Off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System Research Articles

Modelling an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system to deliver electricity to a remote Indian island

The study examines numerous off-grid hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) combinations to deliver electricity to a remote island settlement. Six different configurations were subjected to technical, economic, environmental, and social analyses in order to establish the best optimal design. The best-optimized system's sensitivity analysis was carried out. Furthermore, different machine learning models have been applied to predict the performance of the system. In terms of economic assessments, the lowest levelized unit cost of electricity (LCOE) (0.31$/kWh) and highest return on investment (ROI) (26.4 %) make the System 6 much more competitive. Despite the fact that System 6 is partially powered by a diesel generator, the life cycle CO2 emissions (LCE) of System 6 and System 3 are at similar levels, which are 49517.68 kg/year and 46744.45 kg/year, respectively. For system 6, it was observed that a 30 % rise in diesel fuel prices increased the net present cost (NPC) and LCOE by 4.9 % and 4.8 %, respectively. Matern 5/2 GPR model is found to be best options among all the studied machine learning models for predicting renewable fraction and levelized unit cost of electricity.

Optimal Energy Management for off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

A photovoltaic (PV)/wind/battery/Generator-Set hybrid power system's energy dispatch is discussed in this research, along with the ideal solution. The optimization model enables the hybrid power system's generating devices to share power appropriately. The main goals are to minimize fuel consumption and costs and maximize the usage of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The proposed simulation plan succeeds in lowering fuel costs because the diesel generator only kicks on at night and in the early morning when the energy from RES is insufficient to supply the load. The load is supplied with power, and the battery is charged throughout the day, when the production of electricity from the wind and solar generators is highest. The use of diesel is minimal. However, based on their particular characteristics and the operational limitations of the system, the generating devices effectively share the power needed from the hybrid power system.

Optimal Design and Operation of an Off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Nigeria’s Rural Residential Area, Using Fuzzy Logic and Optimization Techniques

This study focuses on a technical and economic analysis of designing and operating an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) in a rural community called Olooji, situated in Ogun state, Nigeria, as a case study. First, a size optimization model is developed on the basis of the novel metaheuristic particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to determine the optimal configuration of the proposed off-grid system on the basis of the minimization of the levelized cost of electricity, by factoring in the local meteorological and electricity load data and details on the technical specification of the main components of the HRES. Second, a fuzzy-logic-controlled energy management system (EMS) is developed for the dynamic power control and energy storage of the proposed HRES, ensuring the optimal energy balance between the different multiple energy sources and the load at each hour of operation. The result of the size optimization model showed that an LCOE for implementing an HRES in the community would be 0.48 USD/kWh in a full-battery-capacity scenario and 1.17 USD/kWh in a half-battery-capacity scenario. The result from this study is important for quick decision-making and effective feasibility studies on the optimal technoeconomic synopsis of implementing minigrids in rural communities.

Feasibility and optimal sizing analysis of hybrid renewable energy systems: A case study of Al-Karak, Jordan

The aim of this research is to examine the techno-economic viability of both off-grid and on-grid hybrid renewable energy systems for Jordan's Al-Karak governorate. Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) Pro software was used in this article to evaluate the carry feasibility to maximize the renewable energy (RE) integration in hybrid energy systems based on different configurations, grid-connected and stand-alone systems of the wind turbine, biogas plant, photovoltaic (PV) panels, flywheel, and batteries while minimizing the net present cost, the Levelized cost of energy and CO2 emissions mitigation. The results showed that the PV/Wind system, connected to the grid with batteries for storage is the optimal configuration for sustainable Al-Karak governorate electrification whilst achieving environmental benefits and guaranteeing reliable and continuous energy access with the lowest net present cost and the Levelized cost, 298,359 USD$ and 0.024 USD$/kWh respectively, and high RE share, 71.8% of electricity is generated from wind and 28.2% is purchased from the grid and emits 220 tons of CO2 per year, 53% less than a grid alone system. Such a system would provide advantages in terms of energy independence and improved environmental quality.

Techno-Economic Comparative Analysis of Grid-Connected and Islanded Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems in 7 Climate Regions, Turkey

The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic, technical, and environmental performances of grid-tied and stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) in 21 provinces in seven regions of Turkey, considering different regional solar radiation and wind speed diversity. HRES were designed and modeled using the Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources software (HOMER PRO) to meet the daily load of 13.26 kWh/day of a household. The analysis results for each province were compared considering the cost of energy, net present cost (NPC), greenhouse gas emissions, renewable fraction (RF), and optimum system configuration. The findings demonstrated that the optimal system configurations are Grid/PV/WT and PV/WT/DG/BESS for grid-tied and stand-alone HRES, respectively. The value of NPC ranges from <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\$ $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 2,540.00 to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\$ $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 8,951.00 for grid-tied HRES, while it varies from <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\$ $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 23,372.00 to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\$ $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 40,858.00 for stand-alone HRES. The provinces of Çanakkale in the Marmara Region and Artvin in the Black Sea Coast Region have the lowest and highest NPC values, respectively, for all systems. The PV capital cost, WT capital cost, BESS capital cost, solar radiation, and wind speed are considered as sensitivity input parameters that might affect the economic output of the HRES in this study. According to the sensitivity analysis, the NPC value as an economic indicator input decreased for both on-grid and off-grid HRES as the wind speed and solar radiation increased. It was also found that when the capital cost of PV panels and WT were changed, the NPC of the stand-alone HRES was in the range of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\$ $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 21,402.27- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\$ $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 29,978.89 for the province of Çanakkale, while it was in the range of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\$ $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 37,518.11- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\$ $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 51,939.00 for the province of Artvin. Moreover, when solar radiation and wind speed were increased, the results showed that NPC and CO2 emissions decreased by 9.30% and 9.23%, respectively, for Çanakkale, and by 25.58% and 66.95%, respectively, for Artvin. Finally, the results indicated that the optimal system configuration changes depending on the PV and WT capital cost variations for the grid-tied HRES. This research can be useful for planning grid-tied and stand-alone HRES from different aspects in Turkey, as well as other countries around the world. It contributes to the literature by comparing grid-tied and stand-alone HRES to determine the optimum system configuration and to find the best optimization results in seven regions of Turkey under different climate conditions. In addition, most of the studies related to HRES for residential areas in the literature are reviewed in this research, which intends to serve as a guide for engineers and researchers.

Dynamic modelling and multi-objective optimization of off-grid hybrid energy systems by using battery or hydrogen storage for different climates

The energy storage problem is an essential issue in renewable energy-based power systems. A comprehensive study is performed to evaluate off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems with a battery bank or a hydrogen system employed as the energy storage option. Dynamic modelling is proposed to see daily and seasonally changes in the system. The economic feasibility of the system and its environmental impacts are investigated in three locations. A multi-objective optimization method based on the Taguchi approach is employed to minimize both levelized cost of energy and the CO2 emissions. Various weight factors were assigned to understand the response of different optimization targets. The results highlight that the hybridization of energy resources allows the annual emissions to be cut by 68–78% for battery storage, 84–90% for hydrogen storage, compared to a diesel-only system. Despite having higher costs, the systems with hydrogen storage can store energy in the long term; therefore, they have lower CO2 emissions.

Techno-socio-economic-environmental estimation of hybrid renewable energy system using two-phase swarm-evolutionary algorithm

A multi-objective optimal sizing model for an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) consisting of solar photo-voltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), diesel generator (DG) and lead-acid battery-based energy storage (ES) system is developed including techno-socio-economic and environmental considerations. The problem is formulated using six objectives; levelized cost of energy (LCOE), renewable fraction (RF), loss of power supply probability (LPSP), human development index (HDI), job creation (JC) and emission curtailment (EMC). To solve this real-world problem with complex practical constraints, a hybrid two-stage PSO-DE optimization (HPSODE) algorithm is constructed by connecting the improved variants of PSO and DE in series. The exploration capability of swarm intelligence is synthesized with the exploitation potential of classical evolutionary concepts, to achieve better performance with least dependence on algorithmic tuning parameters. A fuzzy satisfaction module (FSM) is appended to identify the solution with the highest possible attainment level for all the considered objectives. The selected optimization goals have a significant bearing on the optimal design, some are contradictory while others are similar in nature; therefore, impact analysis is presented. For the minimum cost solution, attainment of LCOE is 100%, HDI attainment is 0.27%, JC is 4.04%, emission curtailment is 6.29%, LPSP attainment is 91.25% and attainment of RF is 92.33%. On the other hand, when all six objectives are optimized, LCOE is attained by 68.61%, HDI by 92.97%, JC by 84.04% and EMC goal is satisfied by 78.98% while attainment of both LPSP and RF is 100%. For the selected location, the best configuration of HRES is PV-WT-ES, with total capacity of 175.44 kW. The levelized cost is 0.0779 $/kWh, human development index (HDI) is 0.6454, 0.2711 jobs are created and annual emission curtailment is 290147.28 kg, whereas unmet power is zero. Well distributed Pareto-optimal solutions are obtained, which offer multiple options to the designer. The results of the proposed HPSODE-FSM approach are compared and corroborated with results from literature and also with other state-of-the-art algorithms.

Transient simulation and techno-economic assessment of a near-zero energy building using a hydrogen storage system and different backup fuels

Proposing a cost-effective off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) with hydrogen energy storage with a minimum CO2 emission is the main objective of the current study. The electricity demand of an office building is considered to be supplied by Photovoltaic Panels and wind turbines. The office building, modeled in Energy Plus and Open studio, has annual electricity consumption of 500 MWh electricity. 48.9% of the required electricity can be generated via renewable resources. Considering a system without energy storage, the remaining amount of electricity is generated from diesel generators. Hence, for reducing CO2 emission and fuel costs, a hydrogen energy storage system (ESS) is integrated into the system. Hydrogen ESS is responsible for supplying 38.6% of the demand electricity, which means that it can increase the energy supplying ability of the system from 48.9% to 87.5%. In addition to analyzing the application of the hydrogen storage system, the effect of four different kinds of fuel is considered as well. effects of Natural gas, Diesel, Propane, and LPG on the system's application are investigated in this study. Results indicate that natural gas emits less amount of CO2 compared to other fuels and also has a fuel cost of 3054 $/year, while hydrogen ESS is available. For the renewable system without ESS, the fuel cost rises to 10,266 $/year. However, liquid gas, Propane, and LPG have better performance in terms of CO2 emission and fuel cost, respectively.

Scenario-based techno-reliability optimization of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system: A multi-city study framework

With the intrinsic volatile nature of renewable resources, it is necessary to evaluate the reliability aspect of renewable energy systems to withstand unexpected events in intensely loaded power systems. However, most of the studies mainly considered the loss of supply probability as a reliability criterion but neglected the effect of required operating reserve that is critical for the system’s reliability under unexpected events. In this paper, a techno-reliability optimization framework is proposed to incorporate the impact of reliability constraints during the operation and planning phase of hybrid renewable energy systems. This multi-objective framework considers a scenario-based approach under different levels of peak load and load reserves that are further evaluated by a unified weightage index (techno-economic-reliability index) to find out the optimal reliability level while considering the trade-off between techno-economic and reliability indicators. As a case study, the proposed framework is implemented in multiple locations in Pakistan to investigate the correlation between system evaluation indicators and the variation of available resources for different system configurations. The results indicate that the load reserve-based scenario (S2) is the most feasible operating reserve strategy to obtain the optimal system configuration in terms of techno-economic-reliability nexus. The sensitivity analysis of various system and economic evaluation indicators shows that the levelized cost of energy is more sensitive to the available site resources and discount rate. Moreover, the system reliability level has the least effect on the size of battery storage. This paper provides a concept of the micro-grid value proposition for the energy policymakers to select the appropriate multi-objective constraints while prioritizing the trade-off between techno-economic and reliability indicators.

On-Grid and Off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System Designs with HOMER: A Case Study of Rural Electrification in Turkey

On-Grid and Off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System Designs with HOMER: A Case Study of Rural Electrification in Turkey

Optimal design, prefeasibility techno-economic and sensitivity analysis of off-grid hybrid renewable energy system

ABSTRACT This work aims to find an optimal hybrid renewable system design using solar, wind energy, battery storage, thermal loads, thermal load controller (TLC), boiler, and a diesel generator (DG) for the considered site. The prefeasibility techno-economic analysis has been carried out using HOMER software to meet the load demand requirement of the village. For identifying winning system architecture, minimum net present cost (NPC), lowest cost of energy (COE), and the highest renewable fraction (RF) are used as the criteria. The obtained results show that the least cost-optimal hybrid system consists of 614kW-PV,850kW-WT,800kW-DG, 1212 no. of batteries and 591 kW converter along with TLC-2000kW, having minimum NPC: $5.48M, least COE: $0.272/kWh and highest RF:91.6% can provide 92% reliable power supply to onsite load demand of 4502.95kWh/day with 70% renewable sources in the considered site. This paper also presents a sensitivity analysis of the hybrid system with variations in load demand, diesel fuel price, project lifetime, and interest rate.

Integrated off-grid hybrid renewable energy system optimization based on economic, environmental, and social indicators for sustainable development

Conventionally, modelling of hybrid renewable energy systems emphasizes on the technical, economic and environmental features of these systems and disregards their social implications. This study focuses on modelling a hybrid renewable system that is both economic, environmentally benign and at the same time socially beneficial by including a social indicator in the design criteria. A hybrid renewable energy system comprising solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), micro-hydro turbine (MHT), biogas generator (BG) and vanadium redox flow (VRF) battery is proposed to meet the community load demand varying in the range of 951–1526 kWh/day in a remote rural part of Bangladesh. The enormous prospect of job creation from renewable technologies and the prevailing poor status of employment sector in Bangladesh makes job creation (number of jobs) an obvious choice as the social indicator. Aside from that, cost of energy ($/kWh) and lifecycle emission (kg CO2-eq/yr) are considered as economic and environmental indicators, respectively. Six different configurations are assessed to acquire a system that can meet the demand while satisfying certain technical and reliability constraints. The multi-objective sizing optimization performed using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II reveals that the optimum configuration incorporates 68 kW PV, 90 kW WT, 50 kW MHT, 50 kW BG, and 300 kWh VRF and it offers COE of 0.126 $/kWh, emits 60,116 kg CO2-eq/yr and is able to create 0.7396 jobs in the community.

A PV-Biomass off-grid hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for rural electrification: Design, optimization and techno-economic-environmental analysis

This research aims to bridge the gaps to produce sustainable energy cost-effectively and technically efficient. The paper explores the techno-economic-environmental viability of photovoltaic (PV)/biomass energy potential for a rural village, Sidhwanbet, Punjab, India. The data investigation was performed by HOMER Pro v3.14 software. A hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) was designed, simulated and modelled to ensure the continuous energy supply for 770 households. The proposed optimal HRES consists of a PV module, biomass generator, converter and battery with the static specification and further improved by optimization. The optimal HRES out of the best five configurations was elected with Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) based on net present cost (NPC), cost of energy generation (COE), operating cost (ƠƇ), initial capital cost (ƗƇƇ), energy generation (ĖƓ), and a renewable fraction (Ȓϯ). The selected optimal HRES has been analyzed for economic, renewable energy and environmental aspects. The sensitivity study had performed while considering the discount and inflation rate. A simulation was performed for a 10-kW biomass generator, 1.1 kW solar array, five lithium-ion batteries, and a 3.96 kW converter. Results revealed that the PV's payback period (PBP) was 1.58 years, less than the useful life of optimal HRES. The cost of constructing an HRES for 25 years was equivalent to $21087, including initial cost, operating, replacement, and project costs. Thus, 35.6% of the necessary electricity is generated with PV and 64.4% biomass under optimal conditions for a 100% renewable energy integration. The CO2/year emission performance of optimal HRES is much better than Grid-only and PV-diesel generators. This technique may be used in rural regions in every other developing nation.

Technical and Economic Evaluation for Off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System Using Novel Bonobo Optimizer

In this study, a novel bonobo optimizer (BO) technique is applied to find the optimal design for an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) that contains a diesel generator, photovoltaics (PV), a wind turbine (WT), and batteries as a storage system. The proposed HRES aims to electrify a remote region in northern Saudi Arabia based on annualized system cost (ASC) minimization and power system reliability enhancement. To differentiate and evaluate the performance, the BO was compared to four recent metaheuristic algorithms, called big-bang–big-crunch (BBBC), crow search (CS), the genetic algorithm (GA), and the butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA), to find the optimal design for the proposed off-grid HRES in terms of optimal and worst solutions captured, mean, convergence rate, and standard deviation. The obtained results reveal the efficacy of BO compared to the other four metaheuristic algorithms where it achieved the optimal solution of the proposed off-grid HRES with the lowest ASC (USD 149,977.2), quick convergence time, and fewer oscillations, followed by BOA (USD 150,236.4). Both the BBBC and GA algorithms failed to capture the global solution and had high convergence time. In addition, they had high standard deviation, which revealed that their solutions were more dispersed with obvious oscillations. These simulation results proved the supremacy of BO in comparison to the other four metaheuristic algorithms.

The role of hydrogen in the optimal design of off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems

The optimal design of off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) is a challenging task, which often involves conflicting goals to be faced. In this work, levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and CO2 emissions have been addressed simultaneously by using the ε-constraint method together with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Cost-emissions Pareto fronts of different HRES configurations were developed to gain greater awareness about the potential of renewable-based energy systems in off-grid applications. Various combinations of the following components were investigated: photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, batteries, hydrogen and diesel generators. The hydrogen-based system comprises an electrolyzer to convert the excess renewable energy into hydrogen, a pressurized tank for H2 storage and a fuel cell for the reconversion of hydrogen into electricity during renewable energy deficits. Electrolyzer and fuel cell devices were modelled by means of part-load performance curves. Size-dependent costs and component lifetimes as a function of the cumulative operational duty were also considered for a more accurate techno-economic assessment. The proposed methodology was applied to the Froan islands (Norway), which were chosen as a reference case study since they are well representative of many other insular microgrid environments in Northern Europe. Results from the sizing simulations revealed that energy storage devices are key components to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. In particular, the hydrogen storage system is crucial in off-grid areas to enhance the RES penetration and avoid a sharp increase in the cost of energy. Hydrogen, in fact, allows the battery and RES technologies not to be oversized, thanks to its cost-effective long-term storage capability. Concerning the extreme case with no diesel, the cheapest configuration, which includes both batteries and hydrogen, has an LCOE of 0.41 €/kWh. This value is around 35% lower than the LCOE of a system with only batteries as energy storage.

Conceptual Design and Simulation of a Promising Wind Turbine-Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell-Hydrogen Energy Storage Off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System, a Case Study of Kuhin Region

Conceptual Design and Simulation of a Promising Wind Turbine-Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell-Hydrogen Energy Storage Off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System, a Case Study of Kuhin Region

Assessment of Wind and Solar Hybrid Energy for Agricultural Applications in Sudan.

In addition to zero-carbon generation, the plummeting cost of renewable energy sources (RES) is enabling the increased use of distributed-generation sources. Although the RES appear to be a cheaper source of energy, without the appropriate design of the RES with a true understanding of the nature of the load, they can be an unreliable and expensive source of energy. Limited research has been aimed at designing small-scale hybrid energy systems for irrigation pumping systems, and these studies did not quantify the water requirement, or in turn the energy required to supply the irrigation water. This paper provides a comprehensive feasibility analysis of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system for the design of a water-pumping system for irrigation applications in Sudan. A systematic and holistic framework combined with a techno-economic optimization analysis for the planning and design of hybrid renewable energy systems for small-scale irrigation water-pumping systems is presented. Different hybridization cases of solar photovoltaic, wind turbine and battery storage at 12 different sites in Sudan are simulated, evaluated, and compared, considering the crop water requirement for different crops, the borehole depth, and the stochasticity of renewable energy resources. Soil, weather, and climatic data from 12 different sites in Sudan were used for the case studies, with the key aim to find the most robust and reliable solution with the lowest system cost. The results of the case studies suggest that the selection of the system is highly dependent on the cost, the volatility of the wind speed, solar radiation, and the size of the system; at present, hybridization is not the primary option at most of sites, with the exception of two. However, with the reduction in price of wind technology, the possibility of hybrid generation will rise.

An optimal size selection of hybrid renewable energy system based on Fractional-Order Neural Network Algorithm: A case study

This paper provides a new technique for techno-economic analysis of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system (HRES). In this study, a photovoltaic (PV) system has been utilized as a primary mover of the HRES which uses a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) system as a backup system. Also, H2 storage tank and Electrolyzer (EL) are utilized for supplying the PEMFC. The system has been designed to provide an optimum size selection for the HRES components with considering a suitable total Net Present Cost and loss of power supply probability (LPSP). To get the best results, a new improved metaheuristic, called Fractional-Order Neural Network Algorithm (FONNA) has been utilized for the optimization. The designed system was then applied to a rural building in Yuli County, China. To analyze the system performance, a sensitivity analysis based on the cost variation of the PV, FC, H2 storage tanks and EL is assessed. Simulations show that by using the suggested FONNA, 2.49% LPSP and 5.49% PEE, that will be achieved by selecting 45 ELs, 20 FCs, 25 PVs, and 35 H2 storage tanks. Final results indicate that the suggested approach provides an efficient HRES for use in the studied location.

Hybrid Energy System Modelling for Oil &amp; Gas Fields: A Case Study of Pasakhi Satellite Oil &amp; Gas Complex

Energy is needed for all community activities, the production of all goods,and the provision of all services. It is extremely important to a country’seconomy and wealth. Currently, conventional fossil fuels provide most ofthe world’s energy. In case of oil and gas fields their energy consumption istotally off-grid, their generation depends upon fossil fuels, the cost of energyconsumption of oil and gas fields are too high because operational work ofthe field is totally depending upon fossil fuels. The development of off-gridrenewable energy generation technologies offers the opportunity for tacklingthese challenges. This study provides a techno-economic feasibility analysisof an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system [HRES] for Pasakhi SatelliteOil &amp; Gas Field, Tando Jam, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. The proposedhybrid energy system designed for field consists of the different combinationof solar Photovoltaics [PVs], wind turbines, batteries, and generator to meet the required energy consumption demand. The renewable hybrid energysystem is model and optimized configuration through powerful simulationsoftware Hybrid Optimized Model for Electric Renewable [HOMER] Pro.The optimized configuration of the hybrid system consists of solar PV’s(50 kW), Wind turbines (60 kW), 40 lead-acid batteries (165 Ah and 12Veach), 30 kw generator and 100 kW converter. The simulation results showthat the proposed system can meet the power requirements of 250 kWh/dayprimary demand load with 40.21 kW peak load. This system configurationhas the Capital Cost $71040, the Net Present Cost [NPC] of $253,159 andCost of Energy [COE] of 0.215$/kWh. Furthermore, the results of the presentstudy are compared with the literature because of which a cost-effectiveHRES with a low COE has been established.

Assessing the use of hybrid renewable energy system with battery storage for power generation in a University in Nigeria.

This paper analyzes the adoption of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for a high-rise building owned by a public institution in Nigeria. The analysis is based on the comparison between the use of a single criterion and multiple criteria in the selection of the most feasible energy system. The proposed HRES comprises of a wind turbine, diesel generator, photovoltaic (PV), and battery storage system. Hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources (HOMER) software was used to design the HRES for a case study (based on a single criterion-total net present cost), while Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) method was used to evaluate the effect of choosing an optimal system based on multiple criteria. Based on the simulations conducted with HOMER, eight feasible HRES (ES1-ES8) were identified. When the feasible HRES were ranked based on total (NPC), the optimal configuration comprises 70 kW PV modules, 20 kW diesel generating set, 40 kW converter, and 70, 3000 Ah batteries. The results obtained from the optimization process were subjected to a multi-criteria analysis based on sustainability principles. The ranking of the first two systems (ES1 and ES2) returned by single criterion (total NPC) remained the same, while changes were observed in the ranks of the remaining systems (ES3-ES8). This modular feasibility study shows that it would be economical to power the entire university using HRES. It is expected that this study would help the university communities and other stakeholders make informed decision during the planning stage of similar projects.