMVTYu alloy in synthesis gas and the influence of heat treatment on the fatigue resistance of these materials in air and in synthesis gas. For investigation of the phase composition of the surface layers an x-ray diffraction analysis was made of specimens. Photography was done on a URS-701 instrument. From the results of x-ray diffraction investigation of the phase analysis of specimens of 50KhFA steel after hardening from 860/sup 0/ C in an aqueous solution of water glass and tempering at 230/sup 0/ for 3 h with furnace cooling it was established that the steel contains Fe/sub 3/C alloy cementite and Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ iron oxide. The probability of reliable operation of the springs at a gas temperature of up to 187/sup 0/ C and a loading frequency of 300 cycles/min increased by 20-25% in comparison with the probability of reliable operation of springs of 50KhFA steel after oil hardening.

Volatile sulfur compounds and other headspace constituents of north sea fish oils

AbstractHeadspace fractions of industrial oils produced from North Sea fish have been studied with emphasis on their sulfur‐containing constituents, suspected inhibitors in the subsequent, catalytic oil hardening process. Fourteen individual, volatile sulfur compounds have been identified, accounting for virtually the total amount of such compounds in the volatile fraction. Sulfides, linear and cyclic di‐ and polysulfides, and a homologous series of methyl thiolesters, together make up the chemical patterns. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry revealed a complex, but surprisingly constant pattern of the total, volatile fractions of several North Sea fish oils. About 100 individual compounds, including those containing sulfur, have been fully or partly identified. The structural characteristics and possible origin of the various types of compounds are discussed briefly.