Waste Office Paper Research Articles

Physical and mechanical properties of fiberboard produced with shredded waste office paper

This study investigated the effects of shredded waste office paper as a raw material on the physical and mechanical properties of fiberboard. Two amounts of urea formaldehyde (UF) resin (10 and 15%) and five shredded waste office paper/wood fiber mixing ratios (0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and 100/0) were selected. The findings showed that all characteristics of boards were improved with an increase in resin content at various wastepaper participation ratios. The 15% UF-bonded board with 100% wood fiber had the highest modulus of rupture (MOR) value, but there was no statistically significant difference between it and the board with 50% wastepaper. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) values of the 15% UF-bonded boards increased as the wastepaper participation ratio increased, and the highest was obtained from the board with 75% wastepaper. The highest internal bond (IB) strength value was also recorded from the 15% UF-bonded board with 50% wastepaper. This was due to the presence of sufficient bonding potential and smoother surfaces in the shredded wastepaper, which allowed for a synergistic interaction between the wastepaper and wood fiber.

A study on preparation of low-cost environment-friendly self-assembled nanocellulose membrane from waste paper

In the context of green development, different types of waste paper were used in this study to prepare environment-friendly nanocellulose membrane by using different pretreatment processes. The results showed that all nanocellulose membranes had a novel microscopic composite morphology: nanocellulose fibers in the middle were tightly arranged and had a certain direction, while nanocellulose fibers at the edge were arranged randomly. Moreover, the type of waste paper affected the formation and property of nanocellulose membranes deeply compared with the pretreatment process. Nanocellulose membrane prepared from office waste paper had a high transmittance (50.8 %) and low oxygen transmission rate (1.548·10−3/cm3mm/(m2·d·KPa)) while that prepared from waste corrugated paper had a high yield (50.63 %), high folding number (81 times), and low water vapor transmission rate (1550.24 g·m−2·day−1). Meanwhile, nanocellulose membrane prepared without any deinking treatment had a significant performance advantage in terms of water vapor barrier and folding resistance. Therefore, in actual application, deinking treatment can be selectivity omitted, which will simplify the preparation process flow and reduce the production cost of nanocellulose membrane. Furthermore, in order to satisfy different application requirements, the appropriate raw materials and treatment processes can be chosen to prepare nanocellulose membranes with different properties. This study provides a simple and low-cost way to prepare high-performance environment-friendly self-assembled nano membrane material, and also achieves the high value utilization of waste paper, which has a certain ecological, economic, and social benefits.

Shredded waste office paper as a component with wood particles in the production of particleboard

Shredded waste office paper as a component with wood particles in the production of particleboard

High‐efficiency modification of PET by the low addition of a self‐assembled functional nanocellulose film prepared from waste paper

AbstractPolyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a conventional packaging material. Its modification has attracted immense attention in the industry and academia. Here, office waste paper, white cardboard waste, and waste corrugated paper were first employed as raw materials for cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) extraction by acid hydrolysis. Thereafter, CNC/PET composite films with various CNC additions were prepared via a self‐assembly technique. The results revealed that the CNCs formed a self‐assembled film on the PET surface via the synergistic effect of the complex interactions among the CNCs as well as between the CNCs and PET. Moreover, the CNCs improved the barrier property of PET and decreased the oxygen and water vapor transmittances of CNC/PET by 30.7% and 21.7%, respectively. Additionally, the coating of the PET surface with 0.2 wt.% CNCs extracted from the waste paper decreased the surface wettability of PET, exhibiting application potentials in the hydrophobic modification of polymers. This study realized waste paper recycling and provided a basis for constructing self‐assembled functional films on PET surfaces. The findings and insights of this study could exhibit application potentials in the fields of waste recycling and packaging materials.Highlights A functional cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) film is prepared from waste paper. Self‐assembled CNC is coated on a PET surface to form a CNC/PET composite film. The synergistic interactions among CNCs and between CNC and PET modified PET. The low addition of CNCs realized the efficiency modification of PET. The study achieves waste paper recycling and high‐value utilization.

Preparation of Polyaniline-Modified Cellulose/PDMS Composite Triboelectric Material and Application of Its Pretreatment in MOW Pulp.

Self-powered electronic equipment has rapidly developed in the fields of sensing, motion monitoring, and energy collection, posing a greater challenge to triboelectric materials. Triboelectric materials need to enhance their electrical conductivity and mechanical strength to address the increasing demand for stability and to mitigate unpredictable physical damage. In this study, polyaniline-modified cellulose was prepared by means of in situ polymerization and compounded with polydimethylsiloxane, resulting in a triboelectric material with enhanced strength and conductivity. The material was fabricated into a tubular triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) (G-TENG), and an electrocatalytic pretreatment of mixed office waste paper (MOW) pulp was performed using papermaking white water as the flowing liquid to improve the deinking performance. The electrical output performance of G-TENG is highest at a flow rate of 400 mL/min, producing a voltage of 22.76 V and a current of 1.024 μA. Moreover, the deinking effect of MOW was enhanced after the electrical pretreatment. This study explores the potential application of G-TENG as a self-powered sensor power supply and emphasizes its prospect as an energy collection device.

Oil/water separation by super-hydrophobic wastepaper cellulose-candelilla wax cryogel: a circular material-based alternative

Introduction: One of the most attractive fields for cellulose aerogels is water remediation, basically in the pollutant’s adsorption and oil/water separation. There are different sources to extract cellulose, but the extraction from paper waste is an excellent option for impulse circular materials applications.Methods: We obtained cellulose from office waste paper through a simple alkali method and used it to fabricate an aerogel by freeze-drying based on the materials’ circularity. To increase lipophilicity, the aerogel was modified using two different coatings: polycaprolactone (WOPP) and candelilla wax (WOPW), extracted from a Mexican plant. The aerogels were analyzed by several physicochemical techniques such as Scanning Electronic Microscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis.Results and Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first time that candelilla wax has been reported as aerogel modification. The highly porous aerogels showed a density of around 0.1 g/cm3 and a fibrous structure. Furthermore, the contact angle of the aerogels was measured to compare the hydrophobicity of the surfaces, showing values around 120° in the modified aerogels compared with the hydrophilic behavior of pristine cellulose aerogel. The achieved recycled mineral oil absorption capacity for WOPW was 6.1 g/g, while for WOPP was 4.88 g/g. Thus, we obtained a natural coating aerogel with a high water/oil separation potential.

Enzymatic valorization of cellulosic and hemicellulosic-based biomasses via the production of antioxidant water-soluble hydrolyzate of maize stalks and the green bio-deinking of mixed office waste paper

AbstractBio-valorization of various biomasses provides a sustainable promising approach for the eco-friendly production of variable value-added products. Herein, the current study devoted to the enzymatic valorization of two widely available biomasses, namely, maize stalks and waste paper. The cellulytic and hemicellulytic-rich cocktail was produced through the fermentation of rice straw by a locally isolated fungal strain Aspergillus terreus. The potential applicability of the produced cocktail for the enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysaccharide constituents of maize stalks was evaluated under various strategies. The reported results indicated that the microwave pretreatment of the biomass yielding a water-soluble hydrolyzate rich in cellobiose and xylobiose, sustained by thin layer (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) measurements, in addition to phenolic compounds. Moreover, the enzymatic hydrolysis of the extracted hemicellulosic fraction from maize stalks was rich in xylooligosaccharides and phenolic compounds higher than that released from the hydrolysis of commercial xylan. The estimated antioxidant activity of the resulted hydrolyzate was also monitored by the scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical spectrophotometrically at 515 nm. Moreover, the potential applicability of the produced enzymatic cocktail was examined for the bio-deinking of waste paper. The physical, chemical, and surface morphological characteristics of the treated paper sample was compared to a blank one regarding the whiteness index, ash content, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). On the base of the estimated results, the produced enzymatic cocktail possessed efficient dislodgement ability for the printed ink from the paper surface.

Synthesis and Properties of Carbon Microspheres from Waste Office Paper.

As a kind of biomass resource, waste office paper can be used as a carbon precursor to prepare carbon materials. In this work, carbon microspheres with regular shape, uniform particle size and high carbon content were successfully prepared from waste office paper via a hydrothermal synthesis method with sulfuric acid as the catalyst. The effects of reaction temperature and sulfuric acid dosage on the morphology of the carbon microspheres were studied. The formation mechanism of the carbon microspheres was investigated by analyzing the structure and composition of the products. The results show that the hydrolysis of cellulose in waste paper under hydrothermal conditions was the key for the formation of carbon microspheres. The temperature of hydrothermal reaction and the use of sulfuric acid can affect the morphology of carbon microspheres. The carbon microspheres synthesized at 210 °C with 10 mL sulfuric acid have the best surface morphology, with uniform particle size and higher dispersion. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy show that the carbon microspheres have good capacitance performance and can be used in capacitors. This study provides a low-cost precursor for carbon microspheres as well as a new method for the recycle of waste paper.

Bioethanol Production from Office Waste Paper

In this study, office waste paper was utilized as the raw material for production of bioethanol. Experimental studies have been carried out cellulose to sugar by acid hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis of waste paper to sugar was carried out 121?C with 5%(v/v) sulfuric acid with the volume of 100ml, 200ml and 5,10,15 g of office waste paper to obtain the best yield of hydrolysate. After adjustment of pH with 5M of sodium hydroxide solution, fermentation was investigated using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae to convert sugar to bioethanol and produced 0.033 g/ml of maximum sugar with 150 rpm for overnight at room temperature. The viability of cell was not the only factor influencing fermentation. The operation time for hydrolysis, adjustment of pH, amount of yeast and rate of aeration during fermentation a was a key interactive factor resulting in ethanol accumulation.

Waste paper as a viable sustainable source for cellulosic extraction by chlorine free bleaching and acid hydrolysis method for the production of PVA-starch/cellulose based biocomposites

Cellulose nanofibers have displayed great promise for enhancing the mechanical and physical characteristics of polymer composites. Viable sustainable source such as office waste papers were used for the extraction of cellulose The cellulose was isolated using an alkali treatment followed by chlorine free bleaching, and acid hydrolysis method. This is followed by homogenization. The obtained cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were carefully studied for its structure, morphology, and thermal properties. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/starch composite films were prepared with isolated CNC (1, 3 and 5 wt%) by solution casting method. CNC added to polymer composites increased the film's mechanical strength and barrier characteristics. Films were characterised by), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The film exhibited excellent barrier properties and mechanical properties which is desirable for food packaging applications. Successful isolation of CNCs derived from waste paper enhanced the use of waste paper's fibre resources, resulting in increased economic advantages.

Redesigning the appearance of recycled containers for packaging applications: The effect of paper waste physicochemical properties on the performance of paperboards with obvious recycled content

AbstractSignificant efforts have been made over the past decade to facilitate the recognition of environmentally friendly packaging and promote sustainability. Yet, consumers remain confused by the excess of labels and claims used to communicate sustainability. In our previous work, we modified the appearance of recycled fibre‐based packaging by incorporating visible particles of fibre‐based waste. This strategy enabled consumers to better identify packages with a high recyclability level, enhancing their environmental perception towards sustainable products. However, the incorporation of such large waste particles proved to be detrimental to the mechanical properties of the paperboards. In this study, we further investigate the influence of the physicochemical properties of the added fibre‐based waste on packaging performance. Using a similar strategy to enhance the environmental perception, we herein studied the effect of mixed office waste (MOW), old magazines (OMG), and polylactic acid (PLA) paper cups. The presence of hydrophobic and difficult‐to‐process and difficult‐to‐disperse waste, such as the PLA paper cups, significantly altered the mechanical performance of the paperboards, whereas more hydrophilic and easy‐to‐disintegrate waste (MOW and OMG) had a lesser effect regardless of the size of the particles. Strength agents such as cationic starch (CS) and cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) successfully restored the properties of the paperboards containing MOW and OMG but were less effective for PLA paper cups. A multi‐ply strategy overcame the limitations of CS and CMFs using the redesigned paperboard as an outer ply for aesthetic purposes and a 100% recycled inner ply for restoring strength.

Cellulase Production by Pseudomonas fluorescens from Hexane Pretreated Waste Papers

The organic content in most of the municipal solid wastes primarily consists of post-consumer waste papers which are rich source of carbohydrates. The present study has focused on investigation of cellulase production by Pseudomonas fluorescens from different types of waste papers namely waste office paper (WOP), waste cardboard (WCB), waste newspaper (WNP) and waste tea cup (WTC) after pre-treatment with n-hexane. The waste papers at a solid loading of 5% (w/v) produced glucose in the range of 5.24 g/L (WTC) to 6.43 g/L (WOP) from n-hexane pre-treatment at 80oC for 30 minutes. The structural changes of pre-treated waste papers were studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope. Pseudomonas fluorescens (10% v/w) inoculated to pre-treated waste papers with 70% moisture content was able to produce maximum cellulase at 15 days of incubation with 5.10 CMCase/mL from WOP followed by cardboard and newspaper with similar production of 4.03 CMCase/mL and WTC with production of 3.82 CMCase/mL.

Determination of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Waste Paper Boards Supported by Wood Chips and Chopped E-glass Fiber

Today, legal regulations, along with social awareness, have made waste management a necessity. Depending on the type of waste, technological developments have enabled an increase in the number of approaches, e.g., reusing, recycling, and manufacturing of different products. In this study, low-density boards were produced using different proportions of office waste paper, wood chips, and chopped E-glass fiber. Waste paper and glass fiber formed the middle layer of the boards and wood chips comprised the surface layers. The density, water absorption, and thickness swelling properties of the boards were investigated. Among the mechanical properties, the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength were determined. The use of wastepaper led to a reduction in the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of the boards. An increase in the glass fiber ratio contributed positively to the water absorption and thickness swelling properties, whereas it directly led to decreases in the internal bond strength, and the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity values. Nonetheless, the low-density boards were able to meet the minimum modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity specified in ANSI 208.1 standards, while only one variation met the IB requirements.

Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Composites Filled with Recycled Office Waste Paper

ABSTRACT The high production of paper, followed by a more significant concern with environmental and economic issues, has led to greater relevance to paper recycling and its raw uses as composite filler. Composites of polypropylene with 10, 20, and 30 wt.% of recycled office waste paper were produced by injection molding and characterized by mechanical and thermal properties. All composites presented a slight reduction of 15°C in thermal stability compared to the polymeric matrix. Moreover, as the filler amount increased, the degree of crystallinity was reduced proportionally. The mechanical test showed similar tensile strength values among neat polymer andcomposites but also showed an increase in the composite’s tensile modulus, related to the stiffness of the natural filler. The composite with a higher percentage of waste paper (30 wt.%) maintained equivalent properties as neatpolypropylene and other composites (10 and 20 wt.%). Thus, 30 wt.% composites proved to be an excellent material with less synthetic polymer percentage, keeping thermal and mechanical properties comparable to the neat PP.Furthermore, this composite does not need chemical treatment or additives harmful to the environment. It is suitable for future applications in various plastic products such as packaging and domestic utensils.

Thermally stable cellulose nanospheres prepared from office waste paper by complete removal of hydrolyzed sulfate groups

Cellulose nanocrystals are commonly obtained by acid hydrolysis, particularly with H2SO4. However, a small amount of deposited sulfate-groups contributes to the degradation of their thermal stability. This study prepared thermally-stable and sulfate-group-free cellulose nanospheres (CNSs) from office waste paper by H2SO4 hydrolysis followed by solvolytic desulfation. The optimal desulfation conditions (i.e., 5 wt% MeOH, reaction temperature of 90 °C, a reaction time of 20 min, 0.5 mM pyridine) were preliminarily found from a one-factor-at-a-time experiment and validated by the results of a central composite design. The optimal desulfation conditions promoted environmental sustainability with less pyridine and MeOH and comparably shorter reaction time. The desulfated CNSs had a significant thermal stability enhancement from 186 to 340 °C. Comprehensive characterization of the morphology, chemical composition, and thermal behavior of the desulfated CNSs reconfirmed the complete removal of sulfate groups without harmful pyridine residues, demonstrating the potential use of the thermally stable CNSs.

Synthesis mechanism of carbon microsphere from waste office paper via hydrothermal method

Carbon microsphere was successfully synthesized from waste office paper via hydrothermal method and high temperature treatment in nitrogen atmosphere. The process of carbon microsphere synthesis from waste office paper fiber using concentrated sulfuric acid was studied, and the influence of H2SO4 concentration and reaction time on the hydrolysis reaction was considered. To investigate the mechanism of conversion of waste office paper to carbon microsphere, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of the supernatant liquid product and the non-carbonized carbon microsphere. The weight loss of the non-carbonized carbon microsphere was assessed through thermogravimetry. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the morphology. The hydrolysis reaction of waste office paper fiber and synthesis mechanism of carbon microsphere under different conditions were evaluated. The results showed that when the reaction time reached 24 h, the product had uniform particle size and was well dispersed, and the more sulfuric acid present led to the waste office paper fiber being more thoroughly hydrolyzed.

Enhanced production of biodiesel by Rhodosporidium toruloides using waste office paper hydrolysate as feedstock: Optimization and characterization

Environmental issues caused by fossil fuel and its rapid depletion demand the need to produce biofuel from renewable energy resources. The disposal of waste paper in landfills causes air pollution and contaminates groundwater. Hence, exploiting paper waste as a renewable resource for microbial lipid production can solve these environmental issues in a greener way. Further, these microbial lipids are a reliable source for biodiesel production. In this study, waste office paper was utilized as a substrate to produce microbial lipids through fermentation by the oleaginous yeast, Rhodosporidium toruloides, using a biorefinery approach. The production conditions were optimized using the Box-Behnken design; a fermentation time of 116.16 h, a C/N ratio of 60, and an inoculum concentration of 9.67% yielded a biomass of 10.55 g/L and a lipid yield of 6.13 g/L with a total lipid content of 58%. The major lipids produced were oleic acid (42%), palmitic acid (36%), stearic acid (9.8%), and myristic acid (8%), which clearly indicates the suitability of the lipids produced byR.toruloidesfor biodiesel production. The predicted biodiesel properties of the transesterified product met the international standard specifications. Hence, utilizing waste office paper for biodiesel production will be an effective way of mitigating the environmental pollution caused by waste paper and the harvesting of fossil fuels.

Analisa Pemilihan Bahan Baku Kertas Daur Ulang Jenis Test Liner Di PT X

Although the world's forest resources have decreased, paper production has increased. Utilization of recycled fiber Recycle Fiber as a substitute for new fiber Virgin Fiber in production has a significant influence in the world of paper industri. In 2011 the world paper industri reached 403 million tons and about (53%) was produced from recycled paper. production of recycled fiber is cost competitive because the production cost is lower than Virgin Fiber's new fiber. Approximately (80%) of this type of paper comes from three sources, namely OCC Old Corrugated Containers, ONP Old Newspaper, and Office waste paper. (20%) of the used paper is removed from the ink which will be used as raw material for newsprint, tissue, white liner, or other types of white paper. Some of the raw materials for paper are used for paperboard, mineral cardboard. In the manufacture of paperboard, there is a type of Test Liner paper which is widely used as surface coating paper on cardboard.

Valorization of cellulose in waste paper into value-added cellobionic acid by genetically engineered Pseudomonas taetrolens

To expand the applications of waste paper (WP), we attempted to valorize waste office paper (WOP) into cellobionic acid (CBA) using a two-step biocatalytic method. First, we prepared cellobiose from WOP using commercial cellulases. To increase cellobiose production, we optimized various reaction conditions; the type of cellulases, reaction temperature, the amount of WOP, and the amount of cellulases. Under the optimized reaction conditions, 23 g/L cellobiose was generated from 80 g/L of WOP. CBA was then produced from the prepared cellobiose using recombinant Pseudomonas taetrolens homologously expressing quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase. From 23 g/L cellobiose derived from WOP, this strain produced 24.1 g/L CBA. We demonstrated for the first time that WOP could be successfully valorized into CBA using cellobiogenic cellulases and a CBA-producing strain. This study sets the groundwork to produce CBA at a low price and is expected to expand the application of CBA in industries.

Waste Office Paper Derived Cellulose‐Based Carbon Host in Freestanding Cathodes for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

AbstractDue to large sulfur (S) content and simple manufacturing techniques, free‐standing cathodes for lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries are gaining a lot of attention recently. Waste office paper, which is consumed in large quantities annually, was used to make a free‐standing paper‐based carbon (FPC) substrate, which inherited fiber‐like morphology. In addition, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets modified FPC (rGO@FPC) host was also prepared by a vacuum filtration method. After S impregnation, the FPC/S and rGO@FPC/S free‐standing cathodes were employed in Li−S batteries. The rGO@FPC/S free‐standing cathode exhibited extremely competitive electrochemical performance, including a reversible discharge capacity of 315 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C after 500 cycles. This is due to the uniform S distribution, which boosts the utilization ratio, and the significant blocking action for polysulfide ions, which prevents the redox shuttle effect.