Occurrence Of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Research Articles

Use of endoscopy with narrow-band imaging system in detecting squamous cell carcinoma in oral chronic non-healing ulcers

This study seeks to analyze the factors associated with the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in oral non-healing ulcers for more than 3 weeks and investigate the role of endoscopy with narrow-band imaging system (NBI) in detecting carcinoma in these lesions. The demographic and clinicopathological data of patients receiving surgical interventions for chronic oral non-healing ulcers, and the intraepithelial papillary capillary loop patterns shown by NBI were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. A total of 63 patients (41 males and 22 females) with mean age of 57.9 ± 16.7 years were enrolled. In univariate analysis, ulcers with induration, history of oral cancer, and intraepithelial microvasculature of NBI were factors associated with the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in oral non-healing ulcers. Multivariate analysis showed that the intraepithelial microvasculature of NBI was the only independent factor predicting the occurrence of carcinoma in oral chronic non-healing ulcers with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of 93.75 %, 91.49 %, 78.95 %, 97.73 %, and 92.06 %, respectively. Morphology of intraepithelial microvasculature of NBI, or twisted, elongated, and destructive pattern of intraepithelial papillary capillary loop, is the only independent factor associated with the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in oral chronic non-healing ulcers. Endoscope with NBI is a rapid, safe, and promising tool in detecting squamous cell carcinoma in oral chronic non-healing ulcers.

Cutaneous Plasmacytoma Associated with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Sacro-Coccygeal Region

We describe the case of a patient who received the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the radio-treated skin of the sacrococcygeal region where an extramedullary plasmacytoma had been identified one year before. We think that the plasmacytoma was born by a malignant transformation of a host-inflammatory reaction to a not-detected epithelial tumor. It can also hypothesized that plasma-cell dyscrasia or post-radiation infiammatory reaction had promoved the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence.

Coexistence Of Squamous Cell CarcinomaWith Dermoid Cyst Of Ovary:A Case Report

Ovarian squamous cell carcinoma is a rare malignancy and the occurrence is attributable to malignant transformation of an existing ovarian dermoid cyst. The de novo occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the ovary, in the absence of an antecedent ovarian dermoid, is extremely rare. A 40- years- old female presented with pain and enlargement of abdomen since last 4 months. A mass was felt over right iliac fossa. Ultrasonography showed partly cystic and solid area in mass arising from ovary. A tooth- like structure was also seen. Dermoid cyst was the diagnosis offered. Laparotomy was performed. Ovarian mass with hair, a tooth and putty-like material was present. Solid white area with thickened wall was found. Histopathology confirmed the findings of dermoid cyst and the thickened area showed squamous cell carcinoma with areas showing keratinous and giant cell reaction which was also seen at the periphery of tumor areas. Left ovary was normal and no deposits of tumor were seen. Postoperative period was uneventful.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Developing after CO2 Laser Resurfacing

Skin resurfacing with the carbon dioxide (CO(2)) laser is currently a popular means of improving rhytides and scars and has been reported useful in the treatment for photodamaged skin, including precancerous and benign skin lesions, as well as superficial benign pigmented lesions. We describe a 68-year-old man who developed rapid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on the resurfaced areas 3 weeks following CO(2) laser resurfacing. Rapid occurrence of SCC should be considered a rare complication, and we recommend carefully considering CO(2) laser resurfacing after excision of an SCC and surveying any cancer recurrences. We report a rare complication of CO(2) laser resurfacing. This report suggests that additional work in this area is warranted.

Effects of propolis on lingual mucosa response of hamsters submitted to experimental carcinogenesis

To assess the tissue reaction of the lingual mucosa in hamsters submitted to daily, alternating, topical applications of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) and a commercial brand of an ethanol propolis extract (EPE). A total of 60 hamsters were divided into three groups with two experimental periods (13 and 20 weeks). The lateral edge of the tongue was submitted to daily, alternating, topical applications of 0.5% DMBA and 30% EPE (EPE group, n=20), 0.5% of DMBA and aqueous propolis extract (APE group, n=20) and 0.5% of DMBA and saline solution (DMBA group, n=20). The occurrence of clinical and histological alterations was analyzed, along with the measurement of the area and volume of the clinical alterations, the determination of structural and cytological alterations of the squamous epithelial tissue with atypias and the measurement of the histological area of squamous cell carcinomas. There were no significant differences among groups regarding any of the variables analyzed in the two evaluation periods. At week 13, a single squamous cell carcinoma occurred in the EPE group. At week 20, the greatest occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma was also in the EPE group. The mechanism of EPE (30% alcohol content) affecting the onset of tissue reaction and the promotion of carcinogenesis has not been clarified yet.

Occurrence of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in an Area of Lichen Simplex Chronicus: Case Report and Pathogenetic Hypothesis

Lichen simplex chronicus is a common skin disorder characterized by circumscribed, lichenified, pruritic plaque secondary to local repetitive trauma, notably rubbing and scratching. We describe a case of a squamous cell carcinoma arising in a patient with a long-lasting history of lichen simplex chronicus and discuss the potential role of the microenvironment in predisposing the malignant transformation. Here we propose a hypothesis in which rubbing and scratching contribute to an excess of inflammatory mediators, which in turn may lead to alterations in the processes of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation.

The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin opposes carcinogenic changes to epidermal Akt1/PKBα isoform signaling

Epidermal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most aggressive non-melanoma skin cancer and is dramatically increased in patients undergoing immunosuppression following solid organ transplantation, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. Recent clinical studies show that use of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin as a post-transplantation immunosuppressive significantly reduces SCC occurrence compared with other immunosuppressives, though the mechanism is not fully understood. We show that rapamycin selectively upregulates epidermal Akt1, while failing to upregulate epidermal Akt2. Rapamycin increases epidermal Akt1 phosphorylation via inhibition of the mTOR complex 1-dependent regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1. Epidermal Akt1 is commonly downregulated in SCC while Akt2 is upregulated. We now demonstrate similar Akt1 downregulation and Akt2 upregulation by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the most important skin carcinogen. Hence, rapamycin's upregulation of Akt1 signaling could potentially oppose the effects of UV radiation and/or tumor-associated changes on Akt1 signaling. We show in skin culture that rapamycin does enhance restoration of Akt1 phosphorylation in skin recovering from UV radiation, suggesting a mechanism for rapamycin's antitumor activity in epidermis in spite of its efficient immunosuppressive properties.

Epidemiology of squamous cell carcinomas among the population attended in the city of Tubarão, Brazil, between 1999 and 2009

Skin cancer is the most common neoplasm in Brazil, with increasing incidence in recent decades. Data on the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma are scarce in southern Santa Catarina. To establish epidemiological data on squamous cell carcinoma in Tubarão, State of Santa Catarina. A cross-sectional review was conducted on anatomical pathology reports, positive for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, found in the local laboratories. A convenience sampling method was used for data collection, since all the pathology reports from the local laboratories between 1999 and 2009 were included. The collected variables included year of diagnosis, age, gender, city of origin, tumor site, histological type and subtype, lesion size, margin involvement and relapse. In total, 1,437 case reports were identified, most frequently in individuals between 70 and 79 years old. Patient morbidity was 69.5 per 100,000 population for the year 1999, and 136.7 per 100,000 population for the year 2009, which represents a 50 percent increase. The face was the most affected area and the most common histological subtype was the well-differentiated tumor. There were 1,437 reports of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin between 1999 and 2009, with a significant increase in patient morbidity. There was an association between male gender and location on the lip and ear, and between females and the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin on the nose, and upper and lower limbs. There was a prevalence of margin involvement after resection in 18% of lesions.

Dermal Toxicity of Zno Nanoparticles: A Worrying Feature of Sunscreen?

Photodamage of the skin Acute and chronic exposure to UV irradiation can induce sunburn, dermal carcinogenesis and photoaging of the skin, and the application of sunscreens is an effective method to protect the human skin against such UV-induced damage. Sunscreens can reduce the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma and actinic keratoses [1], and their use remains the most prevalent UV-protection strategy used by the public [2]. Recently, however, concerns regarding possible hazardous biological effects from sunscreen ingredients have emerged. In particular, the use of nanomaterials is the primary focus of controversies over the safety of sunscreen formulas since scientific knowledge on the cytoand genotoxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) is still quite limited.

Prospective study of physical activity and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

BackgroundThe relationship between physical activity and risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is unknown and difficult to investigate due to confounding by sun exposure. We prospectively examined the association of recreational and occupational physical activity and incidence of SCC accounting for photoaging and other risk factors.MethodsWe used available information on physical activity from the Australian population-based Nambour Skin Cancer Study comprising 1,171 adults aged 25-75 years at baseline (1992). In sex-stratified analyses (person-based and tumor-based) we estimated the associations between type of activity and incidence of SCC prospectively to 2007.ResultsDuring 16 years of follow-up, 98 men and 90 women newly developed SCC. We found no significant association between recreational activity measures and SCC after controlling for potential confounding factors including indicators of sun exposure. In men, the observed risk pattern was however suggestive of elevated risk with increasing total hours of recreational activity (compared to inactive men, RR (95%CI) 0.89 (0.54, 1.46) for ≤ 1.5 hrs/wk; 1.29 (0.82, 2.04) for ≤ 4.0 hrs/wk; 1.33 (0.86, 2.05) > 4.0 hrs/wk), while among women, higher level of occupational activity (standing and manual versus sedentary work activities) was associated with a reduced incidence of SCC tumors (P trend = 0.03).ConclusionsDespite some suggestion that recreational activity in men and occupational activity in women are related to occurrence of SCC, there is no firm support for a role of physical activity in the development of cutaneous SCC.

Oral prednisone use and risk of keratinocyte carcinoma in non‐transplant population. The VATTC trial

Glucorticosteroids (GC) are potent anti-inflammatory medications with immunosuppressive property. Few retrospective studies have reported the increased risk of development of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) associated with GC use. We aimed to assess the effect of oral GC use on the risk of BCC and SCC using prospective data. We analysed data from the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial, which followed up patients from 1998 to 2004. Exposure to oral GCs was defined as (1) use of any oral GCs at any point during follow-up and (2) use of GCs for a month or longer. Outcome was occurrence of new BCC or SCC. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Among the 1051 study participants, 148 patients (14%) had prednisone prescription filled during study period, and 63 (6%) used prednisone for over a month. A total of 472 patients (45%) developed at least one BCC during study: 394 (44%) among non-users of prednisone and 78 (53%) among any time users. The total number of new SCC was 309 (29%): 258 (29%) among non-users of prednisone and 51 (34%) among users. Among any time prednisone users, the adjusted HR was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.87-1.42) for BCC, and 1.05 (95% CI, 0.76-1.45) for SCC. Among those who used prednisone for 30 or more days, the HR was 1.26 (95% CI, 0.90-1.78) for BCC, and 1.03 (95% CI, 0.66-1.60) for SCC. This study does not support the existence of association between use of oral GCs and risk of BCC or SCC.

An unusual co-presentation of rhinolithiasis and squamous cell carcinoma in the nasal cavity

Rhinoliths are nasal stones that result from mineralisation of salts around an endogenous or exogenous nidus within the nasal cavity. They are uncommon nasal masses and usually unilateral and single, situated in the floor of the nose. The patient typically presents with nasal obstruction, facial pain and foul-smelling nasal secretion. To the best of our knowledge, the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma with rhinolithiasis has not been previously reported in the English-language literature. In this article, we present a 63-year-old man, who had unilateral rhinolithiasis with squamous cell carcinoma within the nasal cavity.

The Association between Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Betapapillomavirus Seropositivity: a Cohort Study

It is currently unclear whether betapapillomaviruses (betaPV) play a role in the etiology of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We investigated the association between betaPV antibodies and subsequent SCC in a population-based cohort study. Serum samples were collected in 1992 and/or 1996 from 1,311 participants of the community-based Nambour Skin Cancer Study. These were tested for the presence of L1 antibodies against 21 different betaPV types. Histologically diagnosed SCCs were ascertained through three full-body skin examinations and linkage with the local pathology laboratories. We used age- and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models to analyze the relationship between betaPV antibodies and SCC occurrence from 1992 until 2007. SCC was newly diagnosed in 150 people. No associations were found between the presence of any betaPV L1 antibodies and the occurrence of SCC (HR = 1.0), and stratification by sex, skin color, and sunburn propensity did not affect these results. However, among people who were less than 50 years old in 1992, the presence of betaPV antibodies was associated with a two-fold increased risk of SCC. There was no significant association between antibodies to any individual betaPV type examined and the later development of SCC. Whether betaPV infection of the skin, and indirectly betaPV antibodies, are involved in the oncogenic process in the general population remains unclear, and this longitudinal study provides only limited support. This study emphasizes the need for additional longitudinal studies of HPV (human papilloma virus) and SCC, to avoid the possibility of reverse causality in case--control studies.

Renal transplant recipients have elevated frequencies of circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Cancer, particularly cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), is a major cause of mortality in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) play a central role in suppressing cancer immunosurveillance but their potential mobilisation in RTRs and levels relative to those of other immunoregulatory dendritic cell (DC) populations have not been analysed. The circulating frequencies of MDSC and DC were analysed by multicolour flow cytometry in immunocompetent patients without (n = 13) or with (ICI-SCC(Pos), n = 14) current SCC, normal donors (NDs, n = 34), chronic kidney disease patients (CKD patients, n = 22) and RTRs (n = 31). Compared to NDs, RTRs had significantly elevated levels of both CD14(Neg) and CD14(Pos) MDSC subsets (P < 0.001), while CKD patients and ICI-SCC(Pos) had significantly elevated levels of only the CD14(Neg)-MDSC subset. DC frequencies were significantly decreased in RTRs and CKD patients but were at normal levels in ICI-SCC(Pos). The MDSC/DC ratio was significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in RTRs (median = 5.7), CKD patients (median = 3.2) and ICI-SCC(Pos) (median = 3.5) relative to NDs (median = 0.7). The use of immunosuppressive drugs in CKD patients and past/current occurrence of SCC in RTRs was associated with significantly increased CD14(Neg)-MDSC frequencies. MDSC enriched from RTRs, when co-cultured with activated NDs T cells significantly suppressed extracellular IL-10 levels and can, when activated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, inhibit T-cell proliferation. RTRs, CKD patients and ICI-SCC(Pos) have increased MDSC frequencies and MDSC/DC ratios. These changes may impact on cancer immunosurveillance. Therefore, MDSC represent both a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker in these patients, with respect to the development of SCC and other malignancies.

The haptoglobin phenotype influences the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in kidney transplant patients

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent skin cancer after organ transplantation. Currently, the pre-identification of transplant patients at increased risk for non-melanoma skin cancer remains difficult. To investigate the Hp polymorphism as a marker for the identification of a subset of patients with an increased susceptibility to develop SCC/Bowen's disease. Haptoglobin phenotyping was performed with haemoglobin-supplemented starch gel electrophoresis in 300 kidney transplant patients. High-performance gel permeation chromatography was used in case of low serum haptoglobin concentration. Cox regression analysis (adjusted for age, gender and Mediterranean origin) showed a significant association of the Hp 1-1 phenotype with a higher risk of SCC/Bowen's disease (P = 0.035) and multiple primary SCCs (P = 0.002). No significant difference between the Hp phenotypes was found for the development of Bowen's disease and SCCs in the first 10 years following renal transplantation. However, after a follow-up of >10 years, a significant association between the Hp 1-1 phenotype and the occurrence of Bowen's disease and SCC was reported (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001 respectively). This study shows an increased risk for the development of (multiple) SCCs in kidney transplant patients with the Hp 1-1 phenotype. This finding points to the role of Hp 1-1 phenotype as an important predictor in identifying a subset of patients with an increased need for preventive measures and is in agreement with the decreased anti-inflammatory capacity of this phenotype.

PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF MMP2 AND MMP9 FUNCTIONAL PROMOTER SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

Objective(s) Matrix metalloproteinases comprise a family of enzyme that is able to degrade components of extra cellular matrix. There are single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter regions of several genes with ability to influence cancer susceptibility. The aim of this study was to analyses association between MMP2 and MMP9 promoter polymorphisms and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma occurrence and progression. Materials and Methods A case- control study was performed including 80 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients and healthy controls for MMP2 and 86 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients and 72 healthy controls for MMP9. Blood samples were genotyped for MMP2 and MMP9 using polymerization chain reaction– restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 12.0 software. Results Our results showed that distribution of MMP2 genotype between controls and patients was significantly different (χ 2 = 10.3, P= 0.005). Comparison between CC genotype in HNSCC patients and controls showed that C allele modified the risk of HNSCC progression (OR= 2.6, 95% CI, 1.0046–6.729). The MMP9 genotype distribution among HNSCC patients was significantly different (χ 2 = 14.56, P= 0.0007). The frequency of TT genotype in HNSCC patients was different from healthy controls and was more common genotype in HNSCC cases (OR= 2.18, 95% CI, 0.7052–6.7854). Conclusion Our results suggested an association of the MMP2 and MMP9 SNP with the development of HNSCC. Also, our results showed that MMP, MMP9 genotypes and smoking were related to HNSCC progression.

Occupational ultraviolet light exposure increases the risk for the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Despite the fact that ultraviolet (UV) light exposure is the most important risk factor for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) there is an ongoing debate concerning the relationship between cumulative work-related UV exposure and SCC occurrence. To analyse comprehensively the relationship between work-related UV exposure and SCC risk. We conducted a systematic electronic literature search in PubMed (up to 5 May 2010) supplemented by a hand search, which identified 18 relevant studies that were included in the review. Data abstraction and study quality assessment was done independently by two reviewers. Maximally adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all included studies were pooled in a random-effects meta-analysis. Sensitivity analysis included meta-regression on study-specific covariates to explore the robustness of the results and to identify sources of heterogeneity between studies. Eighteen studies (six cohort studies, 12 case-control studies) met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. Sixteen studies (89%) found an increased risk of SCC in individuals with occupational UV light exposure compared with individuals without occupational UV light exposure, reaching statistical significance in 12 studies. Two studies found no association between occupational UV light exposure and SCC occurrence. The pooled OR (95% CI) was 1·77 (1·40-2·22) and did not differ significantly between cohort studies [OR (95% CI): 1·68 (1·08-2·63)] and case-control studies [OR (95% CI): 1·77 (1·37-2·30)]. Meta-regression analyses suggested an increasing strength of the association between occupational UV light exposure and SCC risk with decreasing latitude. In summary, there is consistent epidemiological evidence for a positive association between occupational UV light exposure and SCC risk.

Alcoholics show reduced telomere length in the oesophagus

Telomeres are repetitive G-rich DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes. Chromosomal and genomic instability due to telomere dysfunction plays an important role in carcinogenesis. To study telomere shortening in the oesophageal epithelium of alcoholics, we measured the telomere lengths of basal and parabasal cells in comparison with those of non-alcoholics using Q-FISH and our original software, Tissue Telo, and also assessed histological inflammation. Telomeres in basal cells were significantly shorter in alcoholics than in age-matched normal controls. Prominent histological findings of chronic inflammation were not evident in either alcoholics or non-alcoholics. Our finding that telomeres in the oesophageal epithelium are shorter in alcoholics than in non-alcoholics indicates that telomere shortening may be associated with the frequent occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in alcoholics. Further studies to clarify the reason for the large annual loss of telomere length with rapid turnover or lower telomerase activity in the oesophageal epithelium of alcoholics will be necessary.

Dose Response of Retinol and Isotretinoin in the Prevention of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Recurrence

Using data from a randomized, double blind, study of the efficacy of retinol or isotretinoin vs. placebo on recurrence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in high-risk subjects, a reanalysis of the original intent to treat analysis was performed in a dose-response format. Cox proportional hazards models describe the relationship between dose quartiles of isotretinoin and retinol use and time to first occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in crude and adjusted models. Neither the isotretinoin nor retinol models showed any significance at any quartile for reduction in first BCC or SCC occurrence. Crude and adjusted retinol models show a statistically significant increase in risk of developing an SCC in the first quartile, whereas only the crude model shows a statistically significant increase in risk in the first quartile of the isotretinoin model. For retinol and SCC, hazard ratios (HRs) for the first quartile were as follows: HR = 2.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.67–5.10 crude; HR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.00–3.80 adjusted. For isotretinoin and SCC, HRs for the first quartile were as follows: HR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.35–4.19 crude; HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 0.87–3.31 adjusted. Test for trend was not significant in any of the models. These analyses confirm the results of the original intent to treat analyses and raise an interesting question related to the potential for increased risk for patients in the first quartile of retinol dose.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the nipple following radiation therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ: a case report.

IntroductionRadiation-induced nonmelanoma skin cancer was first reported seven years after the discovery of X-rays, but has received relatively little consideration in the literature. Specifically, nonmelanoma skin cancer after conservative surgery and radiation for early stage breast cancer has not been well studied. We report the case of a woman who developed squamous cell carcinoma of the nipple nine years after conservative surgery and radiation for ductal carcinoma in situ of the ipsilateral breast. We also review the relevant literature available to date.Case presentationA 66-year-old African-American woman presented to the hospital with a non-healing ulcer of the right nipple. Her past medical history was significant for right breast ductal carcinoma in situ for which she had undergone lumpectomy and whole breast radiation therapy nine years previously. Mammography and magnetic resonance imaging studies were negative for recurrent breast cancer. However, the latter demonstrated abnormal enhancement in the nipple-areolar region. An incisional biopsy of the lesion demonstrated invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Subsequently, the patient underwent wide excision of the nipple-areolar complex. Sentinel lymph-node biopsy was offered but our patient declined. She was considered to have local disease and hence no further treatment was recommended.ConclusionThis case represents the first reported occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the nipple to follow conservative surgery and radiation for ductal carcinoma in situ of the ipsilateral breast. It is likely that radiation overexposure resulted in a radiation burn and subsequent radiodermatitis, placing it at risk for squamous cell carcinoma. A diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma should be considered in a patient with a nipple lesion following radiation therapy for breast cancer.