Official Business Research Articles

Confessional Style of the Ukrainian Language

The scientific work presents the practical possibilities of stylistics in the development of the confessional variety of the Ukrainian language, covering its diachronic and synchronic planes of study. The authors raise the question of the classification of the confessional style, outline its problems, and to demonstrate the patterns of speech that highlight the characteristic features of this stylistic variety. The areas of use, the dynamics of development, the limits of influence, and the popularity of the style are considered; lexico-stylistic units are listed as an illustrative example. The temporal dimension encompassed by the style begins during paganism in the Ukrainian lands and continues into the present time. Accordingly, the style is recognized as the most ancient type of language known to linguistics. The stylistic system of the Ukrainian language includes seven styles: colloquial/everyday, formal official business, journalistic, artistic, scientific, epistolary, and confessional. The last became the object of thorough research only since the independence of Ukraine. It is worth remembering, however, the legacy of Vasyl Nimchuk, who noted the lexico-semantic and stylistic parameters of the Ukrainian language at the turn of the 17th century through the prism of his confessionalism.1 In connection with the freedoms of speech and religion proclaimed in Article 35 of the Constitution of Ukraine, every citizen can visit and profess any denomination, solidifying the rights of every Ukrainian to faith, thereby consolidating the position of the sacred style of the Ukrainian language and providing opportunities for its free use. The sublimity of the style creates a certain sacred harmony which is not possessed by any other known style of the Ukrainian language. It is noticed that the sacred language laid the foundation for the flourishing of both its own and other varieties of Ukrainian speech, setting the tone for the formation of other styles.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ОСНОВИ СЛУЖБОВИХ ВІДРЯДЖЕНЬ

Nowadays, it is impossible to imagine the activities of any enterprise, institution or organization without sending their employees on business trips. Business trips are work trips, in relation to which a number of practical questions always arise: both regarding their implementation and accounting. In view of this, a thorough normative and legal framework for the organization of business trips should be created, which would fully cover the entire range of problematic issues regarding their organization and accounting. To date, the legal framework governing business trips is scattered across various legal acts, which does not allow to fully establish the theoretical foundations of the organization of business trips. Also, an important aspect of this regulatory framework is that its norms apply only to enterprises, institutions and organizations that are fully or partially financed by the state, which does not cover the legal regulation of enterprises with non-state sources of financing. In view of this, an important aspect of this study is the establishment of the theoretical foundations of business trips, which would equally cover both business trips in the state and non-state economic sectors. In this article, the author analyzes the existing approaches to the definition of the concept of "business trip", comes to a conclusion about their inaccuracy and subjectivism in the formulation. The author offers his own definition of the studied concept, on the basis of which he outlines the peculiarities of business trips through the disclosure of the latter's features. The author also establishes the classification aspects of the division of business trips into types. The author notes that the existing normative theoretical definition of the concept of a business trip and the basic principles of organization of business trips within Ukraine have certain gaps in regulation, in particular, the most problematic aspect is the irregularity of business trips in non-state enterprises. As a result of the study, the author states the need for normative consolidation of the established theoretical foundations of official business trips to the same extent both in the application to organizations of the public and private sectors of operation.

The Cliché of the Official Business Style and its Transfer from Russian into the Yakut Language

At present, the official business style of the Yakut language is more developed in comparison with the translations of the twentieth century, when this style was just beginning to be practiced. Along with this, the translation of official-business style texts is also developing. As state and municipal services are an integral part of our life and understanding the strengths and merits, which adds the translation to society, it is very important to translate the Yakut language information, regulatory documents of the population of our Republic and members of the institutions, namely the Standard of applicants to the State autonomous institution Multifunctional center for the provision of state and municipal services in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Rules of applicants. The aim of this work is to analyze the difficulties of transmission clich official-business style of Russian into Yakut language and the search approach solutions to these difficulties. The methodological basis of this study is the comparative and descriptive methods based on the data obtained by the continuous sampling method. As a result of the analysis, we identified lexical and grammatical difficulties in translating official-business style cliches from Russian into Yakut. Lexical words include borrowing words, words without equivalent correspondence and abbreviations in the cliche, where the first ones are most often transmitted to the Yakut language by transcription or remain by themselves, the second ones are translated by an adequate replacement, paraphrasing or description, and the third ones with the Russian version in a bracket. Grammatical difficulties include complex sentences with passive constructions and participial turns, which directly affect how the cliche will be translated into them. Cliches in complex sentences occur frequently, sometimes several times in the same sentence.

PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATION OF TEXTS OF GERMAN-SPEAKING OFFICIAL AND BUSINESS DISCOURSE

The purpose of our article was to analyze the peculiarities of the translation of texts of German-language official business discourse. The object of our research is international agreements between Ukraine and Germany (German and Ukrainian), and the subject is the peculiarities of their translation. It should be noted that the documents of interstate nature on the legal basis of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Ukraine, which are posted on the website of the Embassy of Ukraine in Germany (Botschaft der Ukraine in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) and the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in Kyiv Києві (Botschaft der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Kiew). In our study, we used general scientific methods (induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis), methods of linguistic analysis, such as communicative-pragmatic and interpretive analysis of the text, as well as contrastive translation analysis, which is considered the main method of comparing the original text and translated text. The article describes the lexical, grammatical and stylistic features of the texts of international agreements, taking into account the specifics of the official business style in the German and Ukrainian language pictures of the world. The texts of the analyzed agreements are the sphere of concentration of nationally marked vocabulary and features of the socio-political state of the country. The level of translation of formal agreements implies the preservation of the stylistic features of the original text as much as possible. The study found that current trends in the translation of official business discourse, including international agreements, show that the typological features of the German and Ukrainian languages impose restrictions on the use of translation transformations such as tracing, preferring lexical-semantic transformations (concretization) and grammatical substitutions (replacement of grammatical category, replacement of grammatical form, syntactic transformations of sentence structure). At the same time, for the transfer of non-equivalent vocabulary there is an increasing tendency to use the nominations established for the practice of translation and international communication in the framework of equivalent translation, transliteration, to a lesser extent - transcription. Within the framework of text units, complex transformations are often more obvious when translated into Ukrainian. Key words: official business discourse, German-Ukrainian international agreements, professional translation, translation strategies.

Морфонологические явления в калмыцком языке XVIII в. (на материале языка документов Национального архива Республики Калмыкия)

The results of the analysis of morphonological phenomena in the words of the Kalmyk language of the 18 th century are presented in the article. The research material is comprised of the official business documents of the Kalmyk khans of the 18 th century and their contemporaries, written in the old Kalmyk language, called Todo bichig "clear letter", which were deposited in the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia (Fund 36, Inventory1). In Kalmyk linguistics, for the first time, information was obtained about the compatibility of morphemes of the Kalmyk language of the 18 th century and about morphonological phenomena caused by the processes of word- and form building. It was found out that at the junction of morphemes such morphonological phenomena as truncation, overlap, augmentation, alternation, interfixation, vowels lengthening often occurred, and within morphemes – the alternation of short and long vowels. It is revealed that the paradigms of root and subordinate morphemes of the 18 th -century Kalmyk language differ from similar paradigms of the modern language. The results obtained are important not only for understanding the historical grammar of the Kalmyk language, but also for the theoretical grammar of the modern Kalmyk language. The perspective of this study is that its results are the starting point for a new direction – the comparative study of morphemics and morphonological phenomena of related Mongolian languages belonging to the agglutinative type of languages. It becomes possible to compare and contrast not just their single identical root and affixal morphemes (the traditional approach), but also their morphemic paradigms, consisting of allomorphs and variants in both diachronic and synchronous aspects.

Pedagogical Conditions for the Formation of Speech Culture of Future Bachelors of Professional Training in Documentation Science

The article presents an interpretation of the concept “pedagogical conditions for the formation of speech culture of future bachelors of professional training in documentation science.” The following pedagogical conditions for the formation of the studied personal quality are singled out and characterized: anthropocentrism of learning in the circle of interaction “teacher-student”, “student-student”, “student - text of official business style” in vocational education; integrity of speech training based on interdisciplinary links and practical training, the introduction of non-credit discipline “Speech culture of future bachelors of professional training in document science”; creation of speech and cultural, educational environment (with the involvement of information and communication technologies).

PROBLEMS OF TEACHING THE DISCIPLINE «UKRAINIAN FOR PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES» FOR STUDENTS OF ECONOMIC SPECIALTIES AT HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article analyzes the problems that arise when teaching students of economic specialties, in particular: limited lexical components, ignorance of professional terminology, lack of communication skills, psychological and communicative barriers. Violation of the norms of the Ukrainian language use is outlined. The theoretical basis was the work of linguistic didactics, who emphasized that business language is a dynamic phenomenon that a specialist must constantly study, while researching and improving their own competencies. It is noted that the program in the discipline "Ukrainian for professional purposes" should acquaint students with the basics of professional language culture, the specifics of oral and written modern literary language, direct to study the terminology of the chosen specialty, develop skills in modern documentation and motivate to improve language and speech competencies. A list of tasks that can be used during practical classes to avoid errors is identified. Such tasks included: memorizing the correct accents of both professional terms and words of common vocabulary; work with texts, namely: elimination of lexical errors by choosing the right option; correction of spelling errors in the given texts; placement of missing punctuation marks in texts of official business, journalistic and scientific styles and their fragments; selection of Ukrainian equivalents to words of foreign origin; determining the correct endings in the genitive case of nouns; ability to translate narrow and interdisciplinary terminology into Ukrainian; preparation of professional documents. An important stage of language training of specialists in economic specialties is the knowledge and observance of the modern Ukrainian literary language norms in both oral and written speech. It is also pointed out that students should be aware that studying the state language is closely related to their personality and interests, and not to the methods and teaching aids used by the teacher. Keywords: norms of modern literary language, oral professional speech, professional culture, culture of professional speech, language training of students, teaching aids.

Robust official business statistics methodology during COVID-19-related and other economic downturns

Official statistics has not properly researched and understood how its methods and models behave at times of downturns (and potentially in the corresponding situation of similarly paced (unpredictable and fast) growths). There is generally a wish to make methods robust to unusual changes, but these are often tackled situation by situation. Production of official statistics during COVID-19 has necessitated some radical changes in both data collection and statistical methods; these have been introduced with admirable speed and dedication, but this process would have been made easier with a body of research already in place to draw from. We discuss the issues with the robustness of statistical methods during downturns, and highlight the opportunity to gather data which can be analysed to give evidence for the most robust methods to use as protection against poor measurement during future downturns.

Vasile Alecsandri: Unique Aspects of the Biographical Itinerary vs. Recovery of the Writer's Memory

Among the writers of his generation, Alecsandri is the most comprehensive one, expressing not only the patriotic aspirations and desires, but also the discoveries from the universe of the private life and trying to make himself noticed in almost all the main literary genres and species. By different circumstances, Alecsandri gets to travel through Moldavia, Wallachia, Bucovina and Transylvania, to the European part of Turkey, to Italy, Austria, Germany, France, Spain, Great Britain, North of Africa, either for personal pleasure, to accompany Elena Negri, who was trying to find a more favourable climate for her fragile health, or for official business. All these travels and each of them separately are part of the development of his creation, leaving marks in his fiction and poetry and “it is printed on the screen of the human experience which defines his public and private personality”. In one of these travels, Alecsandri will discover the folk poetry, discovery which will profoundly mark his destiny as a writer and it will also have immeasurable consequences on the entire development of the Romanian literature from the last century, but also from the years to follow. As a result of the translations into French, German and English of the folk poems or of some of his original poems, Alecsandri becomes one of our first modern writers who became famous also abroad, being accessible to the foreign world.

Social Enterprise in Mexico, a New Business Classification

Social Enterprise (SE) is an increasingly important sector for generating employment and distributing wealth in market structures. The social business type two (SB2)—a very specific type of SE—is a category that has challenged orthodox theoretical elements in its main assumptions and behavior in the markets. SB2 is mainly classified within the category of microenterprises because they have a very small number of employees. A new official business classification is important to differentiate enterprises not only by size, but also by type of behavior. There is a new indicator that compares the profit levels of microenterprises with the poverty line as a representative tool to classify Mexican microenterprises into profit seekers and SB2. When these outcomes are contrasted with a discrete choice model under the logistic functional form, the probabilities that this indicator classifies a microenterprise with entrepreneurship by necessity, installed capacity maximization and no profit seeking as SB2 is 80% for microenterprises up to ten workers, and goes up to 92% for microenterprises with one person. With such a new classification, better policies could be promoted to support SB2, and help address both the lack of opportunities from the market economy and poverty menace.

Communication Driven Polyculturality of Modern Tv Journalism: Polylingual Focus for Future LSP Teachers

The article considers a well-established approach for differentiation between scientific, formal (official business), journalistic, artistic, conversational, sacred (confessional), and oratorical functional styles in the contexts of polyculturality and polylingualism as significant backgrounds for teaching languages of specific purposes. It is stated that the determining criteria for all these functional styles are the sphere of social activity, type and established way of thinking, purpose, stylistic load of the units used to convey the meaning to the people. The effectiveness of journalism in the representation of mass communication across the geographies is manifested in the fact that its content is regularly found in the speech of the broadest segments of the population. However, modern linguistics encounters a number of unresolved issues of describing the polylingual mode of mass communication in expression of polyculturalism, which determines the relevance of this study. It is revealed that the communication driven polyculturality and polylingual effect of mass communication in modern journalism make one whole with the needs analysis and relevant terminology in instruction of Telejournalism as an LSP (language for specific purposes) in different languages. It is characterized how the panorama of communication driven polyculturality and polylingualism, as well as the ‘journalism’ concept affect media communication. It is determined which are the stylistic possibilities of journalism in structuring, presenting and perceiving mass information in different cultures and languages, by covering the communicative aspects driven by polyculturality and polylingualism in modern journalism. It is also described that relevant language units are seen as a means of forming a language and communicative standard in journalistic texts, which can be adopted by future LSP teachers in educational settings for language instruction and acquisition in relation to terminology of journalism in different languages across the world. In the end, it is concluded what may be underlying for journalistic language in difeferent languages to constitute the polycultural communication driven framework rather than that of multiculturality; and to be advanced further in polylingual classes by future LSP educators.

Local government website usability on mobile devices: test results and recommendations

PurposeThe range of official business that can be handled online has grown in the recent decade. In many cases, e-services are a must. At the same time, the economic impact and social importance of mobile technology have increased. Mobile devices are becoming more and more popular, and their applications diversify. It comes as no surprise that mobile users expect e-services and official information to be available through this channel. The purpose of this paper is to identify problems (difficulties) occurring when browsing websites of local government units (LGU) on mobile devices.Design/methodology/approachThe comfort of website browsing depends mostly on the development technique, and the way content is published. Responsive websites are much easier to view on mobile devices than “static” ones. The study involves 400 websites of LGU in Poland. The websites were subjected to quantitative and qualitative analyses with selected techniques and computer tools.FindingsThe set of 400 websites contained 119 (29.75%) that were not responsive. It exhibited a substantial potential for the optimisation of websites for mobile devices. The study revealed the most common usability failures such as distorted images, “scattered icons”, partial responsiveness and bothersome messages in pop-ups.Originality/valueThe research identified the most widespread problems with the tested websites. The study yielded recommendations for local governments, which may be useful when managing content, upgrading the website or replacing it with a new one.

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Concept "PARTNER" in the russian media discourse

The article describes the features of the three-level actualization of concept PARTNER in Russian-Ukrainian relations on a material of Russian media texts. On a system-language level the idea of partnership is considered, on the basis of data of lexicographical sources. With this information it became possible to determine whether the value is equivalent to the borrowed word "partner" to its source. Research associative-verbal level of actualization of the concept PARTNER enabled us using associative dictionaries to determine to what extent the implemented components of its meaning in the Russian language consciousness. Finally, at the text level concept updating specific cases we investigated its use in speech. The material for this are the data of the National Corps of the Russian language. In addition, the article highlighted various kinds of partnerships, characteristic for the Russian mediadiscourse.Analysis of the three levels of actualization of the concept PARTNER allows us to draw the following conclusions: first, the appeal to the concept of partnership in the texts of the Russian media is characteristic of the official business style of political issues, it means institutional discourse. In everyday discourse, this nomination is "replaced" by other lexemes — friends, neighbours, colleagues, and others. Secondly, in the Russian mass media discourse, Russian-Ukrainian relations are presented as: 1) strategic partnership; 2) trade and economic partnership; 3) opposition of partnership of strong/weak, reliable/unreliable, equal/unequal. Finally, the components of the meaning of the lexeme "partner" in the Russian language and linguistic consciousness are not fully realized and are not equivalent to the original source.

The impact of official business style on russian media news internet discourse

El estilo comercial oficial se formó en la lengua literaria rusa antes que otros estilos, y sigue siendo relevante actualmente. También tiene un fuerte impacto en el discurso de los medios de comunicación modernos, especialmente en el discurso de las noticias de Internet. Para implementar la categoría de credibilidad, en el discurso de Internet de los medios modernos se utilizan características del estilo comercial oficial, como la objetividad, la formalidad, la oficialidad, la neutralidad y la ausencia de juicio del autor. La composición estandarizada de los documentos se correlaciona con la estructura compositiva cliché de las noticias. Esta es una forma impersonal de narración, construcciones pasivas, numerales, cronotopo, abreviaturas, sustantivos verbales y otras características del estilo comercial oficial. El estudio del estilo comercial oficial nos permite establecer paralelismos con las peculiaridades del discurso periodístico moderno en el entorno de Internet. La investigación sobre la influencia del estilo comercial oficial en el estilo del discurso informativo de Internet demuestra una tendencia importante en el periodismo informativo contemporáneo: presentación oficial de información, que la audiencia percibe como socialmente significativa, confiable y de alta calidad.

OFFICIAL BUSINESS CLICHE (on the material of the Kazakh language)

The article deals with the linguistic nature of the concept of clichés, which refers to ready-to-use units of language, including the semantics and function of special Kazakh official business clichés. The purpose of this study is to identify the semantic, structural features of the official business clichés. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were made: the Kazakh official business cliché a) the topic is limited: it arises directly in the society in the administrative, legal, diplomatic, procedural spheres; creates conditions for accurate and accurate transmission of thought; carries out compactness and efficiency; unifies the document; attaches basic values, such as a statement, order, appeal; the composition is manifested mainly at the level of phrasel. With the definition of semantic and constructive features of the official business clichés it is recommended to make a ready dictionary of language formulas and use in teaching the Kazakh official business language.

COVID-19: Implications on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Japan

The Coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak has affected all business sectors. The state of emergency, limited movement order and social distancing are amongst the preemptive efforts of the Japanese government to safeguard public health. While recognizing the importance of preventing the immense spread of the virus, there are certain unexplored impacts of the movement control measure on the SMEs in Japan. The objective is to scrutinize the repercussions of the Covid-19 on SMEs in Japan. The study applies a qualitative approach through the analysis of the secondary data from the internet, as well as from the Japanese official government and business association. this article intends to scrutinize the actual implications of the Japanese’s state of emergency on SMEs businesses and to identify the survival strategies of the business. Thus, this study differs from other methods such as other quick online surveys that commonly conducted by market surveys. Our findings contribute towards the actual challenges faced by the SMEs during the pandemic crisis.

Literary and Digital Translation As a Form of Intercultural Communication in the Epoch of Social Transformations

This article is devoted to the transformation of models of literary translation in the era of digitalization. The first translations in Russian practice tended to “retell” events, and the text was made “based on” the original rather than being a translation in the modern sense. Examples of such approaches to translation can be seen in the work of V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin and other authors of the early nineteenth century. At the same time, it was at the beginning of the 19th century that the first attempts were made to contrast the translation with their own, Russian literature: “the same subject in Russian” was replaced by a translated text close to the modern concept of translation. The beginning of the twentieth century was marked by mass translations of poetic texts and, in the vast majority of cases, the authors who translated them were also poets: V.Ya. Bryusov; N.S. Gumilev; A.A. Akhmatova; B.L. Pasternak; and others. The translation of the poem was understood as the transfer of the original poetic experience to Russian soil, and high demands were placed on the quality of the poetic text, often leading to significant semantic differences between the original text and the translated one. With the advent of machine translation and the expansion of digitalization, translation has become available to almost everyone. At the same time, there are areas in which literal translation almost does not interfere with the perception of the text (for example, in an official business style or when translating texts of instructions) and requires minimal stylistic editing. However, literary translation can radically lose its meaning, and in the case of a poetic translation, it can deprive the text of its aesthetic characteristics (rhythmic organization, rhyme), which poses new challenges for translators in the digitalization era. Translation gaps in the text of fiction should be considered not yet completely solved by the task of the modern digitalization society.
 Keywords: Translation, literary text, Silver Age, digital age

Ethical issues in focus by the autonomous vehicles industry

ABSTRACT The onset of autonomous driving has provided fertile ground for discussions about ethics in recent years. These discussions are heavily documented in the scientific literature and have mainly revolved around extreme traffic situations depicted as moral dilemmas, i.e. situations in which the autonomous vehicle (AV) is required to make a difficult moral choice. Quite surprisingly, little is known about the ethical issues in focus by the AV industry. General claims have been made about the struggles of companies regarding the ethical issues of AVs but these lack proper substantiation. As private companies are highly influential on the development and acceptance of AV technologies, a meaningful debate about the ethics of AVs should take into account the ethical issues prioritised by industry. In order to assess the awareness and engagement of industry on the ethics of AVs, we inspected the narratives in the official business and technical reports of companies with an AV testing permit in California. The findings of our literature and industry review suggest that: (i) given the plethora of ethical issues addressed in the reports, autonomous driving companies seem to be aware of and engaged in the ethics of autonomous driving technology; (ii) scientific literature and industry reports prioritise safety and cybersecurity; (iii) scientific and industry communities agree that AVs will not eliminate the risk of accidents; (iv) scientific literature on AV technology ethics is dominated by discussions about the trolley problem; (v) moral dilemmas resembling trolley cases are not addressed in industry reports but there are nuanced allusions that unravel underlying concerns about these extreme traffic situations; (vi) autonomous driving companies have different approaches with respect to the authority of remote operators; and (vii) companies seem invested in a lowest liability risk design strategy relying on rules and regulations, expedite investigations, and crash/collision avoidance algorithms.

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The current state of world development is characterized by a dynamic deepening of the processes of integration of political, economic, cultural life of the world. Now we can observe the rapprochement of different countries and peoples, which has a significant impact on their culture, values, language and speech elements. This process is called �globalization�. As a result of globalization, there is an interpenetration of languages, which blurs the boundaries between languages, which is manifested in changes in the lexical, grammatical and syntactic levels of language. Borrowings are primarily distributed through the media and the Internet. The objective of the article is to investigate the influence of globalization processes taking place in the society on the formation of the latest business communicative discourse. Research methods: descriptive method, method of comparative analysis, which make it possible to determine the specifics of the Ukrainian language functioning at the present level and draw conclusions about the material processed. At the heart of the globalization of official business discourse is the Ukrainian model of society. It is closely connected with the Ukrainian language, which has been fighting for its rights for centuries in order to take a worthy place among the world�s languages. That is why attention is paid to the development trends of the Ukrainian language in modern conditions, in particular the issue of language culture. Globalization determines the prospects for the development of the Ukrainian language today. The consequence of globalization is cultural integration, it is a tool for influencing national culture and language. The processes of globalization can have both positive and negative effects on the language situation, ie it can be argued that globalization has a two-vector nature. There are three globalization tendencies in the development of the Ukrainian language today. The first is the development in Ukrainian of the world space previously closed to it. The second is a change in the status of the Ukrainian language. Now it is in demand in the official business sphere, in the field of education, culture, economics, politics, etc. The third is language policy in Ukraine, strengthening the role of the Ukrainian language as a state-building language. The modern business sphere is an effective means of transmitting information designed for the maximum audience. Its specificity is determined primarily by its functional nature � to be a means of influence. Business relationships react instantly to changes and events in the world, capture them. The issue of the culture of the Ukrainian language remains relevant and appears globally in the context of the development of the Ukrainian state. Urgently, this issue manifests itself in the official business style, as the field of office work still uses a huge number of copies of the Russian language and forgets about the actual Ukrainian versions. This problem is due to the functioning of the Ukrainian language in the context of bilingualism. We should not forget that the success of the case depends on the level of language training, on the ability to formulate an opinion correctly. Successfully selected words and explanations make it possible to take into account the situation of business communication, the problem and find a decent solution. Therefore, the arsenal of language tools used by the business sector today has changed and requires a separate study.