Official Interpretation Research Articles

Te Karere o Poneke: Creating an Indigenous Discursive Space?

AbstractOver sixteen months in 1857 and 1858, Walter Buller produced a weekly newspaper for Māori of the Wellington region in their own language. Although he was the son of a Wesleyan missionary and an official interpreter, the niupepa was neither a church nor a government publication, although it promoted discourses favoured by both. A number of niupepa had preceded Buller's Te Karere o Poneke, the first appearing in 1842, but his paper was distinctive in the sizable platform he provided for correspondence. Over half of the items printed comprised letters from Māori, many of them commenting on, and occasionally critiquing the colonial milieu.The concept of “public sphere” is heavily theorized, often postulated in acultural terms (although suspiciously European in form) and it is debatable if Te Karere o Poneke's readership and their engagement with the textual discourse meet the theory's required criteria of constituting a public sphere. New Zealand was annexed to the British Empire in 1840, meaning that by 1857 colonization was still a relatively new phenomenon, but with substantial immigration and a developing infrastructure, change was both extensive and dynamic. According to the theory, it may be difficult to apply the concept of “public sphere” to Māori anytime during the changing contexts of nineteenth-century colonialism, and indeed other colonised cultures for whom the advent of literacy, Christianity, market economy and colonial administration had been sudden and unexpected. Of course this does not mean that Māori lacked a voice, at times critical. Using Te Karere o Poneke as a case study, this essay argues that Wellington Māori of 1857 do not readily fit the Western model of the “public sphere”, but they nevertheless utilized the discursive spaces available to them to discuss and evaluate the world they now encountered.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ТА КОНСТИТУЦІЙНО-ПРАВОВІ ЗАСАДИ ЗАКОНОДАВЧОГО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОГО СТАТУСУ МІСТА КИЄВА ЯК СТОЛИЦІ УКРАЇНИ (експертно-аналітична записка)

Today, Ukraine is in process of searching for ways to further improve the organization of power in the capital city, given the current state legal realities and the relevant provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine. This is evidenced by the bills on relevant issues registered in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukrainу, as well as the constitutional submission (registered in the Constitutional Court of Ukraine) of 51 MPs of Ukraine regarding the official interpretation of the relevant provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine in their relationship with the organization of power in Kyiv.It is these circumstances that determine the relevance of the chosen topic, which includes both fundamental and applied aspects. In the first case, it comes of developing a sound theoretical and methodological basis, on which the specifics of the implementation of executive power and local self-government in Kyiv should be determined. In the second case, we are talking about developing—given the achievements of legal science and theory of public administration—scientifically proven practical recommendations aimed at further improving the legislation of Ukraine in this area.

K. I. Abramov’s contribution to the development of the methodology of library history: historical reconstruction

The article is devoted to the contribution of the famous Russian specialist in library science K. I. Abramov to the methodology of library history, the author of almost 340 publications, of which two-thirds are devoted to history. The importance of his contribution to the development of source studies, historiography, archeography, and library history is emphasized. Based on the principle of historicism and methods of structural analysis, the historical reconstruction of the formation and development of his methodological views was carried out. The external conditions of his formation as a historian are analyzed. It is noted that the formation took place in difficult socio-political conditions. The main conclusions are as follows. The methodological views of K. I. Abramov were based on the relying on archival material, striving to improve the scientific character of historical research, overcoming the desire to reduce research to a superficial presentation and commentary on certain Leninist positions. With his participation, Lenin and Krupskaya’s works on library science were collected and published. At the same time, his worldview was characterized by a dogmatic attitude to Marxism and its methodology, an unconditional adherence to the leading quote, and a non-critical attitude to the statements of the classics of Marxism-Leninism. The Marxist-Leninist doctrine of culture and the library heritage of Lenin and Krupskaya served as a theory in Abramov’s works; the dominance of historical and pedagogical research, which is characterized by following the official interpretation of certain events, simplified presentation of historical processes and events, unambiguity of author’s judgments and assessments, avoiding halftones, exalting achievements while concealing mistakes and failures.The analysis also showed that in the 1990s, under the influence of socio-political changes and rejection of Marxism-Leninism, Abramov revised his attitude to the history of Soviet library construction. He began to focus on the theory of democracy, in the context of which libraries were seen as a vehicle for democracy, and the leading role in library construction was given to the public library movement. He puts forward the concept of democratic library science, which was formed in the period between the February and October revolutions and was rejected by the Bolsheviks.The significance of this study is associated with the generalization of Abramov’s methodological heritage aimed at developing the positive aspects of his methodology, as well as overcoming methodologically incorrect judgments about the history of Soviet library construction.

Perceptions of hybrid war in Russia: means, targets and objectives identified in the Russian debate

In this article, we analyse what hybrid war entails in the context of Russian military periodicals. Two dominant interpretations emerge from the debate. Hybrid war involves a conflict between civilizations and a geopolitical struggle for power. In both cases, the West is represented as an active participant in the conflict, intent upon undermining Russia’s geopolitical status, cultural code and political system. The debate emulates Russian official rhetoric about national security threats and thus consolidates official interpretations, rather than offers alternatives to them. Russian analysts have also engaged in more abstract theoretical analysis in which hybrid terminology is rarely used or is approached critically. Further research is required to assess the ways in which this debate has been used in shaping public perceptions of threats towards Russia.

Jus Soli or Jus Sanguinis? Diagnosing Letters of Law and Official Interpretation of Tanzanian Citizenship by Birth

This article examines the controversy underlying interpretation of the letters of law on what constitutes Tanzanian citizenship by birth, particularly after independence. The centre of controversy lies in the choice of the two basic modes of attainment of citizenship by birth, namely jus soli (right of soil or birth right citizenship without the condition of citizenship of parents) and jus sanguinis (right of blood or citizenship conditioned on parents’ citizenship status).Some secondary sources say the letters of law are jus soli based while official interpretation on the ground says they are jus sanguinis based. So far, there is no judicial interpretation of the convoluted letters of law under the Tanzania Citizenship Act Cap 357 R.E 2002. It is argued that the letters of law under the Tanzania Citizenship Act reflect the jus soli mode. The article proposes for amendment of the disputed provisions to align with what is actually obtainable on ground. Keywords: jus soli, jus sanguinis, citizenship by birth, letters of law.

Crosswalk EQ-5D-5L Value Set for Slovenia.

IntroductionDue to the availability of the EQ-5D-5L instrument official translation into Slovenian its use is widespread in Slovenia. However, the health profiles obtained in many studies cannot be ascribed their appropriate values as the EQ-5D-5L value set does not yet exist in Slovenia. Our aim was to estimate an interim EQ-5D-5L value set for Slovenia using the crosswalk methodology developed by the EuroQol Group on the basis of the EQ-5D-3L Slovenian TTO value set. Our secondary aim was to compare the interim values obtained with the EQ-5D-3L Slovenian values.MethodsTo obtain a Slovenian interim EQ-5D-5L value set, we applied the crosswalk methodology developed by the EuroQol Group to the Slovenian EQ-5D-3L TTO value set. We examined the differences between values by comparing the mean 3L and 5L value scores and the distribution of values across all respondents.ResultsBy definition, 3-level and 5-level versions have the same range (from 1 to −0.495) and a health state coded 22222 in the 3-level version corresponds to 33333 in the 5-level version. While the addition of a “slight” severity level (22222) in the 5-level version has a low informational value, the addition of a “severe” health state (44444) covers larger range of the scale. The 5-level version results in fewer health states being valued below 0 and above 0.8.ConclusionThe EQ-5D-5L value set, based on the crosswalk methodology, should be used until a value set for the EQ-5D-5L is derived from preferences elicited directly from a representative sample of the Slovenian general population.

Language and Power: The Dragoman as a Link in the Chain Between the Law of Nations and the Ottoman Empire

Abstract The paper attempts to take a different look into the Law of Nations through the role of dragomans (official translators) in the making of modern International law. Addressing the power of language above its mere linguistic meaning, also considering the way it is taught, socially shaped, productive and lasting, this paper intends to illustrate the general epistemic framework governing dragomans as an original social and professional body in order to better understand their unforeseen impact on the Ottoman understanding of and integration into modern international law. The paper argues that legal transformations are also the result of legal translations, which intrinsically imply the cultural and social backgrounds of the translators. It discusses how the progressive formation of the cosmopolitan professional body of dragomans led to both develop a bolted technicality and contribute to the uniformization of legal thought and language by the nineteenth century.

RAÍZES E INTENÇÃO DA TRADUÇÃO OFICIAL DA BÍBLIA DA CNBB

Este artigo pretende explicar a intenção que presidiu à produção da “tradução oficial” da Bíblia pela Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB), bem como o pano de fundo histórico desde as origens da Bíblia como conjunto literário. Na Introdução é mostrado que o Concilio Vaticano II exprimiu o desejo de uma nova tradução latina oficial e de traduções vernáculas nela baseadas. A primeira parte do artigo evoca brevemente o uso de traduções bíblicas desde a constituição da Bíblia no judaísmo e no cristianismo primitivo até a Vulgata de Jerônimo, nos albores do século V. A segunda parte mostra o caminho da Vulgata no cristianismo latino, com ênfase no seu reconhecimento no Concílio de Trento, até a publicação da Nova Vulgata depois do Concílio Vaticano II. Nesta parte mostram-se exemplos das modificações introduzidas em relação a antiga Vulgata em consideração do progresso da crítica textual e da exegese bíblica. A terceira parte explica a elaboração, sob os auspícios da CNBB, de uma versão brasileira baseada nos textos bíblicos em língua original, segundo os critérios da Nova Vulgata, principalmente para a liturgia, a catequese e os documentos oficiais.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining in the Russian Federation: whether there is an economic basis for collecting personal income tax?

The subject of this research is legislation, official interpretation, case law, and doctrinal sources on taxation of cryptocurrency mining in the Russian Federation with regards to personal income tax. The author verifies the hypothesis on the absence of economic basis for collection of personal income tax for cryptocurrency mining, thus there is a need for fundamentally new model of legal regulation for taxation of this activity. Special attention is given to assessment of tax consequences of mining based on the content of official interpretation of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, as well as with consideration of the developed in the doctrine basic approaches towards determination of the legal nature of cryptocurrency as property and property rights (other financial instruments. The author’s significant contribution consists in substantiation of the conclusion that the current system of legal regulation has no economic basis for collection of personal income tax for cryptocurrency mining; at the same time, future taxation of mining can be based on the patent tax system of taxation. It is reasoned that in order to ensure the implementation of the indicated special tax regime, it is necessary to attribute mining to entrepreneurial activity, as well as modify legal definition of the latter, which is formulated in Article 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The author determines the legal prerequisites for taking cryptocurrency mining activity out of shadow and its lawful exercise in the Russian Federation.

A Study on Sino-Korean Poetry of Hwang Taek-hu

황택후(黃宅厚)는 조선 숙종ㆍ영조 연간에 활동한 경아전 출신의 위항시인이다. 젊은 시절에 최창대(崔昌大), 이하곤(李夏坤) 등 명유(名儒)와 교유하였고 서사(西社) 등 위항인의 시사(詩社)에도 참여하였다. 금위영의 서리가 된 이후 줄곧 지방관을 수행하며 외방(外方)에서 근무하였고 이인좌의 난을 평정하는 데 참여하여 공적을 쌓기도 하였다. 경아전 집안 출신인 까닭에 황택후는 어렸을 때부터 사대부 가문에 버금가는 교육을 받을 수 있었고 이를 통하여 사대부 문인 및 위항시인들과 교유할 수 있었다. ‘능문능리(能文能吏)’의 능력을 갖춰 사대부들의 인정을 받았던 경아전 출신 위항인들이 의역(醫譯) 출신의 위항인들을 대신하여 시단의 주요 세력으로 성장하는 양상을 황택후의 생애를 통해 확인할 수 있다. 황택후보다 한 세대 앞선 김창흡, 홍세태 등을 중심으로 제기된 천기론(天機論)과 진시론(眞詩論)은 위항문학 활성화의 사상적 근거가 되었는데, 이러한 문학관은 황택후뿐만 아니라 그와 교유한 최창대, 이하곤의 경우에서도 확인된다. 황택후의 영물시에는 주변 사물에 대한 관찰을 통해 천리(天理)를 깨우치고 이를 수신(修身)의 바탕으로 삼으려고 한 경향이 잘 나타난다. 접물(接物)에서 비롯하는 솔직한 감정과 인식을 표현하고자 한 것을 통해 ‘진시(眞詩)’를 목적으로 삼았음을 확인할 수 있다. 이를 위해서 『시(詩)』, 한위(漢魏)의 고시, 성당(盛唐)의 악부시(樂府詩) 등을 진시의 모범으로 삼고 의고(擬古)를 통해 그 경지에 도달하려는 복고(復古)의 방법이 강조되었는데 황택후의 문학에도 이러한 특징이 나타난다. 한편 황택후의 문학에는 위항문학의 일반적 특징으로 거론되는 불평음(不平音)과 협기(俠氣)의 표출 등은 보이지 않는다. 이는 황택후가 사대부 관료들의 인정을 받아 사회적 성공을 거둔 데서 기인한 것으로 보인다. 젊은 시절을 제외한 대부분의 생애를 외방에서의 안찰(按察) 활동으로 보냈기 때문에 호기(豪氣)나 의기(意氣)를 의식적으로 강조하는 경향을 지니게 된 것으로 보인다.Hwang Taek-hu[黃宅厚] is a poet from Gyeongajeon[京衙前] family who was active in the year of King Sukjong and Yeongjo in Joseon dynasty. As a young man, he kept companies with famous literary men such as Choi Chang-dae[崔昌大] and I Ha-gon[李夏坤], and also participated in the association of poetry, such as Seosa[西社]. Ever since becoming a petty official, he has been working in provinces by performing secretary of local jurisdiction all the time. Since he was from a family that had lived through the generations of Gyeongajeon, Hwang Taek-Hoo was able to receive education comparable to that of the nobility family from a young age, and through this, he was able to communicate with the poets of the nobility. Based on the ability of literacy and administration, it was possible for capital’s petty officials to obtain the recognition and support of the bureaucrats and civil officers and thus they could take the lead of the literary world on behalf of the medical officers and official interpreters. It seems that Cheongiron[天機論] and Jinsiron[眞詩論], which were raised around by Gim Chang-heup[金昌翕] and Hong Se-tae[洪世泰], who were one generation ahead of Hwang Taek-hu, became the ideological grounds for the activation of Wihang[委巷] literature. The influence of Cheongiron and Jinsiron appears in the literature of Choi Chang-dae and I Ha-gon who associated with Hwang Taek-hu, and is confirmed in the literature of Hwang Taek-hu. In particular, in the case of Yeongmul poetry[詠物詩] of Hwang Taek-hu, the tendency to awaken natural laws through observation of surrounding objects and attempt to use it as the basis for moral cultivation is well shown. In the effort to express the honest feelings and perceptions that are created in the encounter with things, we can confirm the characteristics that are aimed at real poetry. To restore the value of real poetry, it was emphasized that practice steadily on imitating classical style, this tendency is also seen in the literature of Hwang Taek-hu. On the other hand, in the literature of Hwang Taek-hu, there are no expressions of unpleasantness and discomfort that are cited as general characteristics of literature of middle class men. This seems to have originated from the social success of Hwang Taek-hu with the recognition of the high officials. Because of his activities in the outside, which occupy most of his life, he tended to consciously emphasize his willingness and vigor.

Introduction: Communication Rights in the Digital Age

Introduction: Communication Rights in the Digital Age

Conducting Critical Analysis on International Communication Rights Standards: The Contributions of Graphical Knowledge Modeling

AbstractUsing the computerized application of Modeling using Object Types (MOT) theory, this article examines the normative dimension of official interpretations of a corpus of core “communication rights” (the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the right to privacy, the right to participate in cultural life, and the right to education) enshrined and protected by the International Covenants on Human Rights. This article proposes a methodological contribution whereby the computerized application of knowledge modeling theory promotes the analysis and popularization of international human rights standards. Research findings draw attention to significant conceptual deficiencies included as part of international human rights standards. These deficiencies undermine the applicability of these standards and their relative usefulness in the context of complex sociopolitical issues relating to communication. In addition, this article underscores the need for communication rights studies to further integrate contributions from the field of international human rights law research. It demonstrates that interdisciplinary dialogue can open up new research agendas for communication rights scholars and contribute to a renewed critical analysis of international human rights standards.

Conducting Critical Analysis on International Communication Rights Standards: The Contributions of Graphical Knowledge Modeling

AbstractUsing the computerized application of Modeling using Object Types (MOT) theory, this article examines the normative dimension of official interpretations of a corpus of core “communication rights” (the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the right to privacy, the right to participate in cultural life, and the right to education) enshrined and protected by the International Covenants on Human Rights. This article proposes a methodological contribution whereby the computerized application of knowledge modeling theory promotes the analysis and popularization of international human rights standards. Research findings draw attention to significant conceptual deficiencies included as part of international human rights standards. These deficiencies undermine the applicability of these standards and their relative usefulness in the context of complex sociopolitical issues relating to communication. In addition, this article underscores the need for communication rights studies to further integrate contributions from the field of international human rights law research. It demonstrates that interdisciplinary dialogue can open up new research agendas for communication rights scholars and contribute to a renewed critical analysis of international human rights standards.

아프리칸스 성경의 번역 분석 - 요한1서 1장을 중심으로 -

There are eleven official languages spoken by South Africans. Among them is Afrikaans, a simple form of Dutch that has been spoken since the immigration from European countries in 1652. The aim of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of the Afrikaans Bible translations. To accomplish this, a comparison is made among GNT5 and three different Afrikaans translations published in 1933/1953, 1983, and 2012. In order to critique the Afrikaans translations, syntactical and structural analyses of 1 John 1 in Afrikaans give insight for the comparative analysis.<BR> Through this study, it is evident that Afrikaans translations prefer simple sentences over complex and compound ones. In addition, Afrikaans translations have a tendency to go from literal translation to dynamic equivalence and then back to being literal. Despite its merit of being effective communication for modern readers, the use of the Afrikaans Bible published in 1983 as the official Scripture translation for modern Afrikaans churches has been problematic as it omits or adds words, incorrectly renders verbs and prepositions, and changes the gender of words. For this reason, a new translation of the Afrikaans Bible is necessary to provide modern readers with the correct rendering of the original author’s message in readable and practical form. Over the last few centuries, Bible translators have been seeking this ideal to find an appropriate balance. This researcher also hopes this study can help forth-coming Korean Bible translations achieve this goal.

心畝 金彰桓의 역관 가계 배경과 문인예술가 활동 －한말 식민지기 牛峯金氏 金指南 중인 가계의 행보－

이 연구는 한말 식민지기 화가·언론인·문인의 다중적 활동을 한 문인예술가 김창환을 주목하여, 그가 문인예술가로 성장･활동하게 된 배경을 그의 가계와 일본의 식민통치 체제와 관련하여 검토한 것이다. 그리하여 김창환이 화가에서 언론인 그리고 문인으로 그 활동의 영역을 넓히는 데에 우봉김씨 역관 중인이라는 그의 가문적 배경과 식민지 체제에서 쌓은 경력과 기회가 주요했음을 살펴보았다.<BR> 김창환의 가계에 대해서는 호적과 족보 기록을 활용한 역사적 접근을 시도하여, 그가 서울의 대표적인 중인 가문인 우봉김씨 계동공파 김지남 가계의 후예라는 사실을 밝혔다. 이러한 중인 가문의 출신 배경 덕분에, 한말 김창환이 한성부 훈도방과 장통방에 거주한 중인들이 연대하여 창건한 장훈학교에 진학한 사실도 새롭게 드러내었다. 나아가 김창환이 문인예술가로 활동하는 데에 장훈학교 발기인과 그들 간의 혼망관계, 사회단체 활동 등으로 복잡다단하게 얽힌 ‘중인’들 간의 사회적 연망이 작동한 것으로 파악하였다.<BR> 한편 문인예술가로서 김창환의 경력 축적과 활동 영역의 확장이 일본의 식민통치 체제에 조응하여 구축된 것임을 드러내었다. 김창환이 1915년 조선총독부 수산과에서 근무한 이력을 새롭게 찾았고, 이것을 근거로 조선물산공진회에 참여하여 화가로서 경력을 쌓은 것을 식민통치 체제가 부여한 기회를 활용하려는 김창환의 적극적 의지로 파악하였다.<BR> 이뿐만 아니라 기존의 미술사적 접근에서 벗어나서 1920년대 김창환의 지성사적 위치도 확인하였는데, 그가 『신천지』에 동인으로 참여한 자조론 계열 지식인과 친화성이 있는 우파 지식인임을 드러내었다. 그리하여 문인 지식인으로서 김창환의 식민지 사회에 대한 인식과 주장이 자조론 계열 지식인들의 그것과 마찬가지로 식민통치 체제 유지에 우회적 도움을 주는 논리로 작용했을 것으로 추정하였다.<BR> 이 연구는 그동안 화가 김창환에 초점을 맞춘 미술사의 성과와 우봉김씨 역관 중인 김지남 가계의 조선후기 외교 활동에 집중된 연구를 넘어서, 김창환을 사례로 하여 한말 식민지기 우봉김씨 역관 가계의 행보를 통시적으로 파악했다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다. 특히 자조론 계열 지식인 및 그들과 친화성을 가진 김창환이 참여한 『신천지』 동인에 대한 개별 사례 연구로서도 의미가 있으며, 3.1운동 이후 형성된 우파 지식인의 유형을 파악하는 데에도 도움을 줄 것이라고 기대한다.

Признание права собственности отсутствующим: практика за границами акта официального толкования права

Признание права собственности отсутствующим: практика за границами акта официального толкования права

Legal nature, role, meaning and grounds of Constitutional Court interpretation and doctrinal interpretation: their interconnection

That article studies the questions on the legal nature, significance and grounds of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (hereinafter - CCU) and of doctrinal interpretation as well as their interconnection. The author analyzes the types of interpretation by the subject and notes that among the subjects of the official interpretation the Constitutional Court plays an important role, while for the informal interpretation the doctrinal interpretation is crucial. The paper defines the legal basis for exercising of the right of interpretation by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, as a specific body, which is the latter at national level aimed at exercising exclusive special powers in protecting the rights and fundamental freedoms of human and citizen. It is stated that the CCU is a quasi-legislative body whose acts are binding and have the features of a source of law, the paradigm of its activity is determined, first of all, by the rule of law and then by the supremacy of the Constitution of Ukraine. The article also pays attention to the ratio between the legal positions and decisions of the CCU.&#x0D; The article analyzes the changes of the legislation on the activity of the CCU in the context of reducing the power to interpret laws, limiting it only to the right to interpret the Constitution of Ukraine.&#x0D; The author also emphasizes that as the subject of court interpretation may act a scientist who interprets a certain norm of law and works as a judge of the CCU. In this case, the interpretation is based on the results of a scientific research for a judge. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine can to some extent be considered as “subjects of doctrinal interpretation”, especially taking into account the fact that these days there are many legal scientists, scientists with academic degrees and titles working at the posts of judges and performing scientific and judicial activity at the same time.&#x0D; The author also studies certain aspects of the doctrinal interpretation and the definition of its role and significance in the historical aspect on the example of different states. Questions on the ratio between doctrinal and court interpretation are also paid attention by the author.&#x0D; It is noted that, in general, in Ukraine scientific doctrine is not recognized as an official source of law, but at the same time plays an important role in the formation of legal consciousness, worldview and lawmaking. Therefore, it can be noted basing on the results of the analysis of legal norms and court practice, that many doctrinal legal positions over time are reflected both in the rulemaking process and in court decisions, turning into court legal provisions.

Quoting the Classics: An Alternative Reinforcement of Regime Legitimacy in China

After the opening reform of China, the revival of Chinese traditional culture has raised by the CCP. One characteristic of this revival has emerged with the continuous adaption of the Chinese classics in speeches of top leaders of the CCP . In particular, the current president Xi Jinping likes to cite Chinese traditional classics more than his two predecessors. This paper examines this tendency. At the same time, the CCP propaganda department also actively matches up Xi’s citation. They have published official interpretation books, raised Xi’s personal prestige as a Confucian gentleman possessing the good values of Chinese traditional philosophy. These values are aimed at gaining the support of the conservative climate in Chinese society and adapted to be an alternative for the reinforcement of CCP legitimacy. This paper also examines some concrete governmental policies of raising this adaption and observes that Xi and the CCP have begun to use it to connect with current social problems and their solutions in China, such as officials’ morality, social justice and equality, rule by law and nationalism. However, Xi has not matched this perfect commitment in reality.

Demystifying The Triangle of Francois Calot

The Triangle of Calot is a landmark in anatomy located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Calot in his 1891 dissertation used the cystic artery as the upper boundary. This original monograph was in medieval French, which is no longer spoken, and no official English translation is currently available.It is not clear who first used the term Triangle of Calot, but one wonders if that was when the under surface of the liver was introduced as the upper boundary, consequently introducing a new triangle, the Hepatocystic Triangle. This term is often used interchangeably with the Triangle of Calot, although their true borders differ.Mystery #1: Who was Calot?Jean‐Francois Calot [1861–1944] was born in a small farming community in the Hautes‐Pyrennes in France. He received his medical degree at the University of Paris and on graduation worked with Terrier, a surgeon, who Calot described in his publication as his mentor. Terrier had embraced the cholecystectomy as a surgical procedure after Langenbuch successfully performed the first cholecystectomy in 1882. Calot was intimately involved in caring for these patients and stated in his monograph that it was Terrier who encouraged him to study the hepatobiliary anatomy.As a physician and prosector, Calot worked on cadavers at the Ecole Pratique in Paris and came up with the following description of his famed triangle: “The triangle is not equilateral exactly, but rather both upper and lower sides represented by the artery and the cystic duct being alone equal and a little longer than the portion of the liver bile duct entering the constitution of the triangle.” It is clear from this translation that Calot meant that the upper boundary of this near‐isosceles triangle should be the cystic artery, the lower boundary, the cystic duct and the medial boundary, the common hepatic duct.Mystery #2: Who named the triangle?It is unclear who first used the term, “Triangle of Calot,” as Calot himself did not use such a name in his dissertation. It is possible that someone at a later time, in not having access to a translation of Calot’s publication, incorrectly introduced the triangle with the undersurface of the liver as the upper boundary. While this difference may seem of little consequence, such a description does matter for the surgical approach during a cholecystectomy. The undersurface of the liver houses the soul of the liver, with the confluence of major biliary and vascular structures, and is an area most surgeons would be advised to avoid during routine cholecystectomies.ConclusionWhile we may never know who named Calot’s Triangle and who introduced the similar but distinct Hepatocystic Triangle, it is clear from our investigation that these two entities are not synonymous. Such knowledge is of great importance during difficult cholecystectomies, when the normal anatomy is distorted by inflammation and vital structures are at increased risk of injury. For the practicing surgeon, using the cystic artery as the upper boundary of Calot’s Triangle is much safer than the undersurface of the liver during a cholecystectomy.

The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) – the official Czech translation

The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) – the official Czech translation