Ocean City Research Articles

Beach replenishment and surf-zone injuries along the coast of Delmarva, USA

Beach replenishment is a common practice to repair eroded beaches along the beach communities of Delmarva. A consequence of beach replenishment is a significant increase in the slope of the beach within the surf-zone. Steepening of the beach slope can create conditions conducive to shorebreak. Shorebreak occurs when a wave approaches a beach unabated and breaks in shallow water near the shoreline. Accident reports are investigated to determine the statistics of shorebreak related injuries. From 2006 to 2015 shorebreak was a contributing factor in over 82% of reported surf-zone injuries in Ocean City, Maryland. Furthermore, this paper examines a beach slope before and after a beach replenishment project. The beach slopes are then utilized in a computational fluid dynamics model and solitary wave run-ups are simulated. It is determined that the beach replenishment project increased the beach slope enough to create shorebreak conditions as simulated in the computational model. Beach replenishment is linked to surf-zone injuries and alternative beach replenishment methods are proposed to reduce or eliminate shorebreak and shorebreak related injuries.

Population and Reproductive Biology of the Channeled Whelk,Busycotypus canaliculatus, in the US Mid-Atlantic

Channeled whelks, Busycotypus canaliculatus, support commercial fisheries throughout their range along the US Atlantic seaboard. Given the modest amounts of published information available on channeled whelk, this study focuses on understanding the temporal and spatial variations in growth and reproductive biology in the Mid-Atlantic region. Channeled whelks were sampled from three inshore commercially harvested resource areas in the US Mid-Atlantic: Ocean City, MD (OC); Eastern Shore of Virginia (ES); and Virginia Beach, VA (VB). The largest whelk measured 230-mm shell length (SL) and was recorded from OC. Mean SL was largest in OC site (158.1 mm), followed by ES (137.6 mm) and then VB (132.4 mm). Both VB and ES populations showed a unimodal length-frequency distribution with the single peak at SL less than minimum landing size (MLS) for those regions, whereas OC population showed a bimodal (two peaks) distribution with the smaller peak at SL less than the MLS for that region and larger peak at SL greater than the MLS. Brody growth rate coefficient (k) was higher in males than females from all areas and highest for both sexes in VB (Male 0.245, Female 0.155), followed by ES (Male 0.220, Female 0.151) and then OC (Male 0.112, Female 0.100). The median size (SL) at 50% mature varied between resource area and sex. Males from ES and VB reached maturity at a smaller mean size (123 and 121 mm, respectively) than OC (134 mm). Females from VB reached maturity at a smaller size (148.9 mm) than ES (157.6 mm) and OC (158.6 mm). Recruitment to the fishery was estimated to occur at ∼6 y for VB and ∼7–8 y for ES and OC and was calculated from length at age estimates from von Bertalanffy growth model. Under current MLS for each area, whelk harvested from VB were recruited into the fishery at a much younger age compared with those from OC. The probability of females reaching MLS before sexual maturity in all three commercially targeted resource areas is quite low given current MLS.

Dynamics of water and salt exchange at Maryland Coastal Bays

The exchange processes between the Maryland Coastal Bays system (MCBs) and their adjacent coastal ocean were simulated using a three-dimensional unstructured-grid based hydrodynamic model, which was validated by observed data including water level, current velocity and salinity. Idealized experiments were then carried out to investigate the impact of wind forcing on water exchange and salt flux. Through these experiments, the exchanges between the MCBs and coastal ocean were investigated at two inlets (Ocean City Inlet and Chincoteague Inlet). Given that winds and tides are two key external forces known to impact estuarine dynamics, the effect of each individual force on the exchange processes was studied to evaluate the corresponding influence on the inlet dynamics. It was found that wind forcing significantly impacts the inlet dynamics: the effect of wind directions on exchange processes under strong wind speeds is substantial; for example, northwesterly winds push flux to the southern part of the bays, while southwesterly winds pile up flux towards northern Chincoteague Bay. The effect of wind forcing on the exchange dynamics becomes stronger with the augmentation of its speed. Meanwhile, tidal forcing is the major driver of exchange dynamics at weak wind speeds (e.g., 3 m/s), and its effect on exchange process gradually weakens with stronger wind speeds (e.g., 7 m/s, 15 m/s). In addition, sensitivity tests elucidated that closing either inlet results in a significant impact on the water elevation, current velocity and salinity nearby the relevant cut-off inlet areas.

The Assumption (Ocean City, NJ)

Other| February 01 2017 The Assumption (Ocean City, NJ) John Ortenzio Bargowski John Ortenzio Bargowski Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Italian Americana (2017) XXXV (1): 47. https://doi.org/10.5406/2327753X.35.1.12 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation John Ortenzio Bargowski; The Assumption (Ocean City, NJ). Italian Americana 1 February 2017; XXXV (1): 47. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/2327753X.35.1.12 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressItalian Americana Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2016 Carla Anne Simonini & Carol Bonomo Albright2016 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Mythic Frontiers: Remembering, Forgetting, and Profiting with Cultural Heritage Tourism by Daniel R. Maher

Reviewed by: Mythic Frontiers: Remembering, Forgetting, and Profiting with Cultural Heritage Tourismby Daniel R. Maher Richard Megraw Mythic Frontiers: Remembering, Forgetting, and Profiting with Cultural Heritage Tourism. By Daniel R. Maher. Cultural Heritage Series. ( Gainesville and other cities: University Press of Florida, 2016. Pp. xvi, 294. $79.95, ISBN 978-0-8130-6253-2.) Although historians may not recognize the specific case under study, they will find very familiar thematic concerns in Daniel R. Maher's reading of the [End Page 671]"frontier complex" in Fort Smith, Arkansas (p. 3). Following such authors as Tony Horwitz, David Lowenthal, and Richard R. Flores, Maher, an anthropologist at the University of Arkansas—Fort Smith, uses the term frontier complexto problematize the numerous iconic images modern Americans have used to define, display, celebrate, and, above all, commercialize the Wild West. All across America, under varying guises as "Frontier Days," "Founder's Days," or "Pioneer Days," local communities invoke cowboys and Indians, marshals and outlaws, to supplement flagging municipal revenues with tourist dollars. Ocean City, Maryland; Wetumpka, Alabama; Tombstone, Arizona; and Dodge City, Kansas are all in on it, and Fort Smith is, too, in especially big and revealing ways. Established in 1817 at the confluence of the Arkansas and Poteau Rivers, Fort Smith was among the original network of military posts ranging from Louisiana to Minnesota designed to police the first "permanent Indian frontier" (p. 7). A second Fort Smith, constructed in 1838, survived Zachary Taylor's budget ax (he lived there from 1842 to 1845) and flourished after the U.S.-Mexican War as garrison personnel escorted swarms of westering Americans down the Santa Fe Trail and across the continent to the California gold fields. This second fort was decommissioned in 1871, the year Fort Smith began what became its quarter-century run as the seat of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Arkansas. Here "Hanging Judge" Isaac C. Parker dispensed justice to outlaws hauled before him by an impressive list of U.S. marshals, both real and fictional, including Bass Reeves, a black man who may or may not have been the model for the Lone Ranger, and Rooster Cogburn, hero of the Charles Portis novel True Grit(1968). Especially since the golden age of frontier tourism in the heady days after World War II, Fort Smith has trafficked heavily in Wild West imagery. Today, some fourteen sites, most of them clustered downtown near the Arkansas River, beckon curious motorists to stop and explore, among others, Miss Laura's Visitor Center, located in a former bordello, the Fort Smith National Historic Site, Judge Parker's Courtroom, and a nearby replica gallows, where tourists can play executioner to condemned dolls. Local residents impersonate both Miss Laura and Bass Reeves. Other reenactors stage mock shootouts. Probing Fort Smith's "frontier complex" through three years of fieldwork, Maher exposes enough false fronts to fill several Hollywood back lots and shows how the town's lived history bore little resemblance to the heritage local boosters promote. The original fort facilitated the expansion of white settlement at the expense of indigenous groups. The territory over which Judge Parker imposed "order" has been deliberately inflated over the years, while the Supreme Court overturned several of his decisions. Bass Reeves and the man who plays him are ensnarled in the complexities of contemporary identity politics. Miss Laura did not preside over a houseful of hookers with hearts of gold. Local residents prefer to ignore the extent to which the town has benefited from federal spending. None of this will surprise historians, especially those of the West; nevertheless, Maher's work contributes meaningfully to the ongoing discussion of [End Page 672]how Americans display and consume their complicated past. One can hardly blame local promoters for displaying a rosy version of the Old West. Their interest is commerce, not critical interrogation. Yet, especially in this anxious age of deindustrialization, neoliberal resurgence, and global transformation, we ignore at our peril Maher's passionate critique of this confected "heritage," the power relationships it sustains, and the history it erases. Richard Megraw University of Alabama Copyright © 2017 The Southern Historical Association

Boys Go to Jupiter

Boys Go to Jupiter Danielle Evans (bio) The bikini isn’t even Claire’s thing. Before this winter, if you had said Confederate flag, Claire would have thought of high-school beach trips: rows and rows of tacky souvenir shops along the Ocean City Boardwalk, her best friend Angela muttering they know they lost, right? while Claire tried to remember which side of the Mason-Dixon Line Maryland was on. The flag stuff is Jackson’s, and she’s mostly seeing Jackson to piss off Puppy. Puppy, Claire’s almost-stepmother, is legally named Poppy; Puppy is supposedly a childhood nickname stemming from a baby sister’s mispronunciation, but Claire suspects that Puppy has made the whole thing up. Puppy deemed it wasteful to pay twice as much for a direct flight in order for Claire to avoid a layover, and her father listens to Puppy now, so for the first half of her trip, Claire had to go the wrong direction—to Florida from Vermont via Detroit. Jackson has a drawl and a pickup truck and, in spite of his lack of farming experience, a farmer’s tan. Claire meets him at Burger Boy, the restaurant a few miles from her father’s house. Its chipping red-and-white tiles and musk of grease give it all the glamour of a [End Page 638] truck-stop bathroom, but it’s a respite from the lemon-scented and pristine house that brought her father to St. Petersburg for retirement. At college, Claire mostly lives off of the salad bar, but here she picks up a burger and fries to go every afternoon. It is the kind of food Puppy says she can’t eat since she turned thirty, and Puppy, having no job and, from what Claire gathers, limited ambitions beyond strolling the house in expensive loungewear, is always home to miserably watch her eat it. On her fourth Burger Boy visit, Claire picks up Jackson too. They get high and make out in the pool house that afternoon, and the next and the next and the next. At nineteen, Jackson is six months older than Claire, but still a senior in high school. They try hanging out at his house once, but Claire feels shamed by his mother’s scrutiny, assumes she wants to know what’s damaged or defective about Claire that has her screwing a high-school boy. After that, when they cannot be alone at her house because her father is home (rarely) or Puppy is unbearable (frequently), they find places to park. He gives her the bikini at the end of the first week, after she complains that her father’s move to Florida caught her off guard—she is used to winters that at least make an effort to be winter, but her father’s new life in St. Pete is relentless sunshine, sunburn weather in December. Outside, by the pool, she has resigned herself to wearing T-shirts over one of Puppy’s old suits, which is spangled with faded glitter and sags over Claire’s bee-sting breasts. Jackson presents the bathing suit wadded up in a supermarket plastic bag, the sort of awkward non-gift you give someone in an awkward non-relationship—he bought it for five dollars on a spring break trip, he says, for a girlfriend he subsequently found blowing one of his friends in their shared motel room and broke up with. It isn’t much—three triangles and some string—but the tag is still attached and Jackson is beaming at her. [End Page 639] “You’d look so hot in this,” he says. She does look pretty hot: like someone she is not, what with the stars and bars marking her tits and crotch, but a hot someone she is not. “You look like white trash,” Puppy says to her the first time she sees the bikini. “You would know,” Claire says back. The bathing suit becomes a habit, even after the temperature dips. Two days before she leaves town, she throws a pair of cutoffs and a T-shirt over it before she and Jackson leave the house, but when they get to the...

Mobilities and Risks in Coastal Kenya: Jumping Scales Versus Staying Local

Removed from the roadsides by waves of “city cleaning” in the early 2000s, Kenyan crafts traders have spent their careers struggling for market access within the port city and tourism hub of Mombasa. An Indian Ocean city in which the mobile and immobile of the global economy converge and interact, some Kenyan traders strive to “jump scales” into international networks, made more possible in the last decade with the help of digital technologies such as cell phones and e‐mail. Based on research conducted between 2001 and 2014, this article explores the stories of two Kenyan crafts traders and how they negotiate the changing relationships and risks of different types of mobility, from everyday travel around Mombasa and Kenya to the mobility made possible by new telecommunication technologies. I focus on emergent strategies for economic advancement and the need to negotiate a variety of formal and informal political, legal, and economic barriers. I demonstrate that translating the new forms of digital technologies and mobility into economic success is contingent on the types of risks accompanying these new mobilities and the capacity for individuals’ social networks to help in gaining access to jobs, land, and new social connections.

Impeachment of Witnesses: A Walking Tour

This paper was a prepared as a CLE handout for a presentation at the Maryland State's Attorneys' Convention, which took place in Ocean City, MD, June 18, 2003. Discussed in the paper are these topics: Methods of Impeachment in General; Whom Can One Impeach?; Impeachment by Attacks on Witnesses' Character for Truthfulness; Impeachment by Bias, Interest, or Improper Motive; Mental and Sensory Defects or Weaknesses; A Witness's Prior Inconsistent Statements; The Monkey Wrench of Walker v. State; Contradictory Extrinsic Evidence; Impeachment of Experts by Learned Treatises; Rehabilitation of Impeached Witness. APPENDIX A: Excerpt from Walker, 373 Md. at 367-73; APPENDIX B: Excerpt from Elmer, 353 Md. at 4-9.

Grain‐size distributions and coastal morphodynamics along the southern Maryland and Virginia barrier islands

AbstractThis study examined grain‐size distributions to address questions regarding geological and oceanographic controls on island morphodynamics along one of the longest undeveloped, mixed‐energy barrier island systems in the world. In particular, statistical analyses (i.e. analysis of variance, Tukey honest significant difference multiple comparison tests, nonparametric statistics and linear regression analysis) of 230 barrier island samples from Ocean City Inlet, Maryland, to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay and 134 nearshore samples (d ≤ 10 m) identified grain‐size trends related to the morphodynamic characteristics of these systems. In general, the Virginia barrier islands north of Wachapreague Inlet and Assateague Island form a statistically different subset of grain sizes (medium‐grained to coarse‐grained sand) from the islands south of Wachapreague Inlet (fine‐grained sand). These textural trends corroborate the Pleistocene headlands of the Delmarva coastal compartment as the sediment source and indicate that some of the coarse‐grained to medium‐grained sediment bypasses the large sinks in the net southward longshore sediment transport system (i.e. Fishing Point and Chincoteague Inlet). This research also demonstrates that the preferential accumulation of coarse‐grained to medium‐grained sand on the ebb‐tidal delta at Wachapreague Inlet probably controls the erosional morphodynamics of the islands located downdrift (south) of the inlet. These results suggest that an increase in tidal prism, set up by sea‐level rise and/or a shift in wave climate/refraction patterns, may lead to barrier island fragmentation and a runaway transgression of this predominantly natural barrier island system. Consequently, a grain analysis of major coastal compartments, across multiple driving forces, can be used to assess coastal morphodynamics and the potential impact of climate change on coastal systems.

해수 온도에 따른 S355ML 강재의 부식 경향 평가

Machinery Technology Research Team, Korean Register, 36, Myeongji ocean city 9-ro, Gangseo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea, 46762(Received June 16, 2015; Revised October 08, 2015; Accepted October 13, 2015)Corrosion is of greatest concern for metallic materials exposed to corrosive seawater or aggressive marine atmospheres. Marine structures and components made of metallic materials incur an initial cost and additional large costs for corrosion control and maintenance. There have been worldwide efforts to minimize marine corrosion and extend service life of the materials. It is believed that various factors are associated with corrosion of marine grade metallic materials, particularly the temperature of the solution affecting the corrosion rate by changing dissolved oxygen solubility and concentrations of chloride. In the present study, the electrochemical characteristics of S355ML steel are investigated to identify corrosion acceleration tendencies with changes in solution temperature under marine environments. It was found that increasing seawater temperature, promoted not only activation of chloride ion transfer, but also the formation of porous Fe(OH)

Far-Field Tsunami Impact in the North Atlantic Basin from Large Scale Flank Collapses of the Cumbre Vieja Volcano, La Palma

In their pioneering work, Ward and Day suggested that a large scale flank collapse of the Cumbre Vieja Volcano (CVV) on La Palma (Canary Islands) could trigger a mega-tsunami throughout the North Atlantic Ocean basin, causing major coastal impact in the far-field. While more recent studies indicate that near-field waves from such a collapse would be more moderate than originally predicted by Ward and Day [Løvholt et al. (J Geophy Res 113:C09026, 2008); Abadie et al. (J Geophy Res 117:C05030, 2012)], these would still be formidable and devastate the Canary Island, while causing major impact in the far-field at many locations along the western European, African, and the US east coasts. Abadie et al. (J Geophy Res 117:C05030, 2012) simulated tsunami generation and near-field tsunami impact from a few CVV subaerial slide scenarios, with volumes ranging from 20 to 450 km $$^3$$ ; the latter representing the most extreme scenario proposed by Ward and Day. They modeled tsunami generation, i.e., the tsunami source, using THETIS, a 3D Navier-Stokes (NS) multi-fluid VOF model, in which slide material was considered as a nearly inviscid heavy fluid. Near-field tsunami impact was then simulated for each source using FUNWAVE-TVD, a dispersive and fully nonlinear long wave Boussinesq model [Shi et al. (Ocean Modell 43–44:36–51, 2012); Kirby et al. (Ocean Modeling, 62:39–55, 2013)]. Here, using FUNWAVE-TVD for a series of nested grids of increasingly fine resolution, we model and analyze far-field tsunami impact from two of Abadie et al.’s extreme CVV flank collapse scenarios: (i) that deemed the most “credible worst case scenario” based on a slope stability analysis, with a 80 km $$^3$$ volume; and (ii) the most extreme scenario, similar to Ward and Day’s, with a 450 km $$^3$$ volume. Simulations are performed using a one-way coupling scheme in between two given levels of nested grids. Based on the simulation results, the overall tsunami impact is first assessed in terms of maximum surface elevation computed along the western European and African, and US east coasts (USEC). Strong wave elevation decay is predicted over the wide USEC shelf, which is shown to be essentially due to bottom friction effects. We then show more detailed results for the USEC, which is the object of high-resolution tsunami inundation mapping under the auspices of the US National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. In this context, we compare the maximum surface elevation predicted along the coastline for each CVV scenario and show that, besides the initial directionality of the sources, coastal impact is mostly controlled by focusing/defocusing effects resulting from the shelf bathymetric features. A simplified ray-tracing analysis confirms this controlling effect of the wide USEC shelf for incident long waves. Finally, we perform high-resolution (10 m) inundation mapping for the most extreme CVV scenario and show results at one of the most vulnerable and exposed communities in the mid-Atlantic US states, in and around Ocean City, Maryland. Such maps are being generated for all exposed areas of the USEC, to be used in tsunami hazard assessment and mitigation work.

Modeling of SMF tsunami hazard along the upper US East Coast: detailed impact around Ocean City, MD

With support from the US National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP), the authors have been developing tsunami inundation maps for the upper US East Coast (USEC), using high-resolution numerical modeling. These maps are envelopes of maximum elevations, velocity, or momentum flux, caused by the probable maximum tsunamis identified in the Atlantic oceanic basin, including from far-field coseismic or volcanic sources, and near-field Submarine mass failures (SMFs); the latter are the object of this work. Despite clear field evidence of past large-scale SMFs within our area of interest, such as the Currituck slide complex, their magnitude, pre-failed geometry, volume, and mode of rupture are poorly known. A screening analysis based on the Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) identified areas for possible tsunamigenic SMF sources along the USEC, indicating an increased level of tsunami hazard north of Virginia, potentially surpassing the inundation generated by a typical 100-year hurricane storm surge in the region, as well as that from the most extreme far-field coseismic sources in the Atlantic; to the south, the MCS indicated that SMF tsunami hazard significantly decreased. Subsequent geotechnical and geological analyses delimited four high-risk areas along the upper USEC where the potential for large tsunamigenic SMFs, identified in the MCS, was realistic on the basis of field data (i.e., sediment nature and volume/availability). In the absence of accurate site-specific field data, following NTHMP’s recommendation, for the purpose of simulating tsunami hazard from SMF PMTs, we parameterized an extreme SMF source in each of the four areas as a so-called Currituck proxy, i.e., a SMF having the same volume, dimensions, and geometry as the historical SMF. In this paper, after briefly describing our state-of-the-art SMF tsunami modeling methodology, in a second part, we parameterize and model the historical Currituck event, including: (1) a new reconstruction of the SMF geometry and kinematics; (2) the simulation of the resulting tsunami source generation; and (3) the propagation of the tsunami source over the shelf to the coastline, in a series of nested grids. A sensitivity analysis to model and grid parameters is performed on this case, to ensure convergence and accuracy of tsunami simulation results. Then, we model in greater detail and discuss the impact of the historical Currituck tsunami event along the nearest coastline where its energy was focused, off of Virginia Beach and Norfolk, as well as near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay; our results are in qualitative agreement with an earlier modeling study. In a third part, following the same methodology, we model tsunami generation and propagation for SMF Currituck proxy sources sited in the four identified areas of the USEC. Finally, as an illustration of our SMF tsunami hazard assessment work, we present detailed tsunami inundation maps, as well as some other products, for one of the most impacted and vulnerable areas, near and around Ocean City, MD. We find that coastal inundation from near-field SMF tsunamis may be comparable to that caused by the largest far-field sources. Because of their short propagation time and, hence, warning times, SMF tsunamis may pose one of the highest coastal hazards for many highly populated and vulnerable communities along the upper USEC, certainly comparable to that from extreme hurricanes.

Algorithm for Detector-Error Screening on Basis of Temporal and Spatial Information

Although average effective vehicle length (AEVL) has been recognized as one of the most popular methods for detecting data errors, how to set proper thresholds so as to prevent false alarms and missed detections remains a challenging ongoing issue. This study proposed a sequential screening algorithm that employed multiple comparisons with the best statistics to compare concurrently the estimated AEVLs between lanes and stations for assessment of the data quality of a target detector. With both the temporal and spatial information, the proposed method can reliably generate a confidence interval and determine whether the target detector is malfunctioning or in need of calibration. The proposed algorithm was tested with 2 weeks of detector data from Ocean City, Maryland. The analysis results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed sequential screening algorithm and its potential for field applications.

Lewis Nkosi's Durban: An Indian Ocean city in flux

Lewis Nkosi, the late exiled South African writer, and the city of Durban, an extended urban space of an estimated 3 million inhabitants, are incontrovertibly linked. This sprawling Indian Ocean town is where Nkosi was born, where he was educated as a small child, where he started his working career, and where he was finally buried on 10 September 2010. Given the centrality of Durban to Nkosi's life story, it is unsurprising that this city periodically appears in Nkosi's writing, both fictional and non-fictional, as a geographical ‘setting’ but also as a symbol of political change in South Africa. This paper, then, begins an evaluation of the role of ‘Durban’ and the Indian Ocean in the life and work of Nkosi, drawing from his novel Mating birds, and also from a little known article published in a Swiss newspaper, translated into German. Durban emerges from these various sources as a city in flux, a place of startling contrasts, a melting pot of peoples and a dream space called ‘home’ for this celebrated writer.

Study on Four Rivers Restoration Project and the Development of Busan as an Ocean City

The development of Busan as an ocean city has been connected with many factors such as North Harbour redevelopment project. But it is explained here with Nakdong River hydrophilic zone project(“Ecodelta city” project) and Nakdong River restoration project, one of Four rivers restoration project of the Lee Myung-bak administration. In order to develop Busan as an ocean city, it must be an international business city of manufacturing & logistics industries. This had been held back and was recently recommenced with Nakdong River hydrophilic zone project(“Ecodelta city” project). For the development of Busan as an ocean city, it is very important to have Nakdong River hydrophilic zone project(“Ecodelta city” project). It is argued that Four rivers restoration project & Nakdong River hydrophilic zone project(“Ecodelta city” project) should be explained by ‘cooperative governance’ rather than ‘market’ of liberalism or ‘state’ of progressivism. We are not full grown to complete such a large state project as Nakdong River restoration project by ‘cooperative governance’.

부산북항재개발사업에서 색채계획을 통한 경관조성방안

In the Busan North port redevelopment project, which is the first large scale port redevelopment project in this country, it adopted the national landscape plan for competitiveness of port city. Furthermore, it includes many efforts on landscape formation in the process of improvement of ocean city image and enhancement of its value, which fits for the situation and characteristics of the original nature, history, and culture resources, together with all facilities, structures, symbols, and eco green belt. Firstly this study attempted to analyze the characteristics of Busan landscape, Busan city design plan(2010), especially coloring plan, together with the case study of landscape color plan for foreign countries. From the basis of this analysis, it was proposed a landscape enhancement strategy in the Busan North port redevelopment project through the coloring plan and it is expected that the result would be used for the basic data for other redevelopment project.

Review: Metabolism: The City of the Future

Metabolism: The City of the Future . Mori Art Museum, Tokyo. 17 September 2011–15 January 2012. Today we often regard Japan’s Metabolists as young dreamers proffering technologically advanced, audaciously overscaled schemes. A show at the Mori Art Museum in Tokyo—the first retrospective dedicated to the group—underscored instead Metabolism’s ideological origins and, more importantly, unearthed a treasure trove of artifacts. The exhibition opened with a single image: a 1953 photograph of Kenzo Tange’s celebrated central structure at Hiroshima’s Peace Park. The Metabolists’ debut was still seven years away, via a booklet distributed at the 1960 World Design Congress in Tokyo that featured four architects—Masato Otaka, Kiyonori Kikutake, Fumihiko Maki, and Kisho Kurokawa—and others from related disciplines: author and editor Noboru Kawazoe, industrial designer Genji Ekuan, and graphic designer Kyoshi Awazu.1 Adjacent Japanese and English wall text used to isolate this image argued that Tange, though not a member of the movement, was its progenitor; the point was then followed by additional photographs of Peace Park interspersed with rarely seen construction and presentation documents from the Tange office, many now held by Harvard’s Frances Loeb Library. A public housing complex designed by Masato Otaka, built on an adjacent plot, was served up subsequently on the same wall. The Mori exhibition thus presented its first Metabolist with a subtlety that was untypical of the movement itself, via a grouping of residential towers overshadowed by Tange’s masterwork—an unappreciated complex not completed until the 1970s, designed by the only Metabolist architect who was more interested in Japan’s proletariat and never established an international reputation. The opposite wall of this opening gallery offered a historical preamble to the exhibition: on a panel some 45 feet long, a timeline tracked Japan’s population and economic growth from 1905 through 1960. Set against the data were computer animations, reproductions of photographs, and recently built models related to a period long ignored in polite circles: …

Restoration of overwash processes creates piping plover (Charadrius melodus) habitat on a barrier island (Assateague Island, Maryland)

On Assateague Island, an undeveloped barrier island along Maryland and Virginia, a foredune was constructed to protect the island from the erosion and breaching threat caused by permanent jetties built to maintain Ocean City Inlet. Scientists and engineers integrated expertise in vegetation, wildlife, geomorphology, and coastal engineering in order to design a habitat restoration project that would be evaluated in terms of coastal processes rather than static features. Development of specific restoration targets, thresholds for intervention, and criteria to evaluate long-term project success were based on biological and geomorphological data and coastal engineering models. A detailed long-term monitoring plan was established to measure project sustainability. The foredune unexpectedly acted as near-total barrier to both overwash and wind, and the dynamic ecosystem underwent undesirable habitat changes including conversion of early-succession beach habitat to herbaceous and shrub communities, diminishing availability of foraging habitat and thereby reducing productivity of the Federally-listed Threatened Charadrius melodus (piping plover). To address these impacts, multiple notches were cut through the constructed foredune. The metric for initial geomorphological success—restoration of at least one overwash event per year across the constructed foredune, if occurring elsewhere on the island—was reached. New overwash fans increased island stability by increasing interior island elevation. At every notch, areas of sparse vegetation increased and the new foraging habitat was utilized by breeding pairs during the 2010 breeding season. However, the metric for long-term biological success—an increase to 37% sparsely vegetated habitat on the North End and an increase in piping plover productivity to 1.25 chicks fledged per breeding pair—has not yet been met. By 2010 there was an overall productivity of 1.2 chicks fledged per breeding pair and a 1.7% decrease in sparsely vegetated habitat. Ideally, overwash restoration will sustain the availability of foraging habitat, but future foredune modifications may be necessary to maintain or increase overwash processes and piping plover habitat in the project area.

Exploring Traditional Use and Association Through the Ethnographic Overview and Assessment for Assateague Island National Seashore

Assateague, a dynamic barrier island extending from just south of Ocean City, Maryland, to the northern portions of Virginia's eastern shore, was added to the National Park Service (NPS) system in 1965 (Mackintosh 1982) and now draws roughly 2 million visitors per year (Bentley 2008). Prior to the Seashore's establishment, however, the island and its environs drew a range of people from fishermen to land developers. While today's Eastern Shore communities continue many of their traditional lifeways related to the island, they now share its resources with tourists from around the world who are drawn to the seeming pristine beaches and famed wild ponies, managed today by two federal agencies (NPS and United States Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS]).

Locating American Manufacturing: Trends in the Geography of Production

Analysis of data on employment, earnings, and the number of business establishments engaged in U.S. manufacturing finds that: In Metropolitan areas, especially large metropolitan areas and central metropolitan counties, contain the great majority of manufacturing jobs and nearly all very high-technology manufacturing jobs, reflecting the advantages they provide to manufacturing in general and very high-technology manufacturing in particular. In 2010, metropolitan areas contained 79.5 percent of all manufacturing jobs, 78.6 percent of moderately high-technology manufacturing jobs, and 95 percent of very high-technology manufacturing jobs. U.S. metropolitan areas have become increasingly specialized in manufacturing since 1980 but they vary widely in their manufacturing activities and focuses. Nearly all metropolitan areas specialize strongly in at least one manufacturing industry even if they do not specialize strongly in manufacturing as a whole. Manufacturing in most metropolitan areas follows one or more of six broad patterns of industry clustering. These patterns are anchored in high specializations in computers and electronics, transportation equipment, low-wage manufacturing industries, chemicals, machinery, and food production. Manufacturing wages vary widely among metropolitan areas. In the nation’s 100 largest metropolitan areas, the average manufacturing earnings are highest in San Jose, at about $145,000 per year, and lowest in McAllen, at about $35,000. Metropolitan manufacturing plants are relatively small but vary widely in size among metropolitan areas. In 2009, the average metropolitan manufacturing plant had 57.4 employees, a figure that ranged from a high of 203.6 in Kingsport, TN, to a low of 9.1 in Ocean City, NJ. The long-term shift of manufacturing jobs toward the South came to a halt in the first decade of the 21st century, while the Midwest had the fastest manufacturing job gains over the last two years. Between 2000 and 2010 both the Midwest and the South lost about 34 percent of their manufacturing jobs, while between the first quarter of 2010 and the fourth quarter of 2011 the Midwest saw a manufacturing job gain of 5.2 percent while the South saw a gain of 2.2 percent. The early 21st century saw a resumption or continuation of long-term shifts of manufacturing jobs away from metropolitan areas and central metropolitan counties. Between 2000 and 2010 the central counties of metropolitan areas with three or more counties lost 33.9 percent of their manufacturing jobs while the outlying counties of those metropolitan areas lost 29.3 percent. Although metropolitan areas lost manufacturing jobs at a slower rate than nonmetropolitan counties between 2000 and 2010, nonmetropolitan counties gained manufacturing jobs more rapidly than metropolitan areas during the past two years. In view of these findings, public policy should enhance the innovation and productivity advantages that metropolitan areas offer manufacturers, while eliminating artificial incentives for manufacturers to seek low-wage locations. Because there is so much regional variation in manufacturing, federal policy should provide a platform for state, local, and metropolitan efforts, which can formulate policies to respond to regional needs.