Oil Flow Rate Research Articles

Measurement of Gas-Oil Two-Phase Flow Patterns by Using CNN Algorithm Based on Dual ECT Sensors with Venturi Tube

In modern society, the oil industry has become the foundation of the world economy, and how to efficiently extract oil is a pressing problem. Among them, the accurate measurement of oil-gas two-phase parameters is one of the bottlenecks in oil extraction technology. It is found that through the experiment the flow patterns of the oil-gas two-phase flow will change after passing through the venturi tube with the same flow rates. Under the different oil-gas flow rate, the change will be diverse. Being motivated by the above experiments, we use the dual ECT sensors to collect the capacitance values before and after the venturi tube, respectively. Additionally, we use the linear projection algorithm (LBP) algorithm to reconstruct the image of flow patterns. This paper discusses the relationship between the change of flow patterns and the flow rates. Furthermore, a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm is proposed to predict the oil flow rate, gas flow rate, and GVF (gas void fraction, especially referring to sectional gas fraction) of the two-phase flow. We use ElasticNet regression as the loss function to effectively avoid possible overfitting problems. In actual experiments, we compare the Typical-ECT-imaging-based-GVF algorithm and SVM (Support Vector Machine) algorithm with CNN algorithm based on three different ECT datasets. Three different sets of ECT data are used to predict the gas flow rate, oil flow rate, and GVF, and they are respectively using the venturi front-based ECT data only, while using the venturi behind-based ECT data and using both these data.

Optimization and Prediction of Sucker Rod Pump Performance on Well X-1 in Field X in the Future

The performance of the sucker rod pump is influenced by the characteristics of the well and reservoir such as pressure, well productivity, physical properties of the fluid, depth and diameter of the well. Therefore, pumping pumps need to be designed and optimized taking into account these conditions. As time goes on production changes in physical properties occur in the reservoir such as a decrease in reservoir pressure and a decrease in well productivity. Changes in the physical properties of the reservoir will affect the performance of the sucker rod pump. The purpose of this study is to design a sucker rod pump at X-1 well and forecast production in the future. The flow rate determination is obtained from the point of intersection between the pump intake pressure curve and IPR curves both in the present and in the future. In this study the pump speed is set at 10 SPM. Based on this method it was found that the well can produce with a flow rate of 1132 bpd with an oil flow rate of 27 bpd. The stroke length for this condition is 304 inch. Over time the production is estimated to cause the pressure to decrease to 1010 psi in 2040. The decrease in reservoir pressure causes the reduction in the flow rate of sucker rod pump to 1046 bpd with an oil flow rate of 14.6 bopd. So that the magnitude of the reduction in the flow rate of liquid between 2019 and 2040 was 7.6%, while the decrease in the oil flow rate was 45.9%. If the speed is set at 10 SPM, the stroke length needs to be reduced with time. The stroke length was designed to be 304 inches in 3019 and reduced to 281 inches in 2040.

Thermal Modelling of Hydraulic System using an Expert Program

The purpose of this work to estimate oil temperature of hydraulic circuit that leads to affect the efficiency of the system. An expert system is built depending on the available knowledge. This model is generated in a computer program named “Thermal Analysis of Hydraulic System (TAHS)”. The program is used to calculate partial power losses at different components of hydraulic system (pump, motor, valves, cylinder, pipe and fittings). The expert system is capable to estimate oil temperature and power loss with different types of (pumps, oils, circuits and actuator dimension). The chosen experimental conditions are oil flow rate, setting pressure, ambient temperature and duty time. The model is validated experimentally and with other works. The results show an acceptable agreement with average deviation about 2.6% & 6.4% respectively.

Performance analysis of plate-fin heat exchanger used for case drain oil cooling application in variable displacement pumps

Variable displacement pumps are commonly employed in fluid power equipment. In applications involving variable displacement pumps, overheating of oil is a frequently encountered problem necessitating an effective oil cooling solution. In this work, the thermo-hydraulic performance analysis of an air blast hydraulic oil cooler, which is a compact heat exchanger (Brazed Aluminium Plate-Fin type) with surface heat enhancement feature in the form of rectangular offset strip fins is presented. The performance models available in the literature present correlations for f and j factors limited to a particular surface geometry and Reynolds number Re range. In the present work a detailed theoretical thermo-hydraulic analysis of an existing heat exchanger is presented using models available in the literature and also experimentally validated using a developed test-rig. The performance parameters derived from f and j factors like exchanger effectiveness, heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop are amply addressed. It was found that, cooler effectiveness varied only slightly with increasing oil inlet temperatures; whereas effectiveness decreased with increasing flow rates. The heat transfer rates increased with increasing oil flow rates and also with increasing oil inlet temperatures. The pressure drop on the oil side was found negligible.

A comparison of oil-water separation by gravity and electrolysis separation process

ABSTRACT This study investigates the performance of oil-water separation experimentally using two methods: gravity separation, and electrolysis separation. A factorial design experiment was conducted for gravity separation using a five-variable experimental plan where the factors are as follows: water flow rate, oil flow rate, temperature, number of compartments (2) and (1), and type of separator inlet deflector plate and elbow. The electrolysis separation was conducted using one factor at a time method. It was found that increasing temperature, voltage, and (NaCl) salt increases the performance of oil-water separation, however increasing the pH or volumetric oil to water ratio acts adversely.

Reconstruction of Missing Gas, Oil, and Water Flow-Rate Data: A Unified Physics and Data-Based Approach

Summary An incomplete data set of flow rate and pressure is detrimental to reservoir management and operation. It has the potential to increase uncertainty and has the potential to unfavorably affect operational and managerial decisions. Such a data set might transpire because of failure in the flowmeters, pressure gauges, and/or unrecorded shut-in periods. This study proposes and evaluates unified physics and data-based analytics for “learning” the underlying behavior of a reservoir and reconstructing missing gas, oil, and water flow rates. The proposed workflow is evaluated using real field data obtained from a North Sea reservoir. Validation is done by using a whiteness test, a goodness-of-fit test, and a novel physics-based validation using material balance and pressure back-calculation. The outcome has shown the capability and flexibility of the selected machine-learning techniques in estimating the missing flow rate on the basis of pressure responses. The features that are extracted and expanded on the basis of physics have resulted in a high-fidelity model with less computation time.

Electrospun Polymer Nanofiber from Moringa Oleifera Kernel Oil with Coaxial Electrospinning Method

Background: Moringa oleifera kernel oil consist of monounsaturated fatty acid with high percentage of oleic acid. The oil consist of phytochemicals, bioactive compounds and nutrients that have several application in health industries. However, the oil degrades on exposure to light, heat and oxygen overtime. In addition, rancidity cause the oil quality to defect and reduce the shelf-life. Therefore, microencapsulation techniques are uniquely applied to oil to preserve their native quality and prolong their shelf life. Objective: This study examines different polymer concentrations and injection flowrates of zein nanofiber from Moringa oleifera kernel oil using coaxial electrospinning method. Methods: A 40% w/v zein polymer was the optimal loading concentration and 0.7 mL/hour of zein polymer with 0.1 mL/hour of Moringa oleifera kernel oil was the optimal injection flowrates for electrospun nanofiber. Analysis of the Moringa oleifera kernel oil and polymer sample micromorphology, were investigated with Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Result: result shows uniformly layered nanofiber. The nanofiber has no beads formation and the fiber strands are continuous with no entanglement. The polymer encapsulated the oil efficiently. Furthermore, thermal analysis through Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed consistency in the nanofiber thermal behavior. Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis revealed the weight loss and thermal dissociation of the polymer structure. The electrospun nanofiber average diameter was 450 ± 24 nm and exhibited hydrophobicity. Conclusion: The co-axial electrospine technique was effective in fabricating electrospune nanofibers.

Biodiesel production integrated with glycerol steam reforming process, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power plant

Process of biodiesel production integrated with glycerol steam reforming process, solid oxide fuel cell power plant, and also the organic Rankine cycle for the simultaneous production of biodiesel and electricity is investigated. In the biodiesel production scenario, biodiesel is obtained from waste cooking oil using acid catalyst coupled with hexane extraction. The glycerol obtained from the above method is subjected to steam reforming process to produce hydrogen. The hydrogen produced is then used as fuel in the solid oxide fuel cell to provide thermal and electrical energy for biodiesel production and reforming processes. In addition, generating extra power will allow biodiesel production to be more economical by injecting it into the electricity network. It also provides the heat duty of organic Rankine cycle. Sensitivity analysis is accomplished on the proposed model to indicate the effects of several parameters on the biodiesel production, glycerol production, power generation, and process efficiency. This study showed that with increasing oil flow rate, total generated power in SOFC, SOFC cycle efficiency, input flow to fuel cell and cell number decreased. Also, with increasing the fuel utilization coefficient, electrical efficiency, cell number, total output power from SOFC and overall thermal efficiency increased. The effect of inlet heat to distillation towers on parameters such as overall thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency and total generated power was also investigated. As main results, solid oxide fuel cell efficiency, Electrical efficiency, and overall thermal efficiency based on LHV are 25.09%, 28.14%, and 85.16%, respectively. Overall, developing a biodiesel production plant by upgrading glycerol to hydrogen through steam reforming and using hydrogen produced in solid oxide fuel cell and employing organic Rankine cycle to generate power is an attractive strategy to make biodiesel production cycles more economical.

On two ways to improve the rheology of high viscous oil in an oil pipeline

Transportation of highly viscous and high-curing oils through main pipelines requires significant energy costs. Thus, the task of choosing the cheapest pumping modes is very relevant. The article describes and proposes a solution to the oil flow problem in a pipeline using two methods: with preheating and using a Laval nozzle at the inlet of the pipeline. Mathematical models of the flow of highviscosity oil in the main oil pipeline for the two named pumping methods have been compiled. An algorithm has been developed for calculating temperature, viscosity and pressure along the length of the Uzen-Atyrau pipeline at various oil flow rates. The results of temperature and pressure distribution are analyzed and compared at different oil flow rates along the length of the pipeline for two pumping methods. It is shown that the use of cavitation improves the rheological properties of oil and can significantly reduce the cost of pumping. The research results can be used to predict the operation of main oil pipelines pumping oil both in a heated state and in isothermal mode with a Laval nozzle.

Using data analytics to quantify the impact of production test uncertainty on oil flow rate forecast

In general, flow measurement systems in production units only report the daily total production rates. As there is no precise control of individual production of each well, the current well flow rates and their parameters are determined when production tests are conducted. Because production tests are performed periodically (e.g., once a month), information about the wells is limited and operational decisions are made using data that are not updated. Meanwhile, well properties and parameters from the production test are typically used in multiphase flow models to forecast the expected production. However, this is done deterministically without considering the different sources of uncertainties in the production tests. This study aims to introduce uncertainties in oil flow rate forecast. To do this, it is necessary to identify and quantify uncertainties from the data obtained in the production tests, consider them in production modeling, and propagate them by using multiphase flow simulation. This study comprises two main areas: data analytics and multiphase flow simulation. In data analytics, an algorithm is developed using R to analyze and treat the data from production tests. The most significant stochastic variables are identified and data deviation is adjusted to probability distributions with their respective parameters. Random values of the selected variables are then generated using Monte Carlo and Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) methods. In multiphase flow simulation, these possible values are used as input. By nodal analysis, the simulator output is a set of oil flow rate values, with their interval of occurrence probabilities. The methodology is applied, using a representative Brazilian offshore field as a case study. The results show the significance of the inclusion of uncertainties to achieve greater accuracy in the multiphase flow analysis of oil production.

Studying the Effect of Perforation Parameters on Vertical Well Performance

This paper presents a pressure drop analysis in perforated vertical wellbores for different perforation parameters. The effect of the density of the perforations (number of perforation), the phase angle of the perforations, the diameter of the perforation and the flow rate of the crude oil from the perforations on the pressure drop and the productivity index of the perforated vertical wellbores were studied. The analysis of the vertical wellbore was performed numerically using ANSYS FLUENT 15.0 software. Three dimensional, steady-states, turbulent and incompressible fluid flow is assumed during the numerical solution of the governing equations. The results of this study show that, increased perforation density of the perforated vertical wellbore caused an increase in pressure drop, and also, decreased productivity index due to increasing the friction losses. Friction pressure drop has a significant effect on crude oil flow into the wellbore. When the main velocity is 1.5 m/s and the inlet velocity from the perforations is 2 m/s, the friction pressure drop is about 66 % and the acceleration pressure is approximately 34 % of the total pressure drop.

Enhancement of Machining Accuracy Utilizing Varied Cooling Oil Volume for Machine Tool Spindle

In this study, varied cooling oil volume (VOV) control was developed for the oil coolant of a machine tool. This allows adjustment of the oil circulation flow rate in terms of the machining loads and rotational speeds of the spindle to remove the generated heat effectively from the spindle. A mathematical model of the cooling oil flow rate in terms of the rotating speed and torque of the spindle for VOV method is developed. From the thermal deformation experiments with the VOV method, the thermal deformations in both the Y-axis and Z-axis can be greatly reduced, by 70.1 % and 73.5 %, respectively, in variable rotational speed operation with a short operational period (10 minutes). Moreover, the VOV method was applied to shorten the required warm-up time of the spindle. The required warm-up time of the spindle can be shortened by 50 %, while the three axes of the spindle attain stable thermal conditions. In practical machining experiments, the machining accuracy with the VOV method can be greatly enhanced by 34 % to 62 % in comparison with the current case of constant cooling oil volume (COV). The VOV control system in the machine tool spindle can effectively reduce the thermal deformation and shorten the required warm-up time. In addition, the machining accuracy can be greatly enhanced.

A Microwave Sensing and Imaging Method for Multiphase Flow Metering of Crude Oil Pipes

This article proposes a microwave sensing and imaging method for multiphase flow monitoring and metering in oil and gas pipes. The ultrawideband (UWB) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technique is used to create a high-resolution image of the pipe cross section. The image is, then, used to estimate each phase volume by extracting the edge of each phase. Additionally, the generalized impulsization technique is presented and applied to reconstruct a sharp-image, and decrease the error in flow rate estimation. Furthermore, a novel technique to enhance the detectability of weak targets in the images is proposed. Finally, a novel sectional image reconstruction technique is also applied to improve the imaging and metering of the stratified flows. All the proposed techniques are evaluated through experiments. This study demonstrates the ability to accurately estimate the crude oil flow rate with a maximum error of 3.8 ${\%}$ . These results show that UWB SAR is capable of providing a reliable and noninvasive solution for multiphase flow metering.

Effects of oil flow rate on temperature and dynamic properties of direct lubricated titlting pad journal bearing

Effects of oil flow rate on temperature and dynamic properties of direct lubricated titlting pad journal bearing

Theoretical and experimental control strategies assessment of a Sliding Vane Oil Pump

To date, Sliding Vane Pump (SVP) technology is one of the most attractive solution in different technical applications thanks to its reliability and compactness and capability to keep a high efficiency even when it is working far from rated condition. In particular, this feature makes the SVP suitable to be employed for the oil circulation (SVOP) in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) which is characterized by a wide oil flow rates variation, delivered pressure and temperature variation which causes operating conditions of the pump far from the design point. Flow delivered changes in these machines are produced by varying the eccentricity for a mechanical connection with the engine - or by varying the speed of revolution. The mild hybridization of the powertrains calls for a strong development of electrically assisted engine auxiliaries which undoubtedly makes the flow variations easier to be done, but the presence of an electric motor requires some technological choices not fully assessed, a cost increase and a reliability decrease. The paper presents a mathematical model of a SVOP for oil circulation in ICE, suitably validated by a wide experimental activity. The model integrates a mono and zero-dimensional fluid-dynamic analysis and allows to represent the intimate behaviour of the machine. Moreover, it was employed as virtual platform to discuss pros and cons of different flow rate variation strategies and their effect on the efficiency of the SVOP.

IMPROVING THE STEAM-ASSISTED GRAVITY DRAINAGE INTEGRAL SIMULATOR TO PREDICT THE TIME OF STEAM BREAKTHROUGH INTO THE PRODUCER

One of the main problems for Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is the risk of steam breakthrough into the producer. A relevant task is to simulate SAGD to predict steam breakthrough. The existing models do not predict many technological parameters, and the integral model, developed earlier, does not consider the risk of a steam breakthrough. In this article, for the first time, an integral model is proposed in a dimensionless form, which considers risk of steam breakthrough and allows calculating all stages of SAGD. The aim of this study is to improve the previously developed SAGD model to calculate the vertical coordinate of the upper boundary of liquid phase level. This has required a system of equations based on mass and heat balances both in the chamber and in the region of liquid phases. The system of equations is represented in dimensionless form. The research methodology involves using an explicit finite-difference scheme to solve this system and to verify the model according to the data by Ya. Yang et al. The nonlinear equation included in the system is solved using Newton’s iterative method. The lowering of the upper boundary of liquid phases’ region means steam breakthrough. The results have provided the dependences of volumetric oil flow rate, the vertical coordinate of the upper boundary of the level of liquid phases and steam-oil ratio on time of process. These results are compared with the production data from the Celtic field with good agreement of the calculated data with the actual data. A fast drop in the upper boundary of the liquid phases region, observed with the data used approximately 100 days after the end of vertical growth of the steam chamber, indicates the risk of steam breakthrough.

New empirical correlation for oil flowrate prediction through chokes

Accurate prediction of choke restricted multiphase flowrate is always interesting in oil industry in the absence of flowmeters for field production monitoring and management purposes. Also, in a producing well, choke is installed for controlling the production rate. In this research, new correlation is developed for predicting the multiphase flowrate through choke specified for one of the Iranian southern oilfields. For this purpose, 166 sets of flowrate measurement data, was gathered and filtered to 142 data sets, at the quality control step. This data was regressed to a linearized modified correlation between the measured flowrate, the wellhead pressure choke size and the producing gas liquid ratio to find the best set of correlation parameters. The resulted correlation was evaluated by determining its average relative error and root mean square error by the excluded set of test data. The evaluation indicated that new correlation could significantly improve the accuracy of flowrate predictions in contrast to previous prominent correlations.

Experimental study of lubricating oil impact on pressure pulsation for twin-screw refrigeration compressor

An experimental investigation on pressure pulsations of twin-screw refrigeration compressor was conducted. The pressure pulsation energy at different radial locations on the screw housing, inside the discharge chamber, and the energy transmitting to downstream components during the working process were all tested. Various oil parameters have been investigated to disclose its influence on the pressure pulsation energy of twin-screw refrigeration compressors. With the total oil flow rate increasing, pressure pulsation was found attenuating above the 1st order of pumping frequency, while the amplitude reduction was found depended on the oil injection locations and oil distributions obviously. The final compression pressure inside the screw lobe cavity before the internal discharge port opening was found to be much lower than the expected value based on the built-in radial Vi, and the pressure continued increasing until the axial port opening around 5.45°. Several suggestions about design for lower pressure pulsations were recommended based on test findings.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ОСАДКОГЕЛЕОБРАЗУЮЩЕЙ КОМПОЗИЦИИ ДЛЯ СНИЖЕНИЯ ОБВОДНЕННОСТИ СКВАЖИН НА НЕФТЯНОЙ ЗАЛЕЖИ С ВЫСОКОВЯЗКОЙ НЕФТЬЮ

Актуальность. Обводнение добывающих скважин – естественный процесс при разработке нефтяных месторождений. На процесс обводнения скважин в первую очередь влияет неоднородность коллектора по фильтрационным свойствам – послойная (по разрезу) и зональная (по простиранию), наличие подошвенной воды, водонефтяных зон, повышенная вязкость пластовой нефти. Скорость перемещения фронта вытеснения увеличивается в высокопроницаемых слоях, что ускоряет процесс преждевременного обводнения скважин. Цель: выделить наиболее эффективные технологии водоизоляции в Пермском крае и исследовать возможность их использования на конкретном месторождении. Объект: карбонатные залежи с высоковязкой нефтью Ножовской группы месторождений в Пермском крае. Средняя вязкость пластовой нефти для 8 объектов разработки в отложениях турнейского яруса (Т) составляет 72,1 мПа*с при высоком значении коэффициента расчлененности (6,23). Средние значения соотношения обводненности и выработки запасов нефти доходят до 1,8. В таких условиях необходимо проведение работ по ограничению притока воды в добывающие скважины. Методы: анализ результатов выполненных работ по снижению обводненности скважин, гидродинамическое моделирование водоизоляционных и потоковыравнивающих работ в скважинах на нефтяном месторождении. Результаты. В Пермском крае более высокая эффективность при ограничении притока воды в добывающие скважины по промытым слоям для пластов с карбонатным коллектором отмечена для геле- и осадкообразующих технологий. В нагнетательных скважинах работы по выравниванию профилей приемистости осуществлялись в основном с применением цементов, смол и полиакриламида. Высокую эффективность показала технология с использованием осадко- и гелеобразующих компонентов на основе лигносульфонатов. Выполнено моделирование работы элемента залежи с использованием осадко- и гелеобразующих веществ для участка Березовского нефтяного месторождения. Приемистость верхнего интервала снизится на 82 % при проведении водоизоляционных работ. По добывающим скважинам в течение года обводненность снижается на 3…15 %, а суммарный дебит по нефти увеличивается на 0,9 т/сут.

A numerical model for fractured horizontal well and production characteristics: Comprehensive consideration of the fracturing fluid injection and flowback

Currently, many investigations on fractured well productivity are conducted. However, all this productivity studies are conducted based on the initial pressure and fluid distribution. In this work, taking the reservoir damage caused by fracturing fluid and the effect of fracturing fluid injection on pressure and saturation into consideration, a flow model of multistage fractured horizontal well is built, which is composed of fracturing fluid injection model and fracturing fluid flowback and production model. Numerical solving method is utilized to solve the model and model verification are presented through comparing with the test results of 12 fractured well. The effects of fracture fluid injection rate and fracturing fluid viscosity on pressure and saturation at the end of fracturing fluid injection are analyzed. And the effects of the reservoir oil viscosity, porosity, permeability, heterogeneous and reservoir damage on flowback and production characteristic are analyzed. The results show: (1) The distances of saturation and pressure variation area from the fracture are respectively 10 m and 20 m after the fracturing fluid injection is finished. When the fracturing fluid viscosity increases from 10 mPa s to 30 mPa s, the distance of pressure variation area from the fracture decrease. But the pressure and saturation near the hydraulic fracture increases. When the injection rate increases from 0.28 m3/min to 28 m3/min, the fracture length increases and the distances of pressure and saturation variation area from the fracture increase. The pressure near the fracture with a high injection rate is larger than that with a small injection rate. (2) With the development of reservoir, the water flow rate and water cut decreases, and the oil flow rate increases firstly and then decreases. When the reservoir oil viscosity increases from 1.5 mPa s to 2.5 mPa s, water cut increases. The maximum oil flow rate decreases from 16.4 to 6.2 m3/d. With the increase of reservoir permeability, the water cut decrease. When the reservoir porosity increases, the oil flow rate, water flow rate and cumulative fluid volume increase. While, the water cut decreases with the increase of reservoir porosity. When the residual resistance factor (RRF) increases from 1 to 1.08, the oil flow rate of when the RRF equals 1 is slight larger than that of when the RRF equals 1.08. The reservoir damage has slight effect on the water flow rate and water cut. (3) The development of heterogeneous reservoir is poorer than that of homogeneous reservoir when the development conditions are the same. This work provides a more accurate method to investigate the flowback and production characteristics of fractured well.