Oil-based Emulsion Research Articles

Efficacy and safety of an olive oil-based intravenous fat emulsion in adult HPN patients

Efficacy and safety of an olive oil-based intravenous fat emulsion in adult HPN patients

Cats discriminate between cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol.

A comparison was made of the ability of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol to elevate plasma concentrations of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in cats. Cholecalciferol, given as an oral bolus in oil, resulted in a rapid elevation of plasma concentration of cholecalciferol followed by a rapid decline. In contrast, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in plasma increased until day 3 after administration and remained elevated for a further 5 days. When 337 microg of both cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol in oil were given as an oral bolus to 10 cats, the peak plasma concentrations of cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol occurred at 8 or 12 h after administration. Peak concentrations of cholecalciferol were over twice those of ergocalciferol (570 +/- 80 vs. 264 +/- 42 nmol/l). The area under the curve 0-169 h for cholecalciferol was also more than twice that for ergocalciferol. When ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol were administered in a parenteral oil-based emulsion, higher concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 than 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 were maintained in plasma. When both vitamins were included in the diet in the nutritional range, plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 were 0.68 of those of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Discrimination against ergocalciferol by cats appears to result from differences in affinity of the binding protein for the metabolites of the two forms of vitamin D. These results indicate that cats discriminate against ergocalciferol, and use it with an efficiency of 0.7 of that of cholecalciferol to maintain plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration.

Advanced DHA, EPA and ArA enrichment materials for marine aquaculture using single cell heterotrophs

Heterotrophically grown algae and fungal biomass and their residual materials from an industrial oil extraction process were used as components in marine larval and broodstock diets. Crypthecodinium sp. phospholipid extract and meal, used to enrich rotifers and Artemia nauplii, produced higher levels of DHA and higher DHA/EPA ratios in these zooplankters than Schizochytrium sp. algal whole cell preparation or fish oil-based emulsion. The improved enrichment resulted in enhanced growth of Atlantic halibut larvae, whereas several other marine larvae species (sea bream, European sea bass and striped bass) respond almost equally to all enrichment materials. In addition, a 60% replacement of menhaden oil with algal oil and meal in striped bass broodstock diets resulted in a similar growth increase to that obtained with standard commercial diets. Striped bass broodstock fish diets supplemented with an arachidonic acid (ArA)-rich oil obtained from heterotrophically grown fungi, Mortierella alpina, was shown to have significant benefits on the hatching rate of larvae. These findings demonstrate the potential of single cell heterotrophs as a partial substitute or replacement for fish-based ingredients in aquaculture diets.

Monitoring fat crystallization in aerated food emulsions by combined DSC and time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction

The thermal and structural evolutions associated to the fat crystallization in a whipped emulsion made from interesterified palm oil are monitored using a new instrument allowing simultaneous time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction at both wide and small angles as a function of temperature (XRDT). This is performed simultaneously with high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) that is carried out in the same apparatus at scanning rates between 0. 01 and 10 K/min on the same sample (typical: 20 mg) in the −30 to +230 °C range. The thermal and structural properties of palm oil-based emulsions are also studied. It is found that the combination of these techniques allows the thermal monitoring of fat polymorphism even within the fat droplets at scanning rates of up to 5 K/min. The formation of α, β′ and β phases,and their transitions are followed simultaneously by DSC and XRDT allowing the identification of the thermal events recorded. It is shown that this interpretation is only possible when high resolution X-ray scattering at small angles and wide angles is coupled with DSC from the same sample.

Antioxidant status of surgical patients receiving TPN with an Ω-3-fatty acid-containing lipid emulsion supplemented with α-tocopherol

Background: LCT lipid emulsions and even more fish oil-containing lipid emulsions are under debate regarding their tocopherol and PUFA content as well as their effect on the antioxidative status especially in patients with oxidative stress.Methods: Thirty-three patients undergoing major abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to receive either an α-tocopherol-supplemented (562 μmol/l) MCT/LCT/omega-3-acid triglycerides (MLF, 5/4/1 w/w/w, 20%) emulsion or a soybean oil-based LCT emulsion (20%). The TPN regimen continously provided 1.4 g fat kg bw−1d−1over 5 days.Results: Plasma antioxidant concentrations were strongly reduced by surgical treatment. Following 5 days of TPN with the MLF emulsion, mean plasma α-tocopherol increased by 20.0 μmol/l (1.98 μmol/mmol lipid), while nearly no change was observed in the LCT emulsion group. In both groups, plasma concentrations of all non-supplemented antioxidants (vitamin C, carotenoids, selenium) as well as serum total antioxidant capacity further decreased during TPN. The concentrations of plasma cholesterol oxidation products as a measure of in vivo lipid peroxidation revealed no changes over the TPN period in either group.Conclusion: In contrast to the LCT emulsion, administration of the a-tocopherol supplemented MLF lipid emulsion normalized a-tocopherol plasma concentrations. Despite its high long-chain PUFA content, no hint for increased lipid peroxidation was found.

Long-term efficacy and safety of a new olive oil–based intravenous fat emulsion in pediatric patients: a double-blind randomized study

A new intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) prepared from a mixture of soybean and olive oils contains only long-chain triacylglycerols, with a low proportion (20%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids and 60% monounsaturated fatty acids. The goal of this randomized, double-blind clinical trial was to assess in children the efficacy and safety of this new ILE compared with a control group receiving a soybean-oil emulsion. Eighteen children received for 2 mo 24% of nonprotein energy (1.80 g kg (-)(1) d(-)(1)) either as the new ILE or a soybean oil-based emulsion. Assessments were performed on days -30, 0, 30, and 60 and the changes (day 60 - day 0) assessed by analysis of variance. There were no significant differences in triacylglycerol, apolipoproteins A-I and B, or HDL cholesterol between the 2 groups, whereas total and LDL cholesterol were higher in the soybean oil group on day 60. The pattern of 20:4n-6 in erythrocyte membranes did not change significantly, nor did the ratio of 20:3n-9 to 20:4n-6. On day 60, 18:1n-9 was significantly higher in the olive oil group, the ratio of Sigma(n)-6 > C(18) + 18:3n-6 to 18:2n-6 was 2.20 +/- 0.09 in the olive oil group and 1.33 +/- 0.16 in the soybean-oil group, and Sigma(n)-3 > C(18) was 3.83 +/- 0.30 in the olive oil group and 4. 03 +/- 0.33 in the soybean-oil group. The peroxidation index was lower after the olive oil treatment. The olive oil-based emulsion was well tolerated, maintained a normal EFA status, and may be more suitable for prevention of lipid peroxidation than the soybean-oil-based emulsion.

O.1 Use of a new olive oil-based emulsion in long term parenteral nutrition: A double blind randomized study in children

O.1 Use of a new olive oil-based emulsion in long term parenteral nutrition: A double blind randomized study in children

USE OF A NEW OLIVE OIL BASED EMULSION IN LONG TERM PARENTERAL NUTRITION: A DOUBLE BLIND RANDOMIZED STUDY IN CHILDREN.

Conventional intravenous fat emulsion, made of soybean oil, provide essential fatty acids (EFA) in excess of requirements and may be responsible for abnormal fatty acid profiles and increased peroxidation. This double blind, randomized study in children aims to compare a new 20% olive oil-based emulsion with reduced content of EFAs (20%) to a classical 20% soybean oil-based emulsion containing 60% EFAs. The study included 18 children, aged 4±0.7 yrs, on long-term TPN for short bowel syndrome (n=8), intractable diarrhea of infancy (n=7) and other (n=3). Children were randomized to receive for 2 months, 24% of nonprotein calories (1.80 g/kg.day) either as olive oil (O, n=9) or soybean oil-derived (S, n=9) emulsion. Daily nitrogen intakes were 300±20 mg/kg. All children underwent a preinclusion period (30 days) during which they received the same amount of lipid as MCT/LCT based emulsion. Assessment were performed at day -30, 0, 30 and 60 by ANOVA* on the deltas (D30-D0; D60 - D0) and included: liver function tests, plasma levels of phospholipids (PL), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CT), HDL, lipoprotein (apoA1, apoB), FA pattern of erythrocyte membrane and plasma phospholipids, and peroxidation index with the methods of Thiobarbitine Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS). None of the values differed between both group at the start of the study period (D0). Results: There was no difference for TG, apoA1, apoB, HDL-C while CT was significantly higher with S at D60 (p<0,047). On FA pattern of erythrocyte membrane values, C20:4 n-6 did not change between D0, D30 and D60 in both group as well as the ratio C20:3/C20:4 n-6. The main differences are as follows: Table LV-TBARS and ratios LDL-TBARS/LDL (CT+PL+TG) and LV-TBARS/LV(CT+PL+TG) were significantly lower in the O group. Clinical and biological tolerance of both emulsions was good and comparable. C18:1n-9 and C18:2n-6 increased in 0 and S group respectively, reflect the respective composition of the emulsions. In conclusion, the olive oil based emulsion with more balanced EFA composition is well tolerated, maintain a normal EFAs status and the conversion of linoleic acid to long chain n-6 fatty acids, and may be more suitable for prevention of lipid peroxidation.

Novel soya oil-based emulsions for soluble vaccines

Novel soya oil-based emulsions for soluble vaccines

Fat emulsions based on structured lipids (1,3-specific triglycerides): an investigation of the in vitro interaction with plasma proteins

Structured lipids (1,3-specific triglycerides) are new chemical entities made by enzymatictransesterification of the fatty acids in the 1,3-positions of the triglyceride. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro interaction of fat emulsions based on either structured lipids or vegetable oils with human plasma proteins employing two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). The structured lipids are triglycerides of the SLS and MLM types, where S is short-chain fatty acids (C 4), M is medium-chain fatty acids (C 8–10) and L is long-chain fatty acids (C 16−18). The vegetable oil-based fat emulsions were the commercially available product, Intralipid, and a soybean oil (LLL) emulsion made de novo identically as the emulsions containing structured lipids. The SLS emulsion was found to adsorb a different protein pattern than the MLM and LLL emulsions. The protein pattern of the SLS emulsion was similar to the protein pattern of Intralipid. These findings might explain the in vivo difference in elimination found in another study, where the emulsion based on structured lipids with short-chain fatty acids in the 1,3-positions was removed more slowly from the general blood circulation compared to emulsions based on lipids with long-chain fatty acids in the 1,3-positions (LLL) (1).

O.9 Effect of ClinOleic ®, an olive oil-based parenterallipid emulsion, on lymphocyte function in vitro

O.9 Effect of ClinOleic ®, an olive oil-based parenterallipid emulsion, on lymphocyte function in vitro

Lipophilic multiple antigen peptide system for peptide immunogen and synthetic vaccine

We describe the development and structural requirements of a new lipophilic multiple antigen peptide (lipoMAP) system for immunogens that contains a built-in lipophilic adjuvant and has the ability to elicit cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). In addition to the peptide antigens of choice at the amino terminus, the basic lipoMAP design consists of three components: a tetravalent symmetrical core matrix containing two levels of branching β-alanyl-lysine as a building unit, a hydrophilic Ser-Ser dipeptide linker, and at the carboxyl terminus, palmitoyl lysines (PL) with alternating chirality. An 18-residue peptide from the third variable region in the gp120 of HIV-1 was used as antigen in eight models for a structure-function study. Alternating palmitoyl lysine (PL) was introduced as the lipid anchor and built-in adjuvant because d and l Lys (Pal) was found via molecular modeling to best mimic phosphatidylcholine and thus provide the most stable peptide antigens on the ordered lipid membranes. The requirements of the palmitoyl lysines and the l-Ser- l-Ser linker were crucial, since replacement with palmitoyl serines or l-Ser- d-Ser linkers led to a marked decrease in immune response. The stoichimetric ratio of PL vs MAP was also important. Multiple antigen peptide (MAP) constructs without the lipophilic PLs, those that were underlipidated and contained one PL, or those that were overlipidated containing four PLs, were ineffective. LipoMAPS containing three palmitic acids elicited significant humoral responses in oil-based emulsion and liposomes, but not in water or alum formulations. LipoMAP containing only two PLs was found best to be incorporated in liposomes and elicited a significant immune response and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). These models were compared favorably with a preparation using tripalmitoyl- S-glyceryl cysteine (P3C) as the lipid anchor. We also developed a modular synthesis of MAP-P3C that incorporated P3C as a premade unit containing a thiopyridine, which simplified the overall scheme and minimized oxidation during stepwise peptide synthesis. This lipoMAP model is a new addition to the design of our macromolecular assemblage approach mimicking peptide antigens on the surface of micro-organisms. It may be a potentially useful approach to the design of a synthetic vaccine for humans.

A novel non-mineral oil-based adjuvant. I. Efficacy of a synthetic sulfolipopolysaccharide in a squalane-in-water emulsion in laboratory animals.

Sulfolipopolysaccharides (SLPs) were synthesized by reaction of the synthetic polysucrose polymer Ficoll-400 with chlorosulfonic acid and lauroyl chloride in anhydrous medium. Hydrophobic derivatives were obtained by addition of a small number of sulfate and a large number of lipid groups. Gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography (g.p.-h.p.l.c.) exhibited a wide range in molecular weight of both Ficoll-400 and SLP polymers. The calculated weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of Ficoll-400 and SLP using polystyrene polymers as references was 187,000 and 380,000 respectively, exhibiting a twofold increase in molecular weight upon derivatization. Adjuvanticity of hydrophobic SLPs with 0.2 sulfate and 1.5 lipid groups per sucrose monomer, a squalane-in-water emulsion (S/W), SLP incorporated into S/W (SLP/S/W), and a mineral oil-based emulsion (O/W) was investigated in combination with different antigens in mice and guinea-pigs. Antibody responses in serum against ovalbumin (OVA), dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA), inactivated influenza virus strain MRC-11 (MRC-11), a mixture of three influenza virus strains (iFlu3) and inactivated pseudorabies virus (iPRV) were measured by either haemagglutination (HA), haemagglutination inhibition (HI) or serum neutralization (SN). Vaccines were prepared by simply mixing one volume of antigen with one volume of adjuvant solution. Antibody titres after one or two injections with these antigens were enhanced significantly by SLP/S/W, SLP, S/W and O/W and in most studies, SLP/S/W was demonstrated to be more effective than either the two constituent components or the O/W adjuvant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Intravascular metabolism of different fatty acids during lipid infusion in man

The differential intravascular metabolism of individual fatty acids contained in triacylglycerol-rich particles was studied by infusing 6 normal subjects for 5h with a conventional soy-based emulsion and an experimental olive oil-based emulsion. Both emulsions contained similar amounts of palmitate (11%) and stearate (3–4%) but the former was quite rich in linoleate (54%) and alpha-linolenate (7%), while the latter was rich in oleate (69%). During hydrolysis of circulating triacylglycerols by endothelial lipases, the associated rise of non-esterified fatty acids (FFA) in plasma represents the balance between fatty acid release and tissue uptake. Plasma levels of triacylglycerols and FFA increased about 3 fold and total body fat oxidation was raised to similar values with both emulsions. Fatty acid pattern quickly changed in plasma triacylglycerols to resemble the composition of emulsion particles, with an exception for palmitate which increased markedly more, suggesting a high level of hepatic re-esterification and re-appearance in nascent very low density lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL-TG) secreted into the circulation. In plasma FFA, stearate and palmitate increased more and alpha-linolenate much less than expected from their content in the emulsion, indicating probably low tissue uptake for the former ones but avid removal for the latter.

Use of a new olive oil-based emulsion as an alternative to soy based emulsions in long term TPN: favorable effects on plasma fatty acid profiles

Use of a new olive oil-based emulsion as an alternative to soy based emulsions in long term TPN: favorable effects on plasma fatty acid profiles

A Historical Perspective and Review of the Safety of Lipid Emulsion in Pregnancy

Total parenteral nutrition for pregnant patients is essential to maintain or restore optimal nutritional status for both the mother and fetus when adequate protein and caloric intake by the oral or enteral route is not feasible. This report reviews the safety of intravenous lipid emulsions in total parenteral nutrition programs for pregnant patients. Controversy regarding the adverse effects of intravenous lipid emulsion when administered to pregnant patients is based on early reports of the use of cottonseed oil lipid emulsions. The adverse effects reported included infarction of the placenta, ketonemia, increased myometrial activity, and induction of labor. In 32 subsequent case reports in which soybean oil- or soybean/safflower oil-based emulsions were used in total parenteral nutrition programs for pregnant patients, there was no relationship apparent between onset of labor and harmful maternal or fetal effects associated with the administration of lipid emulsion. It appears that the currently available soybean and soybean/safflower lipid-based emulsions can be safely administered to pregnant patients.

Hypertriglyceridemia during the intravenous infusion of a safflower oil-based fat emulsion

Comparaison prospective en double aveugle croise chez 18 prematures se servant a eux-memes de temoins, places sous alimentation parenterale et recevant comme emulsion lipidique soit de l'intralipid (huile de soja) soit du liposyn. L'hypertriglyceridemie apparait plus frequente et plus importante apres administration du liposyn qui doit etre utilise avec reserve chez les enfants les plus prematures

Evaluation of Fat Emulsions Prepared by Ultrasonic Waves

AbstractThe stability of vegetable oil-based emulsions is influenced mainly by emulsifiers and the required hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value. Oil-in-water emulsions containing 10% of soyabean, cottonseed, peanut or rapeseed oil were prepared by ultrasonic waves. Egg and soya phosphatidyl choline, bile salts, and polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene derivatives were used as emulsifiers and the required HLB values were determined accordingly. As a preliminary indication of stability, each freshly prepared emulsion was evaluated with respect to its organoleptic properties, pH and resistance to sterilization and centrifugation.