Oilfield Equipment Research Articles

A Review of CiteSpace Visualisation and Analysis of High-Temperature Corrosion Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Fields

With the increasing global energy demand, the exploitation depth of oil and gas fields is gradually increasing. At the same time, importing many high-acid crude oil makes it increasingly heavy and inferior, and its acid value is constantly improving. This change has led to the increasingly severe corrosion problem of oil and gas field equipment, which has become an essential factor affecting the national economy and society's sustainable development. As an economical and practical anticorrosion measure, corrosion inhibitors play a crucial role in the anticorrosion of oil and gas field equipment. Through the research method of biorientation, retrieve the Web of Science database in 2008-2024 about oil and gas field high-temperature corrosion inhibitor research literature information, using CiteSpace measurement analysis software visual analysis in the literature keywords, publications, high citation frequency, cooperation and word clustering information change trend, analyze the research situation of oil and gas field in recent years, summarizes the research hotspot of oil field high-temperature corrosion inhibitor, prominent authors and institutions, reference relationship and development trend. The number of documents on high-temperature corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas fields is smaller, and the authors, institutions, and countries are not closely related. There is less research cooperation on high-temperature corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas fields, and more independent studies exist. China University of Petroleum has the first number of publications, and China is the country with the first number of publications. The study of mass spectrometry for corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas fields is prominent, while the literature on high-temperature corrosion inhibitors is rare.

Study of the toxicity of a corrosion inhibitor for macrophytes

This article presents the results of studies of the toxicity of a corrosion inhibitor used to treat oilfield equipment in relation to a representative of submerged aquatic plants – Elodea canadensis. The characteristics of the toxicant and research methods are given in detail. The method of mathematical processing is indicated. The work presents the results of studying the toxicity of the substance in a wide range of concentrations: from 100 to 5000 mg/dm³ (4 days – acute experience) and 0,05–500,0 mg/dm³ (30 days – chronic experience). During the experiment, changes in the condition and survival of plants, morphological indicators (growth of the main shoot, number of lateral shoots and their length, number of roots and their length, total growth of elodea) were observed. It has been established that the maximum amounts of the substance (5000 and 500 mg/dm³ – acute and chronic experiments, respectively) cause 100% plant death. Lower concentration ranges stimulate morphological parameters. According to the research results, 0,5 mg/l can be taken as a threshold concentration for an inhibitor, and 0,05 mg/l is acceptable.

MATERIALS FOR IMPREGNATION OF POROUS METALLIZATION THERMAL SPRAYED ANTICORROSIVE COATINGS OF SUBMERSIBLE OILFIELD EQUIPMENT. Part 2

The use of thermal sprayed coatings in aggressive petroleum fluid is limited due to the presence of porosity in it. When fluid gets into the pores, corrosion processes begin and thereby reduce the protective properties of thermal sprayed coating. The application of impregnating compounds makes it possible to seal open porosity and prevent the penetration of aggressive environments into the metal under the coating, thereby increasing the barrier properties of the coating. Epoxy polymer materials demonstrate high corrosion resistance and are widely used in the oil industry to protect pipeline elements and submersible oilfield equipment during operation. The second part of the article presents both traditional polymer impregnation materials and new compositions with magnetic nanoparticles and nanocarbon fillers (fullerenes, graphene and nanotubes) which, due to the created magnetic field, are evenly distributed throughout the polymer matrix and increase the crack resistance of the matrix. Polymer impregnating materials of both domestic and foreign production based on phenolic, epoxy, acrylic and urethane resins, modes of their application, conditions of their operation and temperature restrictions are considered. The possibility of using existing independent anti-corrosion polymer coatings as an impregnation of metallization thermal sprayed layers is discussed. Their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. Examples of self-healing polymer matrices are given that are capable of recognizing the onset of corrosion processes and responding by releasing appropriate effective self-healing agents. The possibility of adding inhibitors to the polymer matrix is described, which helps to increase the anti-corrosion properties of the coating and thereby increase the time between failures of equipment. The issue of normative regulation of the use of impregnating compositions in various fields of industry is covered. The main directions of research that need to be carried out to solve the problem of using polymer materials as the most promising impregnating compositions for anti-corrosion thermal sprayed coatings of submersible oilfield equipment have been identified. First of all, it is necessary to reduce the viscosity of polymer resins to increase their penetration into open pores.

Development of a new reagent for the prevention of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits

Asphaltene-Resin-Paraffin deposits (ARPD) form a certain proportion of the crude oil mass, separating as temperature and pressure decrease and adsorbing to the surfaces of the reservoir wellbore zone, downhole equipment and tubulars. These deposits precipitate in the wellbore zone, oilfield equipment and pipes,resulting in reduced system productivity, reduced pumping efficiency of the pumping equipment and other negative consequences. Asphalt-resin and paraffin deposits (ARPD) are a complex mixture of solid paraffin hydrocarbons, asphalt-resin substances (ARS), water and mechanical impurities. The strength and composition of ARPD depend on the composition and properties of oil, geological, physical and technological conditions of field development. Chemical methods for removing deposits are currently the most widely used, as they are highly effective and technologically advanced. To this end, new reagents have been developed and their physico-chemical properties have been studied. Subsequently, the selected reagents were tested on oil samples from Oil and Gas Production Department (OGPD) with a paraffin content of more than 6 %. It was also shown that paraffin inhibitors have individual effects; a reagent that is effective on oil from one field may not have the same effect on oil from other fields. The research includes studies of selected reagents for paraffinic oils from different fields. Using the «cold finger» method, the efficacy of the selected reagents against paraffin deposition was investigated and their optimum doses were determined. Keywords: reagent; sendiment; paraffin; asphaltene; resin; well bottom zone; viscosity; depressor.

Research on the Influence of Cold Drawing and Aging Heat Treatment on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of GH3625 Alloy.

With the development of the petroleum industry, the demand for materials for oilfield equipment is becoming increasingly stringent. The strength increase brought about by time strengthening is limited in meeting the needs of equipment development. The GH3625 alloy with different strength levels can be obtained through cold deformation and heat treatment processes. A study should be carried out to further develop the potential mechanical properties of GH3625. In this study, the GH3625 alloy was cold drawn with different reductions in area (0-30%) and heat treated, and its mechanical properties were tested. The microstructure of the alloy during deformation and heat treatment was characterized by methods such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) based on the principles of physical metallurgy. The strength increase caused by dislocation strengthening was calculated from the dislocation density, tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The calculated value was compared to the measured value, elucidating the strengthening effect of cold deformation and heat treatment. The results showed that the yield strength and yield ratio of the cold-drawn alloy significantly reduced after aging at 650 °C and 760 °C. Heat treatment can make a cold-deformed material recover, ablate dislocations, and greatly reduce the dislocation density in the microstructure of the GH3625 alloy, which was the main factor in the decrease in yield strength. The work-hardening gradient of the cold-drawn material varied greatly with different reductions in area. When the reduction in area was small (10%), the hardness gradient was obvious. When it increased to 30%, the alloy was uniformly strengthened as the deformation was transmitted to the axis. This study can provide more mechanical performance options for GH3625 alloy structural components in the petrochemical industry.

STUDYING THE INFLUENCE OF NEW COMBINED INHIBITORS ON THE PROCESSES OF CORROSION AND SALT DEPOSITION IN OIL-FIELD EQUIPMENT

Aggressive salts contained in formation waters accelerate the processes of corrosion and salt deposition in oilfield equipment, which leads to unforeseen accidents, contamination of soil and groundwater with harmful substances, as a result of which the ecological balance of the environment is disrupted. Corrosion and scaling that occur during oil production create difficulties during the operation of wells, and, consequently, increase the cost of produced oil.This article covers the results of studies concerning two compositions developed from technical phosphatide - an emulsion obtained by hydration of vegetable oils, as well as sodium hexametaphosphate, ammophos and polypropylene glycol bottoms. When vegetable oils are treated with water and steam (hydration process), the phospholipids contained in the oils combine with water and are released in the form of precipitates called phosphatide emulsions. Such emulsions consist of 45–75 % water, and the rest is phospholipids in the vegetable oil sediment.Technical phosphatides are a group of esters that contain a phosphoric acid residue associated with an amino alcohol. They are natural surfactants and are non-toxic.Preliminary studies have shown that each of the chemical compounds included in the developed reagents has certain inhibitory properties, but when formulated, these compounds provide a synergistic effect.Based on the results of laboratory studies, it was found that at an optimal concentration of reagents of 200 mg/l, the developed compositions provide protection of equipment from corrosion destruction by 94–95 %, and from scaling by 87–88 %. The developed mixed-type inhibitors at optimal concentrations equally effectively inhibit both cathodic and anodic processes on the electrode.The use of these inhibitors leads to the prevention of steel corrosion in the two-phase oil-electrolyte system, as well as to a significant reduction in the rate of scaling.The proposed new compositions can be used in oil wells and in-field transport systems, as well as in reservoir pressure maintenance systems to protect against corrosion and scale deposits.Field tests of the corrosion inhibitor were carried out in deep pumping wells at the Bibieybatneft oil and gas production department. Tests have shown that as a result of using the inhibitor, the protective effect at a concentration of 200 mg/l was 89–90 %, and the effect of salt deposition was 70 %.

REVIEW: MATERIALS FOR IMPREGNATION OF POROUS METALLIZATION THERMAL SPRAYED ANTICORROSIVE COATINGS OF SUBMERSIBLEOILFIELD EQUIPMENT. Part 1

Submersible oilfield equipment undergoes aggressive corrosive effects of petroleum fluid, abrasive effects of mechanical impurities during operation, and also operates at elevated temperatures in the bottom. The most effective way to protect the outer surface of oilfield equipment is the use of metallization thermal sprayed coatings, and therefore the application of thermal spraying technology is becoming more and more in demand.However, the formation of a coating structure from many particles of molten material, due to their spraying, incomplete melting and loose packaging, leads to the formation of porosity, and porosity is one of the main disadvantages of thermal sprayed coatings. To eliminate this disadvantage, it is possible to use impregnation of porous coatings with various compositions, in which case the coating becomes composite. Depending on the operating environment, temperature conditions and operating conditions, metal, organic and inorganic impregnating compositions are used,but their use in the oil environment has been little studied, therefore the development of composite impregnated coatings is relevant for the protection of submersible oilfield equipment. The article highlights the influence of technological modes of its application on the porosity of thermal sprayed coating and the quality of substrate surface preparation. The main methods of sealing the porosity of thermal sprayed coatings by impregnation are described. The mechanism of impregnation (infiltration) of porous coatings, used methods of application and their classification are described, the determining role of wetting the coating with an impregnating material is emphasized. The effect of the rough surface of a thermal sprayed coating is shown, which consists in enhancing the wetting properties of the impregnating composition, the influence of roughness on the formation of adhesive bonds between the coating and the impregnating composition.The review presents traditional impregnating materials used in industry and their application modes.The application of metal and non-polymer inorganic impregnating compounds, represented mainly by salts of inorganic acids (nitrates, phosphates, silicates), is described. Specific test results are presented, including for the corrosion and abrasive resistance of thermal sprayed coatings after the application of impregnating compounds.

Development of a method for monitoring the formation of organic deposits on the inner surface of the oilwell tubing

ABSTRACT Intensive formation of organic deposits in the tubing of an oil production well is one of the most serious complications in oil production. An important task is to correctly assess the effectiveness of the methods used to combat the deposits in question. Field diagnostics of the condition of the inner surface of the production tubing is carried out by evaluating indirect parameters that do not allow evaluating the distribution of deposits along the production tubing. With the aim of solving these problems the authors of this work have developed a method for monitoring the formation of deposits on the inner surface of the tubing on the basis of the ‘thermal analogy’ mechanism. The applicability of the technology was evaluated at the Wax Flow Loop laboratory stand. The developed mathematical model for calculating the dynamics of sediment formation based on the temperature parameters of the flow significantly correlates with the data obtained using the basic barometric method. The use of this technology will make it possible to increase the efficiency of oilfield equipment, reduce the accident rate of production, more correctly select methods for combating wax deposition and evaluate their effectiveness.

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE NATURE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE FORMATION ON OILFIELD EQUIPMENT

In the article, the authors propose to use the method of X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) to establish the nature of the formation of oilfield deposits using of calcium carbonate as an example. It was shown for the first time that comparative diffraction patterns of natural and technogenic carbonate mineral deposits of oilfield equipment differ significantly in the physical broadening of diffraction reflections. In addition, it has been established that the diffraction reflections of technogenic calcite are characterized by shifts to the region of large scattering angles. These facts are taken as the basis for establishing the nature of the formation of carbonate deposits using X-ray diffraction analysis. It has been shown that natural (core) carbonate minerals are characterized by narrow reflections with good resolution of doublet lines, while in minerals formed under borehole conditions, the diffraction maxima are much broader, and low-intensity reflections are not resolved. Precision analysis of diffraction patterns showed that the reasons for such atypical broadenings and shifts of reflections in technogenic mineral deposits are the relatively small sizes of grains — crystallites and high microdistortions of the crystal lattice compared to their natural analogues. It is shown that in order to establish the nature of carbonate deposits of oilfield equipment, it is necessary to measure diffraction patterns of natural and technogenic minerals under the same shooting conditions. Subsequently, the obtained diffraction patterns are analyzed and X-ray diffraction data on the microstructure of the studied minerals are determined. It has been established that in technogenic calcite the crystallite sizes in all arbitrarily selected directions (hkl) are more than 1.6 times smaller than in its natural analogue. The X-ray diffraction method has shown that the average value of microdistortion of the crystal lattice of technogenic calcite is 1.7 times greater than that of its natural analogue. As a result of comparing X-ray diffraction data on the fine structure of mineral deposits of oilfield equipment with those obtained from core material, the nature of the formation of the analyzed minerals is established. To confirm the XRD results, visual studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also carried out.

ASPHALT- RESIN- PARAFFIN ASSOCIATION CRUSHING IN THE VOLUME OF OIL AND OIL EMULSION WITH NEW NANOSTRUCTURE COORDINATION POLYMERS

A short list of existing methods for the prevention and removal of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits from oilfield equipment is given. Chemical methods related to the use of various additives, reagents, and remover agents are discussed in more detail. A brief description of the main classes of chemicals used in solving the problem of preventing and removing asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits is given. It has been shown that in order to select the most chemically effective ways to prevent and remove organic deposits, it is necessary to obtain an adequate understanding of the composition, properties, and structure of the source oil and the formed deposits. The mechanism of action of the reagents on asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits was clarified, and it was established that the reagents BAF-1 and BAF-2 (technical conditional name of composites) when interacting with the deposits, grind the associates and ensure their uniform distribution in the oil, which improves the rheological properties of the oil. It is indicated that the technology being put forward is based on the clathrate formation, i.e. Lewis's theory of "host-guest". Keywords: asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits, crushing, factors affecting the formation of ARPD, coagulation, the chemical composition of oil, mechanism of ARPD formation, methods of ARPD control.

The current state of the issue of corrosion protection of oil and gas facilities

In this paper, modern methods of protecting oil and gas equipment from corrosion are considered. The types of corrosion and their characteristics are listed. The features of the operating conditions of oilfield equipment are described. The damage caused by corrosion is shown. The methods of protection of equipment from corrosion, their features, advantages and disadvantages are given. used to minimize, control and monitor corrosion. The article presents an algorithm of actions to combat corrosion. Possible ways to solve the problem of corrosion by using online corrosion monitoring using interactive ultrasonic thickness sensors are presented.

Investigation of the effectiveness of armored cable in protecting the equipment of electric centrifugal pumps from corrosion

The purpose of this article is to study the effectiveness of armored cable, namely, применthe use of armored four-core cable to protect the installation of an electric centrifugal pump (ESP) from corrosion failure. Method: at the heart of the method, we consider the use of various protections such as: the impact of the inhibitory protection method and the electrochemical (cathodic) protection method, which in turn prevent the oxidative destruction of oilfield equipment parts. Result: an analysis of the application of cathodic corrosion protection using various connection modes of a four-core armored cable was carried out. Conclusion: the inhibitory method of anti-corrosion protection of equipment (ESP) has not proven itself, while the use of an armored four- core cable increased the inter-repair period by 4 times (up to 870 days). No traces of corrosion were found on the surface of the submersible motor and other underground equipment.

Assessment of inhibitor protection efficiency of oilfield equipment from salt deposits

In the field development practice, the most common method for protecting oilfield equipment and pipeline surfaces from inorganic salt deposits is inhibitor protection. To enhance prevention efficiency, a salt deposit inhibitor has been developed, which contains a surfactant, acid, and anionic polymer. The aim of this development is to eliminate the need for scarce and expensive reagents, increase formation productivity by preventing the formation of inorganic deposits during the treatment of carbonate and terrigenous productive formations, and eliminate contamination of formation and downhole equipment by insoluble salts, as well as salt deposits in pipeline systems. Samples prepared at a flow rate of 10-30 g/t demonstrated a high inhibitor effect in preventing calcium sulphate and carbonate deposition. Field tests of the developed salt deposition inhibitor yielded positive results. Keywords: Salt deposition inhibitor; Adsorptiondesorption properties; Inhibition efficiency; Calcium sulfate; Calcium carbonate; Field tests.

GAMMA AND ELECTRO-LOGGING DURING WELL WORKOVER USING THE TECHNOLOGY OF RADIAL BRANCHING OF FORMATION

The efficiency of oil recovery from oil-bearing reservoirs by modern, Abstract. industrially developed development methods in most oil-producing countries today is considered unsatisfactory, and the final oil recovery of reservoirs in various countries and regions averages from 25 to 40 %. For example, in Latin America and Southeast Asia, average oil recovery is 24–27 %, in Iran — 16–17 %, in the USA, Canada and Saudi Arabia — 33–37 %, in the CIS countries and Russia — up to 40 %, depending on the structure of oil reserves and the development methods used [1].Therefore, the task of managing the productivity of oil and gas reservoirs remains relevant at present.The article discusses a special technology for the use of gamma and electro-logging as part of the Perfobur technical system (hereinafter referred to as pyrolysis oil). These geophysical methods of investigation, at the end of drilling radial channels over a small diameter and radius of curvature, performed with trajectory control, make it possible to prove that drilling was carried out in a given reservoir, and provide more detailed information about its productivity.One of the areas of use of pyrolysis oil is enhanced oil recovery, intensification of inflow, restoration of normal operation of wells stopped or hindered due to falling at the bottom of oil field equipment, blocking or contamination of the perforation zone, including during initial penetration [2–5].Complex geological conditions are noted, such as high reservoir fragmentation, heterogeneity of the carbonate reservoir, fracturing, large lateral permeability variability, high oil viscosity and presence of washed zones, caverns after salt-acid treatment (SW) with subsequent steam injection. Under such conditions, it is difficult to develop a field, new well logging methods are required, as well as high-quality logging to determine saturated interbeds. Effective development of the field requires the determination of the current reservoir saturation with higher accuracy, which will help the subsoil user to better develop the field, eliminate stimulation of watered beds, and carry out better and more selective intensification of interbeds. It should be noted that the presence of a steel column practically eliminates the possibility of using electrical logging methods. Therefore, it is recommended to use such methods in an open hole. Drilling of radial channels using the Perfobur technology allows electro-logging with a special tool due to the possibility of repeated entries into the drilled channels [2–5].

New Approach to Encapsulation for Controlled Release of Chemical Additives

Summary A new approach for the synthesis of bio-inspired polymer microcapsules used to encapsulate chemical additives and designed for small molecule release and delivery is shown here. The flexibility to design different microcapsules using an emulsion template results in various encapsulated additives for a new polymer technology platform. The base materials for encapsulation are polyaramids that are highly crosslinked membrane shells around an empty core. These empty capsules provide a carefully designed space to site-isolate chemical additives, various encapsulants for encapsulation, and delivery where needed. These microcapsules have demonstrated that after being formed from a simple one-pot synthesis between two immiscible solutions, a new method for encapsulation for applications in ordinary Portland cement is possible. The final product is a free-flowing solid that can be easily added to any fluid application. Experimental results show that when added to a basic cement slurry design, cement responds to the release of a salt accelerant as measured using standard oilfield equipment, like the pressurized consistometer, which measures changes in viscosity and thickening times. In one of many applications, the consistency of cement remains favorable at 20 Bc after adding encapsulated calcium chloride for up to 5 hours, for example. Over time, various capsules caused cement slurries to set at right angles at various thickening times with the controlled release of encapsulated calcium chloride. This new approach for encapsulation is promising for the chemical and energy field.

ASSESSMENT OF CORROSION DAMAGE TO OIL-WELL TUBING IN MINERAL ENVIRONMENTS

At present, the issue of improving the stability of production equipment due to high water cut of well products and the impact of mineral salt deposits contained in it at local oil fields Kumkol and others has not lost its relevance. The article discusses the mechanism of corrosion destruction of metal tubing pipes and well pumps in the oil and gas industry, i.e. it contains information about the initial development of corrosion during operation. One of the main problems encountered in oil fields is studied with regard to the effect of the chemical composition in layered water on tubing and hence corrosion. Experimental studies are performed here with respect to iron sulphide formation in downhole underground equipment. According to the nature of performance of underground production equipment, the value of corrosion rate of steel materials is determined. Graphical treatments of the average surface fluid result at the depth of the borehole of the required size are carried out. In this regard, based on the control of technological processes, the purpose of introducing a system for measuring and diagnosing the development of corrosion on downhole equipment, as well as the effective implementation of a set of anti-corrosion measures on oilfield equipment and pipelines is determined.

МҰНАЙ КӘСІПШІЛІК ЖАБДЫҚТАРЫНЫҢ СЕНІМДІЛІК СИПАТТАМАЛАРЫН БАҒАЛАУ ЖӘНЕ БЕЛГІСІЗДІК ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ШЕШІМ ҚАБЫЛДАУ

Abstract. The article is devoted to the results of information analysis and the establishment of the relationship between factors affecting the reliability of oilfield equipment using a fuzzy clustering algorithm. One of the main tasks of oilfield practice is to assess the influence of various factors on the efficiency of field operation and make the right technological decisions. The reliability of estimates and decisions is determined by how reliably the input and output variables and their values are selected. Situations often arise when, given the same data, fundamentally different results are obtained. To find specific expressions of these dependencies and the parameters characterizing them, in particular, methods of statistical data processing are used. As a result of the analysis of the causes of failures of deep-well pumps, factors influencing the efficiency of the pump in the fields under consideration were identified and subjected to fuzzy cluster analysis, which allows us to gain an understanding of the influence of selected factors on efficiency indicators under conditions of uncertainty. A relationship was obtained between the input and output variables, which can be expressed by a fuzzy expression of the IF-THEN rule. Keywords: reliability, liquid flow rate, turnaround time, fuzzy set theory, fuzzy cluster analysis.

INFLUENCE OF PROCESSING MODES ON ACCURACYAND SHRINKAGE OF THREADED PLASTIC PARTS OF OILFIELD EQUIPMENT

The study of the operating conditions of oil equipment made it possible to identify a set of indicators that most fully characterize the quality of plastic parts. It is known that the quality of parts of products made of various materials is a combination of mechanical, physical and operational indicators of any equipment. It is partially formed during their manufacturing process, depending on their materials and manufacturing method. And plastic parts are very different from metals depending on the area of application. This is due to the technologies for manufacturing structural products and individual parts from them. When manufacturing technologically complex parts from polymer materials, it is possible to achieve the required quality by controlling production modes depending on the grade of materials and the design of the parts being manufactured. Production of a thread of plastic details is rather difficult, than on metals. It is connected with the physical-mechanical processes coming in the course of production of concrete thread details from plastic by method of pressing and casting under pressure. Also mechanics of formation of plastic threads on details of the oil-field equipment on the specific properties differ from the threads received by a machining method on metals. As thread surfaces on plastic details are formed in compression molds depending on materials and the modes: temperatures, pressure and time of production. These regime parameters and guided parameters play a part at a guaranty of physical- mechanical properties of details in the course of production. In this regard, it in this article influences of technological parameters of production on quality of thread details oil-field equipment are considered. At the same time, in a wide range of operating parameters, the achievable boundaries of quality indicators for parts operating in the designs of exploration, drilling and operation equipment in the oil and gas industry are investigated. Mathematical relationships are established between the quality indicators (shrinkage and strength) of parts on the pressing temperature. Keywords: thread plastic details, accuracy, shrinkage, pressing pressure.

Wpływ czynników mechanicznych na wydajność i proces starzenia się kiwona

"The paper discusses the influence of mechanical factors on the performance and aging process of rocking machines, specifically focusing on oilfield equipment such as the downhole rod pump jack. The authors emphasize the importance of analyzing the condition and aging process of oilfield equipment to ensure reliability, safety, and efficiency in oil production processes. The mechanical factors discussed in the paper include vibrations, loads, wear, and corrosion. Vibrations can be caused by improper balance, bearing failures, or other factors, and they have a negative impact on equipment performance and can lead to breakdowns. High mechanical loads associated with raising and lowering sucker rods can cause wear and damage to the pump jack. Operating in harsh environments with sand, abrasive particles, or chemicals can also cause wear on surfaces and equipment parts. Corrosion of metal components can occur due to moisture, chemical attack, or improper storage and maintenance, leading to deterioration and breakage of equipment. The consequences of these mechanical factors on the aging of an oil pump jack include accelerated aging, decreased performance, and an increased risk of accidents. Continuous exposure to vibration, stress, wear, and corrosion accelerates the aging process, resulting in deterioration and reduced equipment life. Damage and breakdowns caused by mechanical factors lead to decreased efficiency, negatively impacting oil production processes. Moreover, insufficient maintenance and failure to address mechanical influences increase the risk of accidents, downtime, and damage to other parts of the manufacturing process. To assess the health and aging status of an oil pump jack, various analysis and diagnostic methods are used, including visual inspection, strength testing, monitoring of parameters, and non-destructive testing. Visual inspection helps identify visible damage, wear, and defects. Strength testing evaluates the reliability of pump jack parts and identifies potential issues. Monitoring parameters like vibrations, temperature, and pressure allows for detecting deviations from normal operation and preventing breakdowns. Non-destructive testing methods such as ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle testing, and radiography help identify hidden defects and damage. The authors recommend several strategies to maintain the reliability and efficiency of an oil pump jack. These strategies include implementing a preventive maintenance program with regular inspection, testing, and parts replacement based on manufacturer’s recommendations and equipment condition analysis. Determining optimal service and part replacement intervals based on historical data, monitoring results, and manufacturer’s recommendations is crucial. Additionally, utilizing more durable materials, anti-corrosion coatings, improved designs, and technologies can increase equipment resistance to mechanical stress and improve performance. The paper also describes the device and components of a pump jack, such as the installation base, platform, balancer, electric motor, crank, connecting rod, and control station. It emphasizes the importance of considering various characteristics when selecting and evaluating the effectiveness of a pump jack, including working load, maximum plunger stroke, reducer dimensions, output torque, and swing frequency. The kinematics of the pump jack drive system are discussed, highlighting the need for reconfiguration to adapt to changing operating conditions and optimize oil production performance. Overall, the paper emphasizes the importance of analyzing mechanical factors, managing the aging process, and implementing maintenance strategies to ensure the reliable and efficient operation of oilfield equipment, specifically the pump jack used in oil production processes.

Investigation of the relationship of physical-mechanical and of antifriction properties of polymeric materials

The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between the physical-mechanical and antifriction properties of polymeric materials. The performance of plastic parts can only be guaranteed if the strength and deformation properties do not differ from the values taken in the calculation downward by 10–20 %. In factory practice, non-observance of optimal conditions can lead to a deviation of the mechanical parameters of plastics from the standard values by 20–60 %. A wide variety of geographic and operational conditions for the use of oilfield equipment determine various reasons for their failures: deformation and fracture, corrosion damage, wear and the formation of significant deposits of various substances on the working surfaces of parts contained in operational environments. Among the numerous directions for improving the durability and efficiency of oilfield equipment, the most promising is the use of plastics instead of non-ferrous and ferrous metals and the isolation of equipment surfaces with thin-layer polymer coatings.