Oil-based Emulsion Research Articles

Study on atomization mechanisms and spray fragmentation characteristics of water and emulsion butachlor.

Agricultural chemicals are commonly used to control pests and weeds, but cause pesticide waste problems. Oil-based emulsions are often used as pesticide formulations to improve pesticide utilization. In this study, the spray visualization experiment of the water and oil-based emulsion butachlor is carried out using an ST flat fan nozzle at 0.1-0.5 MPa pressure. The dimensionless method is used to analyze the difference in liquid sheet fragmentation morphology and disintegration process and the influence of different fragmentation methods on droplet size. It is found that the hydrophobic components in pesticide have a significant effect on the morphology and process of atomization fragmentation. When spray liquid is water, the liquid sheet breaks up into liquid ligaments due to the Rayleigh instability, then the ligaments break up into droplets. The side view of a liquid sheet is a large-amplitude wave disturbance. When the spray liquid is the emulsion butachlor, holes are generated on the liquid sheet, then the holes break up into droplets. The fragmentation method of emulsion spray is the perforation mechanism. Compared with water spray, the presence of the pesticide butachlor increases the droplet size and spray angle and improves the uniformity of droplet size distribution but reduces the breakup length. The spray angle shows a power law dependence of the Weber number with a power of 0.17 for all conditions tested here. At 0.3 MPa, DV50 increases 25%, and span decreases from 1.187 to 1.172. This study could provide reference for the addition of agricultural additives, the improvement of spray operation efficiency, and the establishment of spray fragmentation mechanism.

Synthesis of size-controlled SiOC ceramic materials by silicone oil-based emulsion method for anodes in lithium-ion batteries

A submicron spherical silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) material for lithium-ion battery anodes was successfully synthesized by employing a facile synthetic strategy that used economical silicone oil as a starting material, an emulsion method, and the subsequent pyrolysis of silicone oil emulsion at 900 °C. Although most previous studies concerning silicone-oil-based SiOC exhibited irregular and uncontrollable size after synthesis, the developed emulsion-driven SiOC preparation achieved regular submicron spherical particles. Furthermore, the emulsifier used herein formed a thin carbon coating layer after the synthesis procedure and contributed to the electrochemical performance during battery operation. The spherical submicron size-controlled SiOC material had superior capacity retention compared to pristine SiOC obtained without the emulsion method, owing to the suppressed micro-cracks induced by accumulation of mechanical stress during repeated cycles and prevention of direct contact with the electrolyte by the thin carbon-coating layer.

Tiny, yet impactful: Detection and oxidative stability of very small oil droplets in surfactant-stabilized emulsions

HypothesisThe shelf life of multiphase systems, e.g. oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, is severely limited by physical and/or chemical instabilities, which degrade their texture, macroscopic appearance, sensory and (for edible systems) nutritional quality. One prominent chemical instability is lipid oxidation, which is notoriously complex. The complexity arises from the involvement of many physical structures present at several scales (1–10,000 nm), of which the smallest ones are often overlooked during characterization. ExperimentsWe used cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) to characterize the coexisting colloidal structures at the nanoscale (10–200 nm) in rapeseed oil-based model emulsions stabilized by different concentrations of a nonionic surfactant. We assessed whether the oxidative and physical instabilities of the smallest colloidal structures in such emulsions may be different from those of larger colloidal structures. FindingsBy deploying cryo-TEM, we analyzed the size of very small oil droplets and of surfactant micelles, which are typically overlooked by dynamic light scattering when larger structures are concomitantly present. Their size and oil content were shown to be stable over incubation, but lipid oxidation products were overrepresented in these very small droplets. These insights highlight the importance of the fraction of “tiny droplets” for the oxidative stability of O/W emulsions.

Lethal and Sublethal Effects of an Essential Oil-Based Emulsion of Patchouli, Pogostemon cablin (Lamiaceae), on the Tomato Leafminer

There has been an excitement toward novel eco-friendly alternatives to pest management, particularly formulations based on essential oils (EOs). Here, the biological activity of an EO-based emulsion derived from patchouli, Pogostemon cablin, was assessed against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a devastating and invasive pest in tomato crops worldwide. Laboratory bioassays were carried out to determine and compare lethal doses, lethal times, oviposition of treated individuals, and oviposition of T. absoluta on treated leaves of tomato to pure patchouli essential oil or its emulsion containing 18% of oil. The LD50 were 10.06 and 2.57 µg of patchouli per mg of insect for the EO and emulsion, respectively. Oviposition was reduced in adults derived from the second instar treated with LD10 by 78.5% (EO) and 85.4% (emulsion). The EO and its emulsion conferred similar avoidance to adults when sprayed on tomato leaves. Therefore, both formulations present similar lethal and sublethal effects against T. absoluta. This study demonstrated a remarkable potential of an emulsion containing 18% of P. cablin oil to be employed for T. absoluta management on tomato crops. Further studies are needed to assess and guarantee open field applications.

High inner phase emulsion of fish oil stabilized with rutin-grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) myofibrillar protein: Application as a fat substitute in surimi gel

This study investigated the effect of rutin-grass carp myofibrillar protein (R-GMP) co-stable fish oil high internal phase emulsion on the quality of surimi gel compared with the direct addition of soybean oil. Combined with the stability, microstructure and rheological properties, R-GMP (GMP: 3.0%, rutin: 12%,/GMP, w/w) could form a stable O/W type high internal phase Pickering emulsion with an oil-water ratio of 0.75. The L*, a*, and b* values and whiteness of silver carp surimi gel were increased significantly (P < 0.05) after fish oil-based high internal phase emulsion was added as oil. Meanwhile, compared with the direct addition of soybean oil, the hardness, chewiness, gel strength and water-holding capacity of surimi gel were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) after the addition of R-GMP high internal phase emulsion, and more free water was bound to the gel network. The microstructure showed that the R-GMP high internal phase emulsion could be evenly distributed in the dense and ordered protein network gel in the form of small oil droplets, while the direct addition of soybean oil would produce an aggregation of oil droplets and destroy the network structure of the gel. In conclusion, R-GMP stabilized fish oil high internal phase emulsion optimizes the gel quality of oil-enhanced surimi gel, providing new ideas for healthy fat replacement and the development of functional emulsified surimi products.

Propofol Quantification method in Palm Oil Based Nanoemulsion Formula using RP-HPLC

HPLC is one of the methods that is widely used for the routine determination of drug content in a pharmaceutical dosage form. The objective on this research was to develop a simple method to determine the propofol concentration in a new formulation using a palm oil-based nanoemulsion carrier system (NEMS™ MCT/LCT). The method used was reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using a C18 column with methanol and water (80:20) as the mobile phase and UV wavelength detection was 276 nm. The retention time obtained for the drug in NEMS MCT/LCT was 6.32 min. This was similar to the retention time of the standard. The correlation coefficient value from the calibration curve was 0.9998. The drug contents were 100.90% and 100.24% for the 1% and 2% NEMS MCT/LCT, respectively. The result indicated that the RP-HPLC method used for the analysis of propofol in the palm oil-based emulsion system was able to accurately determine the concentration of the drug.This method is suitable for routine determination of propofol concentration in palm oil-based emulsion formulations.

Quality control of fat fraction quantification in magnetic resonance imaging: A two-center phantom study

BACKGROUND: Assessment of quantitative parameters using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a relevant trend. Fat fraction (FF) calculation provides new opportunities for accurate diagnosis and will replace invasive methods such as biopsy in the future. Quantification will enable reliable dynamic monitoring and assessment of drug therapy. However, radiologists and clinical specialists must be confident in the accuracy and reliability of the quantitative measures.&#x0D; AIM: To assess the accuracy of quantitative FF measurement using phantom simulation in the range of 0% to 60%.&#x0D; METHODS: Emulsions of the oil-in-water type were chosen to simulate the objects of the study. Concentrations of vegetable oil-based emulsions were presented in the range of 0% to 60%. Tubes containing the emulsions were placed in a cylindrical phantom. Scans were performed on an Optima, MR450w 1.5 Tesla (GE) tomograph in Lava Flex mode and on an Ingenia, 1.5 Tesla (Philips) tomograph in DIXON mode. FF was determined by formulas using images in In-phase and Out-phase based on signal characteristics (FF=[InOut]/2∙In∙100) and images weighted by Water and Fat data (FF=Fat/[Fat+water]∙100.&#x0D; RESULTS: The accuracy of the fat percentage measurement with the DIXON technique was identical to that of the Lava Flex. The data of the measured fat concentration were systematically overestimated in relation to the target values by an average of 57.6% with an average absolute difference of 17.2%. In addition, an irregular underestimation in the range of 20% to 40% was detected.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: Phantom simulation using direct oil-in-water emulsions allowed to control the performance of the Dixon sequences in quantifying the FF. For correct FF quantification, calculation from Water and Fat image data using the formula FF=Fat/(Fat+water)∙100 is preferable. Calculations based on In-phase and Out-phase images provide ambiguous results. The FF calculation in the Lava Flex and DIXON modes must be performed with a correction factor. The use of the phantom allows proper quality control and calibration of the MRI scanner and makes quantitative fat measurement widely available.

Droplet spatial distribution of oil-based emulsion spray

Introduction Oil-based emulsion solution is a common pesticide formulation in agricultural spraying, and its spray characteristics are different from that of water spraying. The well understanding of its spray characteristics is the theoretical basis to improve the pesticide spraying technology. The objective of the present study is to deepen the understanding of the spray characteristics of oil-based emulsion. Method In this paper, the spatial distribution characteristics of spray droplets of oil-based emulsion were captured visually using the high-speed photomicrography. On the basis of image processing method, the droplet size and distribution density of spray droplets at different spatial locations were analyzed quantitatively. The effects of nozzle configuration and emulsion concentration on spray structures and droplet spatial distribution were discussed. Results Oil-based emulsion produced a special perforation atomization mechanism compared with water spray, which led to the increase of spray droplet size and distribution density. Nozzle configuration had a significant effect on oil-based emulsion spray, with the nozzle changed from ST110-01 to ST110-03 and ST110-05; the sheet lengths increased to 18 and 28 mm, respectively, whereas the volumetric median diameters increased to 51.19% and 76.00%, respectively. With emulsion concentration increased from 0.02% to 0.1% and 0.5%, the volumetric median diameters increased to 5.17% and 14.56%, respectively. Discussion The spray droplet size of oil-based emulsion spray can be scaled by the equivalent diameter of discharge orifice of nozzles. The products of volumetric median diameters and corresponding surface tensions were nearly constant for the oil-based emulsion spray of different emulsion concentrations. It is expected that this research could provide theoretical support for improving the spraying technology of oil-based emulsion and increasing the utilization of pesticide.

A sustainable emulsion for separation and Raman identification of microplastics and nanoplastics

The extensive occurrence of small plastic particles in the environment and our foods, and the resulting hazardous effects to nature and people have become an issue of increasing concern worldwide. The currently established approaches and tools for the elimination of the emerging contaminants, in particular micro- and nano-scale plastic particles, from environmental and food matrices have been often limited to the use of poorly sustainable materials and complicated preparation/operation. Here we show a conceptually new strategy for the removal of microplastics and nanoplastics using an olive oil-based emulsion. By emulsifying naturally occurring olive oil, water and emulsifiers at an oil-to-water ratio of 5:12, a stable O/W emulsion can be produced by mechanical agitation, which can adsorb onto microplastics and nanoplastics via hydrophobic interactions. Upon demulsification, interestingly, the tiny plastic particles can be enriched at an efficiency up to ∼87%, attributable to the affinity-driven encapsulation of the plastics by the merged oil phase. We further demonstrate the emulsion affords the removal of tiny plastic particles from seawater, tea leaves, soil and toothpaste supernatants at considerably low concentration levels in efficiencies of 75%, 80%, 83% and 82%, respectively, while preserving uncompromised performance. The identification of the extracted plastics has been achieved using Raman spectroscopy, which has implications in health risk assessment and clarification of the contamination route. Given the high removal efficiency, green feature and generality of the emulsion coupled with Raman fingerprints, sustainable materials for the depollution of microplastics and nanoplastics are within reach.

Oil-Based Double Emulsion Microcarriers for Enhanced Stability and Bioaccessibility of Betalains and Phenolic Compounds from Opuntia stricta var. dillenii Green Extracts.

Opuntia cactus fruit (prickly pear flesh and agricultural residues such as peels and stalks) is an important source of bioactive compounds, including betalains and phenolic compounds. In this work, two double emulsion W1/O/W2 formulations (A and B) were designed to encapsulate green extracts rich in betalains and phenolic compounds obtained from Opuntia stricta var. dillenii (OPD) fruits with the aim of improving their stability and protecting them during the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion process. In addition, the characterization of the double emulsions was studied by microscopy and the evaluation of their physical and physico-chemical parameters. Formulation A, based on Tween 20, showed smaller droplets (1.75 µm) and a higher physical stability than Formulation B, which was achieved with sodium caseinate (29.03 µm). Regarding the encapsulation efficiency of the individual bioactives, betalains showed the highest values (73.7 ± 6.7 to 96.9 ± 3.3%), followed by flavonoids (68.2 ± 5.9 to 95.9 ± 7.7%) and piscidic acid (71 ± 1.3 to 70.2 ± 5.7%) depending on the formulation and the bioactive compound. In vitro digestive stability and bioaccessibility of the individual bioactives increased when extracts were encapsulated for both formulations (67.1 to 253.1%) in comparison with the non-encapsulated ones (30.1 to 64.3%), except for neobetanin. Both formulations could be considered as appropriate microcarrier systems for green OPD extracts, especially formulation A. Further studies need to be conducted about the incorporation of these formulations to develop healthier foods.

Theoretical and experimental studies on the oil-based emulsion spray.

Oil-based emulsion is a common herbicide formulation in agricultural spray, and its atomization mechanism is different from that of water spray. In this paper, a theoretical model based on the characteristics of spray sheets was proposed to predict the spray droplet size for oil-based emulsion spray. An image processing method was used to measure droplet size distributions for different spray pressures and nozzle configurations, and the measured results were used to validate the theoretical model. The results show that oil-based emulsion spray is characterized by the web structure constituted by perforations. The liquid originally occupied by spray sheets eventually gathers in these web structures. The proposed theoretical model is based on the size of the nozzle exit, the angle of spray sheets, and the perforation number in the web structure, which are relatively easy to obtain. The theoretical droplet size is in inverse proportion to the square root of the perforation number in the web structure while in proportion to the square root of the area of the nozzle exit. The captured images of spray sheets and the measured droplet size distribution show consistency with the theoretical prediction. The difference between theoretical results and measured volumetric median diameter is less than 10% for different spray pressures and nozzles.

Fabrication, characterization, antimicrobial, toxicity and potential drug-delivery studies of PEGylated Sesamum indicum oil based nanoemulsion system

BackgroundThe actively mutating properties of disease-causing pathogens and GI intolerance associated with certain antibiotics among other challenges necessitated the adoption of colloidal system for drug delivery. Nanoemulsions (Ciprofloxacin (Cp) -loaded and non-drug loaded) were prepared by spontaneous emulsification method, characterized using Cryo-TEM, FTIR and Zetasizer. Antimicrobial activities were carried out using agar well diffusion method on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis. The in-vitro and dermal toxicological assessment were carried out using adult Wistar rats.ResultsThe Cryo-TEM micrographs showed spherical morphology while zetasizer results showed polydispersity index (PDI), mean droplet size and zeta potential (ZP) of 0.553, 124.3 ± 0.29 nm and − 15.3 mV respectively for non-drug loaded sesame oil-based emulsion (SOAB). While 0.295, 244.8 ± 0.33 nm and − 5.54 mV were recorded for Cp-loaded sesame oil-based emulsion (SOAB + Cp). The effective voltage charge of the emulsions was 147.4 V. FTIR results of Cp recorded O–H adsorption value of 3429 cm−1, while SOAB and SOAB + Cp showed superimposition at 3427.76 cm−1 showing no drug-excipient interactions. No skin irritation was observed after 14 days of skin corrosion assessment. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in body weight gain of both test and control animals, the treatment did not cause any observable alterations in blood-chemistry parameters and hematological indices. Photomicrographs of liver and heart shows an uncompromised histological architecture.ConclusionThe finding of the study shows a skin friendly, nanosized, spherical negatively charged emulsion with no cardiotoxic, hematotoxic and hepatotoxic effects on Wistar rats, and as such appears promising as a safe vehicle for drug delivery.Graphical

Influence of Copaifera multijuga hayne oil-based emulsion on the stability of the dentin matrix

The objective of this work was to analyze the elastic response of dentin to the biomodification of the organic matrix with the use of an emulsion based on Copaíba oil. Sound human third molars, 0.5 mm x 1.7 mm x 7 mm, were prepared, 90 samples were obtained, demineralized, radiographed and tested at baseline and immersed for 30 and 60 minutes in the test substances: GC1 (distilled water); GEC (Copaiba oil-based emulsion); GCLX (2% Chlorhexidine). The modulus of elasticity (ME) was evaluated immediately after biomodification and at 3, 7 and 14 days after treatment. The specimens were tested in 3-point flexion with a 5 N load cell. The data were submitted to statistical analysis using parametric test of mixed three-way ANOVA. All groups showed a decrease in ME over time. The immersed specimens from the GEC group showed the highest values after 3 and 7 days. It was concluded that the treatment of collagen with all the test substances at 30 and 60 min of immersion immediately reduced the ME, however the GEC group was the one that presented the highest values of the mean modulus of elasticity, promoting greater stability throughout the period. evaluation time.

Formulation, stability evaluation and characterization of Tween 80® consisting of Neem oil-based emulsion

The pharmaceutical properties of an emulsion ranges from lotion to cream instead of the consistency of the content and the particle size. Neem oil is widely used in Ayurveda medicine due to the presence variety of bioactive compounds which is used in various cosmetic preparations. Due to having considerable Sun Protection Factor value in Neem oil and leaves extract, Neem is used in development of a sunscreen formulation. The objective of this study was to formulation, optimization, stability evaluation and characterization of Tween 80® consisting of Neem oil-based emulsion. Primary emulsions were prepared using Neem oil, distilled water, and Tween 80® according to randomly selected ratios and secondary emulsions were obtained by high shear homogenization of respective primary emulsions. The short term, long term and accelerated stability were visually observed. Creaming, sedimentation, flocculation, coalescence, phase separation and phase inversion were considered as unstable conditions to evaluate stability. The microscopic analysis, pH, viscosity, creaming index and colour change were used to characterize the emulsions. All optimized primary and secondary emulsions were stable throughout the short-term stability evaluation period. All optimized secondary emulsions were stable throughout the accelerated stability evaluation period. Creaming was observed as the major unstable condition in long term stability evaluation. The formula consisted of 30% Neem oil, 40% water and 30% Tween 80® in Oil-in-Water type secondary emulsion was the best formula obtained with the viscosity of 2750 Redwood seconds which is within the non-skin irritating range of pH 4-7.

Formulation, stability evaluation and characterization of Tween 80® consisting of Neem oil-based emulsion

Formulation, stability evaluation and characterization of Tween 80® consisting of Neem oil-based emulsion

Comparative study of the effects of Montanide™ ISA 763A VG and ISA 763B VG adjuvants on the immune response against Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Streptococcus agalactiae is regarded as a major bacterial pathogen of farmed fish, with outbreaks in Nile tilapia causing significant losses. Vaccination is considered the most suitable method for disease control in aquaculture, with the potential to prevent such outbreaks if highly efficacious vaccines are available for use. Several vaccines have been produced to protect against S. agalactiae infection in tilapia, including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines, with variable levels of protection seen. Two commercial adjuvants, Montanide™ ISA 763A VG and ISA 763B VG, have been developed recently and designed to improve the safety and efficacy of oil-based emulsions delivered by intraperitoneal injection. In particular, their mode of action may help identify and stimulate particular immunological pathways linked to the intended protective response, which is an important tool for future vaccine development. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the potential of two adjuvanted-bacterial vaccines against S. agalactiae (SAIV) comparatively, to determine their usefulness for improving protection and to analyse the immune mechanisms involved. Nile tilapia were divided into four groups: 1) fish injected with PBS as a control, 2) fish injected with the SAIV alone, 3) fish injected with the SAIV + Montanide™ ISA 763A VG, and 4) fish injected with the SAIV + Montanide™ ISA 763B VG. Following immunization selected innate immune parameters were analysed, including serum lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, and bactericidal activity, with significantly increased levels seen after immunization. Cytokines associated with innate and adaptive immunity were also studied, with expression levels of several genes showing significant up-regulation, indicating good induction of cell-mediated immune responses. Additionally, the specific IgM antibody response against S. agalactiae was determined and found to be significantly induced post-vaccination, with higher levels seen in the presence of the adjuvants. In comparison to the protection seen with the unadjuvanted vaccine (61.29% RPS), both Montanide™ ISA 763A VG and Montanide™ ISA 763B VG improved the RPS, to 77.42% and 74.19% respectively. In conclusion, Montanide™ ISA 763A VG and Montanide™ ISA 763B VG have shown potential for use as adjuvants for fish vaccines against streptococcosis, as evidenced by the enhanced immunoprotection seen when given in combination with the SAIV vaccine employed in this study.

Copaiba Oil-Based Emulsion as a Natural Chemotherapeutic Agent for the Treatment of Bovine Mastitis: In Vivo Studies

Copaiba oil-resin (COR) extracted from Copaifera reticulata Ducke has been used as a natural chemotherapeutic agent for a wide range of therapeutic applications. This study presents an emulgel design with a high concentration of COR, designed to prevent and treat mastitis. The COR was stabilized in a gel matrix constituted by carbopol C934P and Pluronic® F127 (ECO formulation) ratios. The permeation study of ECO was accessed by Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS). The results reveal a high capacity of ECO to permeate deep skin layers. Dairy cows with a history of mastitis were used as in vivo models and exposed to ECO treatment. Monitoring of the teat's inflammatory response showed that ECO effectively prevents mastitis. Furthermore, the ECO formulation was able to form a thin film gel on the application side, preventing fly proliferation and significantly reducing the pathogen load. This study reveals a drug that can used as an alternative application for mastitis in human or veterinary clinics.

Exclusive Fish Oil Lipid Emulsion Rescue Strategy Improves Cholestasis in Neonates on Partially Fish Oil-Based Lipid Emulsion: A Pilot Study.

Resolution of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease has been identified in infants receiving SMOFlipid™ or a 100% fish oil lipid emulsion (FOLE). However, the effect of FOLE is unknown when the previous emulsion received is a mixed lipid emulsion containing fish oil. This observational pilot study reports data regarding the use of Omegaven™ after the diagnosis of cholestasis while receiving SMOFlipid™. We conducted a retrospective review of medical charts of neonates in which a partially fish oil-based lipid emulsion was replaced by a fish oil lipid emulsion at 1 g/kg/day due to cholestasis. Thirty-eight infants (92.1% preterm, being 44.7% born below 28 weeks' gestation), received FOLE. Birth weight was 1390 (743.0; 2298) grams. The age that cholestasis diagnosed was 15.0 (10.0; 24.8) days. The fish oil emulsion was administered for 38.5 (11.2; 51.8) days. In 73.7% (28/38) of the neonates, the cholestasis was resolved. In 34.2% (13/38), resolution happened before FOLE discontinuation. In addition, in the rest of the neonates (15) in whom cholestasis resolved, resolution occurred after FOLE discontinuation. Nine of the neonates died. In conclusion, the use of a 100% fish oil-based emulsion in neonates afflicted with cholestasis developed while on a partially fish oil-based emulsion is associated with a bilirubin decrease.

Insights into headway in essential oil-based Pickering emulsions for food applications

Fabrication of Pickering emulsions and applications.

Comparison of catheter-related bloodstream infection rates in pediatric patients receiving parenteral nutrition with soybean oil-based intravenous fat emulsion versus a mixed oil fat emulsion.

To compare rates of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSI) in pediatric patients who received parenteral nutrition (PN) with either soybean oil-based intravenous fat emulsion (SO-IFE) or mixed oil-IFE (MO-IFE). We hypothesized that the use of MO-IFE would be independently associated with reduced infection rates compared with SO-IFE. Retrospective cohort study. Tertiary referral children's hospital and its associated gastrointestinal rehabilitation clinic (01 January, 2015-31 July, 2019). Days of IFE exposure were counted for patients aged <18 years on IFE initiated during the review period, who had a central venous catheter (CVC) placed for PN administration, received IFE at least three times weekly, and for at least 7 days. The primary outcome included total and categorical CR-BSI rates expressed as the average with standard error (SE) number of infections per 1000 fat emulsion days. The following categories were specified: Candida albicans, non-albicans Candida spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), Enterobacterales, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, and Pseudomonadales. Average infection rate comparisons were quantified as incidence rate ratios (IRR) using generalized linear mixed modeling with a Poisson distribution. Seven hundred and forty-three SO-IFE and 450 MO-IFE exposures were reviewed from 1131 patients, totaling 37,599 and 19,796 days of therapy, respectively. From those found significantly different, the average rate of infections with CoNS was 3.58 (SE 0.5)/1000 days of SO-IFE and 1.39 (SE 0.45)/1000 days of MO-IFE (IRR [95% confidence interval, CI]: 0.27 [0.16-0.46]; p < 0.01). Total average rates of infection were 7.33 (SE 0.76)/1000 days of SO-IFE and 4.52 (SE 0.75)/1000 days of MO-IFE (IRR [95% CI]: 0.60 [0.44-0.81]; p < 0.01). Other factors associated with higher infection rates include female gender, neonatal age, and inpatient-only IFE exposure. Receipt of MO-IFE was associated with lower rates of CoNS and total CR-BSIs compared with SO-IFE in pediatric patients. These findings could have major implications on IFE selection for pediatric patients receiving PN.