OE Groups Research Articles

Cosolubilization of Coumarin30 and Warfarin in Cationic, Anionic, and Nonionic Micelles: A Micelle-Water Interfacial Charge Dependent FRET.

Solubilization of structurally varied coumarins, viz., Warfarin (WF; a 4-hydroxy coumarin) and Coumarin30 (C30, a 7-amino coumarin) individually and in mixed states (cosolubilization) within the aqueous surfactant self-assemblies of varying architectures has been explored, exploiting steady-state, time-resolved fluorimetric, and spectrophotometric techniques. Cosolubilization studies within micelles, which have rarely been done in the literature, were specifically undertaken with the aim of understanding the effect of micelles on their photophysical phenomena when simultaneously present within these nanocarriers and assess their prospective use as an efficient FRET pair. WF solubilizes within CTAB micelles, whereas little or no solubilization is observed in Brij30 and SDS micelles. On the other hand, C30 solubilizes deep into the palisade layer of CTAB micelles, between negatively charged head groups in SDS micelles and between OE groups in Brij30 micelles. C30 and WF maintain their solubilization sites during cosolubilization. In SDS and Brij30 micelles, an increase in WF causes fluorescence quenching of C30 molecules, while in CTAB, an increase in WF causes an increase in fluorescence of C30 by excited WF molecules indicating FRET between the two molecules.

Surfactant–surfactant and surfactant–solute interactions in SLES–Brij35 mixed micelles: Effect of the degree of ethoxylation on pyrene solubilization enhancement in water

We investigated the effect of the degree of ethoxylation on surfactant–surfactant (βM) and surfactant–solute (B) interactions toward pyrene solubilization in water using sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) containing 1–3 OE groups per molecule and Brij35 mixed micelles. In single SLES micelles, pyrene MSR (and Km) increased with increasing degree of ethoxylation, but remained invariant in SLES–Brij35 mixed micelles at any given Brij35 molar fraction composition in the bulk (α). Upon increasing α, a direct correlation between the variation of the CMCs and MSRs was observed, suggesting that the negative deviation of the CMCs from ideal mixing behavior and the increase in Km12 are two influencing factors in pyrene solubilization in mixed micelles. The increase in Km12 was attributed to the opening up of mixed micelle from a random coil structure to a more stretched one with the increase in Brij35 molar fraction. The invariance of CMCs, MSRs, and Km12 with SLES degree of ethoxylation (at fixed α) was reflected by similar invariance in βavgM (−2.01) and X1M, suggesting identical mixed micelle structure and aggregation properties. On the other hand, although Km12 values were independent on the degree of ethoxylation at fixed composition α, B decreased with increasing degree of ethoxylation. This was considered as an evidence that pyrene–SLES interaction plays an insignificant role in the positive synergism observed in this study, compared to SLES–Brij35 interaction.

Sodium Alkyl Ether Sulfonates (SAES): Dual Anionic‐Nonionic Behavior in Synthetic Brine Having High Salinity and Hardness

AbstractDue to the presence of non‐sulfonated residual alkyl ether (AE), sodium alkyl ether sulfonate (SAES) may exhibit clear point‐cloud point solubilization behavior in brine. Accordingly, the effect of temperature on the compatibility of iC17EOxS (x = 7 and 10), nC17EO10S, along with their analogous nonionic surfactants iC17EOxH (x = 7 and 10) and nC17EO10, in addition to iC9EO14 in brine has been investigated. Depending on their molecular structures, these surfactants exhibited concentration‐dependent clear point and cloud point solubilization behavior. The cloud point was associated with the AE component whereas the clear point was attributed to the sulfonated one. Interestingly, an increase in the cloud point of the nonionic component with respect to the corresponding nonionic AE (100 % active) was observed. Adding iC9EO14 (100 % active) to iC17EO7S (xan = 0.0–0.362) resulted in a significant decrease in the clear point of iC17EO7S from above 100 °C to below 22 °C with a concomitant increase in iC17EO7/iC9EO14 mixture cloud point from 68 °C. (xan = 0) to 72 °C (xan = 0.325). This relatively modest increase by 4 °C was attributed to the interrelationship of different competitive mechanisms, namely an increase in mixed micelle charge with increasing xan, the dehydration of OE groups via ion (SO3−)‐dipole (O → CH2) interactions, and possible shielding of SO3− groups by iC9EO14 nearby extended EO groups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first instance where dual anionic‐nonionic solubilization behavior of SAES in brine characterized by high salinity and hardness is being reported.

Effects of exendin-4 on GFAP and IL-1βexpression in hippocampi of aged rats

Objective To evaluate the effects of exendin-4 on glial brillary acidic protein （GFAP ） and interleukin-1β（IL-1β） expression in hippocampi of aged rats .Methods Forty-eight healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats ,aged 22-24 weeks ,weighing 500-700 g ,were randomly divided into 4 groups （n=12 each） using a random number table：control group （group C ） ,exendin-4 group （group E ） ,operation group （group O ） and exendin-4 plus operation group （group OE） .The rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal fentanyl and droperidol .Groups C and E did not receive anesthesia or splenectomy .In O and OE groups ,splenectomy was carried out .In E and OE groups , exendin-4 5 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally at 30 min before skin incision and 12 h after operation .C and O groups received the equal volume of normal saline instead of exendin-4 .Learning and memory function was assessed using Morris water maze test （escape latency （EL） and total swimming distance （TSD） at 1 day before operation （T0 ） .The fasting blood glucose was measured after anesthesia （T1 ） ,at the end of operation （T2 ） and on postoperative day 1 （T3 ） .The rats were sacrificed after assessment of the cognitive function at T 3 and the hippocampi were removed for determination of the expression of GFAP （by immuno-histochemistry ） and IL-1β（by Western blot ） .Results There was no significant difference in the EL and TSD at T0 between the four groups＆nbsp;（ P〉0.05） .Compared with group C ,the EL and TSD were significantly prolonged at T3 and fasting blood glucose was increased at T2 ,3 ,and the expression of IL-1βand GFAP was up-regulated at T3 in O and OE groups （ P〈0.05） .Compared with group O ,the EL and TSD were significantly prolonged at T3 and fasting blood glucose was decreased at T2 ,3 ,and the expression of IL-1βand GFAP was down-regulated at T3 in group OE （ P〈0.05） . Conclusion Exendin-4 can improve the postoperative cognitive function of aged rats by inhibiting inflammatory responses in hippocampi and maintaining stable perioperative blood glucose . Key words: Glucagon-like peptide 1; Cognition disorders; Hippocampus; Inflammation; Blood glucose

1114 THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL INTAKE ON RHO-KINASE SIGNALING PATHWAY IN TYPE 2 DM RATS

You have accessJournal of UrologySexual Function/Dysfunction/Andrology: Basic Research1 Apr 20111114 THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL INTAKE ON RHO-KINASE SIGNALING PATHWAY IN TYPE 2 DM RATS Soo Jin Kim, Woong Jin Bae, Jin Hee Han, Sung Hoo Hong, Sae Woong Kim, Tae-Kon Hwang, Dae Jin Kim, and Ji Youl Lee Soo Jin KimSoo Jin Kim Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author , Woong Jin BaeWoong Jin Bae Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author , Jin Hee HanJin Hee Han Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author , Sung Hoo HongSung Hoo Hong Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author , Sae Woong KimSae Woong Kim Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author , Tae-Kon HwangTae-Kon Hwang Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author , Dae Jin KimDae Jin Kim Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author , and Ji Youl LeeJi Youl Lee Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.02.711AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation plays a major role in erectile function, which is regulated by the Rho-Kinase signaling pathway and NO/cGMP pathways. Therefore we investigated the effect of ethanol intake on Rho kinase signal pathway in corpus cavernosum of type 2 DM rat. METHODS Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats (n=28) and Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO, n=28) rats were used. LETO is a normal control of OLETF. The animals were assigned to 4 groups: LC group, LETO rats were fed with isocaloric diets (n=14); LE group, LETO rats were fed with 36 % ethanol, 7g/kg/day for 10 weeks (n=14); OC group, OLETF rats were fed with isocaloric diets (n=14); OE group, OLETF rats were fed with 36 % ethanol, 7g/kg/day for 10 weeks (n=14). During the experiment, body weights and fasting glucose levels were check in all animals. After 10 weeks, RT-PCR for 3 RhoGEFs (PDZ-RhoGEF, LARG, p115-RhoGEF) and western blot for RhoA, Rho Kinase-¥á, Rho Kinase-¥â were performed in corpus cavernosum. The expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and nervous NO synthase (nNOS) in corpus cavernosum were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In non-alcoholic group, RhoGEFs (PDZ-RhoGEF, LARG, p115-RhoGEF) gene and RhoA/Rho-kinase protein expression in OLETF rats were significantly increased compared to LETO rats (P <0.05). After alcohol oral administration, the increased RhoGEFs/RhoA/Rho-Kinase expression in OLETF rats was obviously decreased (P <0.05). The expression of eNOS and nNOS in corpus cavernosum of alcoholic group were higher than non-alcoholic group. The expression of eNOS and nNOS were decreased in OC group compared with LC, LE and OE groups. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested oral administration of ethanol down-regulated Rho-Kinase signal pathway in corpus cavernosum of type 2 DM rat. These results showed that ethanol intake may have positive effect on erectile function in DM rat through Rho kinase pathway. © 2011 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 185Issue 4SApril 2011Page: e448 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2011 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Soo Jin Kim Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author Woong Jin Bae Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author Jin Hee Han Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author Sung Hoo Hong Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author Sae Woong Kim Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author Tae-Kon Hwang Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author Dae Jin Kim Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author Ji Youl Lee Seoul, Korea, Republic of More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

An Onion Byproduct Affects Plasma Lipids in Healthy Rats

Onion may contribute to the health effects associated with high fruit and vegetable consumption. A considerable amount of onion production ends up as waste that might find use in foods. Onion byproduct has not yet been explored for potential health benefits. The aim of this study is to elucidate the safety and potential role of onion byproducts in affecting risk markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD). For that purpose, the effects of an onion byproduct, Allium cepa L. cepa 'Recas' (OBP), and its two derived fractions, an ethanolic extract (OE) and a residue (OR), on the distribution of plasma lipids and on factors affecting cholesterol metabolism in healthy rats have been investigated. The OBP or its fractions did not significantly reduce cholesterol or down-regulate hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) gene expression. The OR even had the effect of increasing plasma triacylglycerides (TAG) and cholesterol in the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) fraction. Neither total bile acids nor total primary or secondary bile acids were significantly affected by feeding rats the OBP or its fractions. Principal component analysis combining all markers revealed that the controls could be completely separated from OBP, OE, and OR groups in the scores plot and also that OE and OR groups were separated. Plasma lipids and bile acid excretion were the discriminating loading factors for separating OE and OR but also contributed to the separation of onion-fed animals and controls. It was concluded that the onion byproduct did not present significant beneficial effects on individual markers related to plasma lipid transport in this healthy rat model but that onion byproduct contains factors with the ability to modulate plasma lipids and lipoprotein levels.

The effect of orlistat and ezetimibe, alone or in combination, on serum LDL and small dense LDL cholesterol levels in overweight and obese patients with hypercholesterolaemia

ABSTRACTBackground: Increased concentrations of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as of small dense LDL-C (sdLDL-C), are considered as cardiovascular risk factors.Objective: An assessment of the effects of ezetimibe and orlistat administration, alone or in combination, on LDL-C and sdLDL-C levels (primary endpoint), as well as on anthropometric variables and metabolic parameters (secondary endpoints) in overweight and obese patients [body mass index (BMI) > 28 kg/m2] with hypercholesterolaemia [total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L)].Methods: Eighty six subjects were prescribed a low-fat low-calorie diet and were randomly allocated to receive orlistat 120 mg, 3 times daily (O group), ezetimibe 10 mg/day (E group) or both (OE group) for 6 months.Results: Significant reductions in LDL-C (−19%, −21%, −32% in groups O, E and OE, respectively, all p < 0.01 vs. baseline) and sdLDL-C levels (−45%, −48%, −76% in groups O, E, OE, respectively, all p < 0.01 vs. baseline) were observed. Group OE experienced a significantly greater reduction in LDL-C and sdLDL-C levels compared with groups O and E (p < 0.05). Furthermore, significant reductions of BMI, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, serum uric acid, transaminase activities and plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity were observed in the O and OE groups. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and Lp-PLA2 activity improved significantly more with the combination treatment compared with either orlistat or ezetimibe monotherapy.Conclusions: Orlistat and ezetimibe combination had a more favourable effect on LDL-C and sdLDL-C levels in overweight and obese hypercholesterolaemic patients than either drug alone. Furthermore, orlistat, alone or in combination with ezetimibe, additionally improved several anthropometric and metabolic variables.

Glomerulonephritis

SIRT1 and PGC1α are two important genes, which play critical roles in regulating oxidative stress and inflammation processes. The study aimed assess the effects of coadministration of omega-3 and vitamin E supplements on SIRT1 and PGC1α gene expression and serum levels of antioxidant enzymes in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.Participants of this randomized controlled trial included 60 CAD male patients who were categorized into three groups: Group 1 received omega-3 (4 g/day) and vitamin E placebo (OP), group 2 omega-3 (4 g/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day; OE), and group 3 omega-3 and vitamin E placebos (PP) for 2 months. Gene expression of SIRT1 and PGC1α in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCS) was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, serum antioxidant enzyme and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were assessed at the beginning and end of the intervention. Gene expression of SIRT1 and PGC1α increased significantly in the OE group (P = 0.039 and P = 0.050, respectively). Catalase and hsCRP levels increased significantly in the OE and OP groups. However, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels did not statistically change in all groups. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) increased significantly in the OE group (P = 0.009) but not in OP and PP groups.Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in combination with vitamin E may have beneficial effects on CAD patients by increasing gene expression of SIRT1 and PGC1α and improving oxidative stress and inflammation in these patients.

Cadmium accumulation in liver and kidney of mice exposed to the same weekly cadmium dose continuously or once a week

Cd levels in blood, liver and kidney of female mice were measured after exposure to Cd as CdCl 2 in the food, either continuously (CE group) throughout the week (300 μg Cd/kg feed) or for 24 hr/wk (2100 μg Cd/kg) for 5 wk (occasionally exposed, OE group). In a control group that received feed with Cd levels below the detection limit (< 7 μg/kg), Cd levels in blood, liver and kidneys were below the detection limit after the 5 wk of exposure. The weekly dose of Cd administered to the exposed CE and OE groups was similar (approx. 400 μg Cd/kg mice/wk). The OE group had a higher Cd level in blood and a higher fractional accumulation (% of dose) of Cd in the liver and kidneys compared with the CE group. This indicates that the fractional Cd absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is higher when high Cd doses are ingested occasionally than when low doses are ingested continuously, even if weekly doses are the same. It is hypothesized that this difference in absorption could be due to Cd-induced unspecific damage to the intestinal mucosa, changes in tight-junction permeability caused by Cd, or to a saturation of the Cd-binding capacity of the intestinal mucosa in mice exposed to high Cd levels occasionally.

Discourse in Early Alzheimer's Disease Versus Normal Advanced Aging

The present study compared discourse ability across three groups: patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD), healthy old-elderly individuals (OE, &gt;80 years), and normal control subjects (NC). Discourse samples were analyzed according to aspects of coherence using a methodology based on frame analysis (Goffman, 1974). The results revealed significant differences in coherence between the AD and both the OE and NC groups, on aspects of content as reflected in frame of interpretation and proportion of frame-supporting information. Differences were also found on measures of textual form of the responses. No significant differences were found between OE and NC groups, implicating relative preservation on these particular discourse measures with advanced age. The disparity in discourse abilities between the AD and OE groups suggests that discourse differences in early AD are qualitatively different from those of normal advanced aging. Explanations for the difficulties in the AD population are delineated.

Acute exercise and skeletal muscle antioxidant and metabolic enzymes: effects of fiber type and age

Inhibition of metabolic enzyme activity has been associated with free radical stress in locomotor muscle with prolonged or intense exercise. However, it is not known whether such alterations with acute exercise in skeletal muscle are influenced by muscle fiber type or age. Twenty 4-mo-old and twenty 24-mo-old female Fischer-344 rats were divided at random into young exercised (YE; n = 10), old exercised (OE; n = 10), young control (YC; n = 10), and old control (OC; n = 10) groups. Animals in both YE and OE groups ran on a treadmill (10% uphill grade) for 40 min at approximately 75% of each age-group's maximal O2 consumption. Immediately after the treadmill run, white gastrocnemius (WG), red gastrocnemius (RG), and soleus (SOL) muscles were removed and quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Malondialdehyde was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in RG of YE vs. YC rats. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in the WG of YE rats. Analysis of variance revealed a significant over-all increase in superoxide dismutase activity with exercise. Activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK), citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase were unchanged (P > 0.05) with acute exercise in the SOL. However, PFK activity was decreased in the WG by 60% in OE but only 33% in YE, and in the RG by 41% in OE but only 21% in YE. We conclude that maximal glycolytic flux in the gastrocnemius may be adversely affected by acute exercise, and this effect was more pronounced in the 24-mo-old group.