Occurrence Of Depressive Symptoms Research Articles

Medical students' engagement in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: The influence of psychological factors on readiness to volunteer.

Objective: To avert staff shortages during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in spring 2020, the medical faculties of the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) appealed to their students to volunteer for relief work. In this study, we examine the influence of psychological factors on the students’ decisions to respond to this call or not. Methodology: We report on a cross-sectional study based on an online survey among medical students at the TUM and LMU. The survey consisted of a questionnaire containing items on motivation and other factors related to the decision for or against volunteering. Questions were also asked about anxieties regarding COVID-19 and the occurrence of depressive symptoms, as well as about resilience.Results: Responses from 244 participants were analysed. Students’ decisions to volunteer revealed both altruistic and introjected motivations. For those students who did not volunteer, time overlaps and workload related to other activities played an important role. Between the two groups, no significant difference was detected in terms of their resilience and COVID-19-related anxieties. However, the non-volunteering students reported a significantly higher prevalence of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Sense of duty and the desire to help were, according to the students, the most important reasons for volunteering. Depressive symptoms and lack of time made volunteering less likely. Resilience and COVID-19-related anxieties do not seem to have had any influence on the decision to volunteer or not.

The Dark Triad of Personality's Relationship with Compliance towards COVID-19 Pandemic Recommendations along with Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Polish Citizens.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic forced everyone to comply with rules of a sanitary regime and social distancing on a daily basis. The aim of our research was to assess the differences in the levels of Dark Triad traits between people who obeyed and disobeyed the pandemic restrictions. Additionally, we considered the possible correlation between the Dark Triad and the intensity of symptoms of depression and anxiety. A total of 604 Polish participants, whose average age was 28.95 ± 11.27 years, completed an online survey which measured Dark Triad traits using the Polish version of the Dirty Dozen test. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The results revealed a possible relationship between personality traits and compliance with pandemic restrictions. Individuals with higher levels of psychopathy tended to disobey newly introduced rules. On the other hand, a higher level of subclinical narcissism might have contributed to a better civil compliance. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the intensity of the Dark Triad and the occurrence of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, narcissism was linked to anxiety symptoms. These results can contribute to a better understanding of behavioural patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic within the group of individuals who exhibit the Dark Triad traits. Our conclusions might help to identify individuals who are particularly vulnerable to mental health problems.

Overlap of burnout-depression symptoms among Chinese neurology graduate students in a national cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe overlap of burnout and depression is a phenomenon that can effectively reflect the psychological state of a group. However, whether burnout is a type of depression is still debated in current research. The high incidence of burnout and depressive symptoms among medical students indicates that it is urgent to provide appropriate health services for them. However, the proportion of burnout and depression in the overlapping symptoms experienced by medical students, and the characteristics of the relative influencing factors, remain unclear. Therefore, we addressed these issues for neurology graduate students in China.MethodsUsing data from a cross-sectional survey of Chinese neurology graduate students, a diagnostic model was established according to their burnout and/or depression symptoms. Burnout was assessed by using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Depression symptoms were assessed with a two-item depression screening tool for primary care evaluation of mental disorders. Univariate analyses with chi-squared tests were conducted to assess associations between variables. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to analyze the effects of multiple factors on dependent variables. The factors included demographic information and three medical-study related problems.ResultsIn total, 32.2% of surveyed students evidenced overlapping burnout and depression symptoms. Students with depressive symptoms tended to be included in the burnout students’ category. In the regression model, being unmarried, having children, and career choice regret were related to students who had only burnout, while the students with overlapping symptoms were affected by more factors such as family income, the consideration of dropping out once.ConclusionsThe symptoms and related factors of burnout and depression among Chinese neurology postgraduates have obvious overlap and show a significant trend. The occurrence of depressive symptoms among medical students is closely related to whether they are burned out. Students with only burnout were common, but students with only depressive symptoms were uncommon. Finally, burnout may be a pre-depression state.

The effect of paliperidone palmitate long-acting injectable (PP-LAI) on "non-core" symptoms of schizophrenia: a retrospective, collaborative, multicenter study in the "real world" everyday clinical practice.

Schizophrenia is frequently complicated by the occurrence of depressive symptoms, anhedonia, obsessions and compulsions, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse, that causes exacerbations and remissions and, in several cases, sustained morbidity and disability. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of paliperidone palmitate once-monthly long-acting injection (PP-LAI) mainly on "non-core" symptoms in persons with recent diagnosis schizophrenia, during a follow-up period of almost 12 months (T1) in the context of the "real world" everyday clinical practice. Concerning core symptoms of schizophrenia, PP-LAI was effective in reducing all symptoms at T1 as measured by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), including depressive symptoms, and increased the functioning. Moreover, concerning the non-core symptoms of schizophrenia, PP-LAI treatment was effective in reducing scores of anhedonia, suicidal ideation and obsessive-compulsive symptoms at T1. However, the levels of alexithymia remained relatively stable, even if reduced. The present retrospective, multicenter, non-sponsored, collaborative study showed that early PP-LAI treatment was effective in improving almost all the core dimensions and "non-core" symptoms of schizophrenia, and this may have positive repercussions on both functioning and quality of life. PP-LAI treatment should be offered earlier as possible and was effective on "non-core" symptoms of schizophrenia at follow-up, but had a little effect on alexithymia. However, study' limitations must be considered and future researches are needed to confirm these interesting findings.

Post-partum depression – prevention, diagnosis and therapeutic approach

Post-partum depression is a very important psychiatric path­ology, with a negative impact not only on the mother, but also on the child and the family as a whole. The risk factors that can contribute to the appearance of this mental illness are psychosocial, biological and genetic, childhood trau­mas and personal traits of the mother also playing an im­portant role in the occurrence of depressive symptoms. The diagnosis of post-partum depression involves the ne­ces­sity to identify people at risk by screening, redirecting the case to psychiatric services, monitoring the evolution and the treatment. The diagnosis of post-partum depression sets a psychiatric pathological precedent, the mother being thus prone to relapse during life. The evolution of post-partum depression may vary depending on bio-psycho-social fac­tors involved in its etiopathogenesis. The behavioral changes in the child of the mother diagnosed with post-partum depression lay the foundations of a vicious cycle; the child may be predisposed to developing the same pathology. The importance of prevention through screening and ensuring good psychosocial support helps to reduce the incidence of post-partum depression, thus having a positive impact on children and family life, but also a decrease in the costs of depression treatment.

Do People with Rheumatoid Arthritis Need Mental Support?

Introduction: Depression is an increasingly common mental disorder. Among the factors significantly contributing to its occurrence is permanent pain. Thence high percentage of people struggling with depression in chronically ill people and the elderly. Depression is diagnosed late, which is a serious problem in the comprehensive recovery process. Aim: The aim of the study was to demonstrate the relationship between the occurrence of RA and depression, taking into account data such as gender, age and place of residence. Material and Methods: The study involved 163 adults - 116 people with RA and 47 healthy people. The Beck Depression Inventory was used for research purposes. It consists of 21 questions, to which the patient answers according to the symptoms appearing in the last two weeks. Results: Analysis of the results of the examined and control groups indicates a higher percentage of occurrence of depression symptoms in people diagnosed with RA. In women, depression was more common than in men. In addition, there were more depressive episodes in women in the study group than in healthy women. There were no significant differences in the study and control groups of men and depending on age and place of residence. Conclusion: The presence of RA has a significant impact on the occurrence of depressive disorders. Illness and gender are a determining factor for depression. Research shows that women are more likely to be affected than men. Rapid intervention of doctors is very important, which can prevent the negative effects of the disease, i.e. suicidal thoughts. Prevention is therefore important. People with chronic illnesses should be under psychological support.

Geriamųjų kontraceptinių tablečių vartojimo įtaka moters emocinei sveikatai skirtingais amžiaus tarpsniais. Literatūros apžvalga

Šioje literatūros apžvalgoje įvertinta sudėtinių kontraceptinių tablečių (SKT) įtaka emocinei sveikatai skirtingose moterų amžiaus grupėse: paauglių (10–18 metų), jaunų moterų (19–35 metų). Taip pat aprašytas SKT poveikis moterims, vartojančioms kontraceptines tabletes pirmaisiais metais po gimdymo, pateikiami galimi sąveikos tarp SKT ir depresijos išsivystymo mechanizmai, geriamųjų kontraceptikų poveikio emocinei sveikatai ryšys su ankstesniais depresinio pobūdžio sveikatos sutrikimais. „PubMed“ duomenų bazėje ieškota straipsnių apie SKT įtaką depresinių simptomų pasireiškimui, depresijos išsivystymui, emocinės būklės pablogėjimui. Tarp paauglių SKT vartojimas susijęs su depresinių sutrikimų, savižudybės rizika, anksčiau pradedamu gydymu antidepresantais. Moterims nuo 19 iki 35 metų amžiaus SKT įtaka emocinei sveikatai priklauso nuo SKT sudėties. SKT sudėtyje esantys progestinai: noretisteronas, levonorgestrelis arba desogestrelis mažina, o linestrenolis arba drospirenonas didina depresinių sutrikimų riziką. Taigi, geriamieji kontraceptikai turi įtakos moters psichoemocinei sveikatai. Vis dėlto SKT skirti saugu prieš tai surinkus išsamią pacientės anamnezę ir parenkant tinkamą SKT sudėtį.

Der Einfluss postmigratorischer Stressoren auf die Pr\xe4valenz depressiver Symptome bei Gefl\xfcchteten in Deutschland. Analyse anhand der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung 2016

ZusammenfassungEinleitungInternationale Studien belegen eine hohe psychische Krankheitslast bei Geflüchteten. Postmigratorische Stressoren im Zufluchtsland können die psychische Gesundheit beeinträchtigen und zu Depressionen führen.ZielDie Studie untersucht, ob postmigratorische Stressoren mit der Prävalenz depressiver Symptome bei erwachsenen Geflüchteten in Deutschland assoziiert sind.MethodenSekundärdatenanalyse basierend auf für Deutschland repräsentativen Querschnittsdaten der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten 2016 (N = 4465). Depressivität wurde mit dem Patient Health Questionnaire‑2 (PHQ-2) erfasst. Unadjustierte und adjustierte Odds Ratios (OR) und 95 %-Konfidenzintervalle (KI) wurden anhand binär logistischer Regressionsmodelle berechnet, um Zusammenhänge zwischen Depressivität und soziodemografischen, postmigratorischen und psychosozialen Faktoren zu untersuchen.ErgebnisseDepressive Symptome weisen 19,4 % der befragten Geflüchteten auf. Fast alle einbezogenen Postmigrationsstressoren sind nach Adjustierung für soziodemografische und psychosoziale Faktoren statistisch signifikant mit Depressivität assoziiert. Erwerbslosigkeit (aOR = 1,48 [1,04–2,12]), Einsamkeit (aOR = 1,14 [1,10–1,18]) und ein abgelehnter oder noch nicht entschiedener Asylantrag (aOR = 1,34 [1,06–1,70]) erhöhen die Chance für depressive Symptome, während eine stattgefundene Anhörung (aOR = 0,71 [0,56–0,91]) und eine höhere Wohnzufriedenheit (aOR = 0,94 [0,91–0,98]) die Chance für Depressivität verringern.DiskussionPostmigrationsstressoren bei Geflüchteten sind mit dem Vorkommen depressiver Symptome assoziiert. Die Berücksichtigung belastender und protektiver Faktoren der Postmigrationsphase in sozialpolitischen Maßnahmen kann die psychische Krankheitslast in Flüchtlingspopulationen reduzieren.

329 - A psychological needs-based intervention to reduce depression in newly admitted nursing home residents

Background:Depression is common in nursing homes, with newly admitted residents at a particularly high risk. Current prevention and treatment approaches have failed to impact on the high rates of depression and new approaches are required. We have developed a novel intervention that addresses individual psychological needs in newly admitted residents, which is implemented in collaboration with residents and facility staff. The Program to Enhance Adjustment to Residential Living (PEARL) is a 5-session intervention based on Self-Determination Theory that aims to tailor care to enhance residents’ autonomy, competence and relations.Methods:A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted to determine the effectiveness of PEARL in reducing depression in newly admitted nursing home residents, compared to a treatment as usual control condition. A total of 216 residents with normal cognition or mild-moderate cognitive impairment, living in 42 nursing homes in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. The sample included 76 men and 140 women, aged 62-99 years (M = 85.5, SD = 7.3). The primary outcome was level of depressive symptoms, assessed using the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia at baseline and at 8, 16 (primary endpoint), and 31 weeks follow-up. Multi-level modelling, accounting for within-facility clustering and repeated assessments, was used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention, employing an intention-to-treat approach.Results:At 16-weeks, fewer symptoms of depression were observed among those in the intervention group (M = 7.0, SD = 5.6) than in the control group (M = 8.6, SD = 6.5). Multi-level modelling of unadjusted data showed a significant condition (intervention, control) by time (T1, T2, T3) interaction (p = .021), indicating that the PEARL intervention led to a reduction in the occurrence of depressive symptoms. The treatment effect was maintained at 31 weeks follow-up (p = .004).Discussion:This study provides evidence that an intervention designed to address newly admitted residents’ individual psychological needs reduced symptoms of depression in subsequent months. This brief, simple intervention may be suitable for broad implementation across long-term care settings. However, future research to determine if the intervention can be implemented by trained facility staff in situ is warranted.

Effects of the Intervention "Reflective STRENGTH-Giving Dialogues" for Older Adults Living with Long-Term Pain: A Pilot Study.

Background Long-term musculoskeletal pain is a major, often undertreated, disabling health problem among an increasing number of older adults. Reflective STRENGTH-giving dialogues (STRENGTH) may be a tool to support older adults living with long-term pain. The main aim of this pilot study was to investigate the immediate and longitudinal effect of the intervention STRENGTH on levels of pain, wellbeing, occurrence of depression symptoms, and sense of coherence (SOC) among community-dwelling older adults suffering from musculoskeletal pain compared to a control group. Methods The study was semiexperimental with an intervention group and a control group. The effect of a single STRENGTH intervention was reported on the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) regarding pain and wellbeing. To evaluate the longitudinal effect of STRENGTH, using the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF), the Geriatric Depression Scale-20 (GDS-20), SOC-13 at baseline (T1), and six months after the intervention/no intervention (T2), a total of 30 older adults, aged 72 to 97 years (Mdn 86 years), were included consecutively and fulfilled the intervention series (n = 18) or untreated controls (n = 12). Results The intervention with STRENGTH decreases pain (NRS 6 Mdn versus NRS 4 Mdn, p < 0.001) and increases wellbeing (NRS 7 Mdn versus NRS 8 Mdn, p < 0.001). After a six-month study period with STRENGTH, no longitudinal effect difference was found compared to baseline. Compared to the control group, there was an increasing trend between decreased pain level and increased SOC level for STRENGTH intervention. Conclusions This pilot study supports STRENGTH's effect as a pain-alleviating model that provides a decrease in pain levels and an increase of wellbeing in older adults with long-term pain. STRENGTH dialogues could be a useful intervention to provide individually holistic care in older adults living with long-term pain.

Epilepsy characteristics and cognitive, social, and mood functions in relation to intrinsic religiosity

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to relate the Intrinsic Religiosity Inventory (IRI) with clinical epilepsy variables, the occurrence of depressive symptoms, and the quality of life (QoL) of 169 adult people with epilepsy (PWEs). Data were compared with those of a similar control group (CG) without psychiatric disorders, with p < 0.05. ResultsA higher intrinsic religiosity (IR) was observed in PWEs when compared with the CG. Impairment in multiple cognitive domains was found in 41 (24.2%) cases, and a score >15 in the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy was observed in 44 (26%) cases. In PWE, a greater IR was associated with the use of more than one antiepileptic drug (AED), epileptiform activity (EA) in the left hemisphere, temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS), and the absence of depressive disorders. An early age of onset and the social functioning dimension of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31) were the predictive factors for a higher IR in the linear multivariate regression analysis. ConclusionThe IR was significantly higher in PWE. A higher IR was related to TLE-HS, EA in the left hemisphere, later onset of epilepsy, a better performance in the semantic verbal fluency (SVF) test, and the absence of depressive disorders, suggesting a complex neurophysiological relationship involving multiple factors.

Depression-free after Interferon-α exposure indicates less incidence of depressive disorder: A longitudinal study in Taiwan

BackgroundIFN-α-induced depression in patients undergoing hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment provides powerful support for the inflammation hypothesis of depression. Most studies have focused on the occurrence of depressive symptoms, but there has been no study yet in depression-free HCV patients receiving IFN-α. We hypothesized that HCV patients who did not develop depression after IFN-α exposure might have a lower incidence of depressive disorders after the IFN-α treatment. MethodsWe conducted a twelve-year population-based cohort study of chronic HCV patients who received IFN-α therapy. The data were obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The study cohort was patients without any depressive disorder nor antidepressant use before and during IFN-α therapy. They were matched randomly by age, sex income and urbanization at a ratio of 1:4 with the control cohort of HCV patients without IFN-α therapy. The follow-up started after the last administration of IFN-α, and the primary outcome was the incidence of depressive disorders after IFN-α therapy. ResultsA total of 20,468 depression-free subjects were identified from records of HCV patients receiving IFN-α therapy. Patients without IFN-α-induced depression were associated with a significantly lower incidence (per 10,000 person-years) of new-onset depressive disorders (126.8, 95% Confidential Interval [CI] of 118.5–135.6) as compared to the control cohort (145.2, 95% CI of 140.0–150.6) (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, income, urbanization and comorbid diseases, the crude hazard ratio for the incident depressive disorder was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.80–0.87) and the adjusted hazard ratios was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72–0.87) for IFN-α-induced depression-free subjects as compared to the controls. DiscussionOur study indicates that IFN-α treated depression-free patients have a lower risk for depressive disorders. This hypothesized mechanism might derive from an IFN-α-induced resilience factor as yet to be defined. ConclusionsOur study might suggest a new possibility for a new pharmacological strategy against depression.

Association of e-health literacy and social support with depressive symptoms among female nursing students

Objective To explore the relationship between eHealth literacy and social support and depressive symptoms in female nursing students, and to provide a reference for improving the mental health of female nursing students. Methods In November 2019, 1 115 female nursing students from freshmen to junior years in four medical colleges in Changsha were investigated eHealth Literacy Scale, Perceived Social Support Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scales and demographic information questionnaire. Results The detection rate of depressive symptoms in female nursing students was 20.1%(224/1 115), and the qualification rate of eHealth literacy was 29.2%(326/1 115). The incidence of depressive symptoms were higher in female nursing students with urban household registration and their parents with high school education and above and poor family economic status (χ 2 = 9.46, 20.02, 7.16, 12.40, P <0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that poor eHealth literacy and low social support were positively correlated with depressive symptoms in female nursing students ( OR = 3.16, 3.65, P <0.05). There was a correlation between the interaction of eHealth literacy and social support with depressive symptoms. In the same type of social support, the lower eHealth literacy level, the greater the risk of depressive symptoms was for female nursing students ( P <0.05). Conclusion Health literacy and social support are the influencing factors of depressive symptoms in female nursing students. The occurrence of depressive symptoms can be reduced by improving the level of electronic health literacy and social support. 【摘要】 目的 探讨护理专业女生电子健康素养和社会支持与抑郁症状的关联, 为提高护理专业女生心理健康水平 提供参考。 方法 2019 年 11月, 采用电子健康素养量表、领悟社会支持量表、流调中心抑郁量表、社会人口学信息调查 表, 对多阶段整群抽取的长沙市 4 所医学院校大一至大三年级 1 115 名护理专业女生进行调查。 结果 护理专业女生抑 郁症状的检出率为 20.1% (224/1 115), 电子健康素养合格率为29.2% (326/1 115)。生源地为城镇、父/母受教育程度为高 中及以上、家庭经济状况较差的护理专业女生抑郁症状检出率较高 (χ 2 值分别为 9.46, 20.02, 7.16, 12.40, P 值均<0.05)。 多因素 Logistic 回归分析显示, 电子健康素养不合格和低社会支持均与护理专业女生抑郁症状呈正关联 ( OR 值分别为 3.16, 3.65, P 值均<0.05)。电子健康素养和社会支持的交互作用与抑郁症状之间的相关有统计学意义, 相同社会支持情况 下, 电子健康素养不合格, 护理专业女生抑郁症状发生风险大 ( P 值均<0.05)。 结论 电子健康素养和社会支持是护理专 业女生抑郁症状的影响因素。提高电子健康素养水平和社会支持有助于降低抑郁症状的发生。

Mediating Effects of Specific Types of Coping Styles on the Relationship between Childhood Maltreatment and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Undergraduates: The Role of Sex.

Although childhood maltreatment is known to be associated with depressive symptoms, few studies have investigated the mediating effect of different types of coping styles on this association. It is unknown whether the impacts vary by sex. We investigated the mediating effects of different coping styles on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms among Chinese undergraduates, as well as the role of sex in the mediated pathways. A total of 7643 college freshmen and sophomores (5665 females, 1978 males; 4215 freshmen, 3428 sophomores; mean age, 19.67 years) from two colleges in China completed a standard questionnaire on the details of childhood maltreatment, depressive symptoms, and coping styles. Childhood maltreatment was significantly correlated with all coping styles and depressive symptoms studied (p < 0.001). Problem solving, self-blame, help seeking, problem avoidance, and rationalization mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms. The estimated ratio of the effect of childhood maltreatment on the occurrence of depressive symptoms can be explained by the mediation of problem solving, self-blame, help seeking, problem avoidance, and rationalization, which accounted for 15.1%, 25.6%, 7.4%, 1.6% and 1.6% of the total effect, respectively. Sex differences were found to have mediating effects on coping styles in terms of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms. The findings illustrate the need to focus on coping styles and to employ sex-specific methods to effectively help college students reduce depressive symptoms associated with childhood maltreatment.

Post-traumatic stress disorder in train crash survivors in Italy: the role of mood spectrum dysregulations and intrusiveness.

To explore relationships among post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive spectrum symptoms, and intrusiveness in subjects who survived the crash of a train derailed carrying liquefied petroleum gas and exploded causing a fire. A sample of 111 subjects was enrolled in Viareggio, Italy. AMOS version 21 (IBM Corp, 2012) was utilized for a structural equation model-path analysis to model the direct and indirect links between the exposure to the traumatic event, the occurrence of depressive symptoms, and intrusiveness. Subjects were administered with the SCID-IV (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV), the Questionnaire for Mood Spectrum (MOODS-SR)-Last Month version, the Trauma and Loss Spectrum Questionnaire (TALS-SR), and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised version (IES-R). Sixty-six (66/111; 59.4%) subjects met SCID-IV criteria for PTSD. Indices of goodness of fit were as followed: χ2/df = 0.2 P = .6; comparative fit index = 1 and root mean square error of approximation = 0.0001. A significant path coefficient for direct effect of potential traumatic events on depressive symptoms (β = 0.25; P < .04) and from depressive symptoms to intrusiveness (β = 0.34; P < .003) was found. An indirect effect was also observed: standardized value of potential traumatic events on intrusiveness was 0.86. The mediating factor of this indirect effect path was represented by depressive symptoms. Potential traumatic events explained 6.2% of the variance of depressive symptoms; 11.8% of the variance of intrusiveness was accounted for traumatic event and depressive symptoms. Path analysis led us to speculate that depression symptoms might have mediated the relationship between the exposure to potential traumatic events and intrusiveness for the onset of PTSD.

Medical and socio-demographic determinants of depressive disorders in diabetic patients.

Diabetes is a civilisation disease creating a serious challenge for public health. In Poland, approximately 2 million people suffer from diabetes, of which about 25% are unaware of their illness. A considerable part of persons with diabetes experience complications related with the disease. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between elements of the state of health and socio-demographic characteristics of diabetic patients treated in the Diabetes Clinic at the Institute of Rural Health (IMW) in Lublin, eastern Poland, and the occurrence of depressive symptoms in these patients. The study was conducted in 2017-2018 among patients treated in the Diabetes Clinic at the Institute of Rural Health in Lublin, by the method of a diagnostic survey using the Beck's Depression Inventory and an author-constructed questionnaire, as well as data from the patients' medical records. The study included 314 patients from the Diabetes Clinic who expressed their informed consent to participate in the research. The study showed that diabetes is a disease which predisposes for the occurrence of depression. The occurrence of depressive symptoms of various degrees of intensity was confirmed in more than a half of the examined patients. Among the factors which exerted a significant effect on the occurrence of depressive symptoms were: diabetic neuropathy, type 2 diabetes, high BMI value, lack of occupational activity, poor material standard, and the need to obtain assistance in daily functioning due to the fact of being ill with diabetes. It is necessary to implement routinely performed examinations into the diagnostic-therapeutic process to assess the state of psychological health of diabetic patients, which would allow sufficiently early application of appropriate psychological or psychiatric intervention.

Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

PurposePatients with diabetes are at increased risk of developing depression. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of depressive symptoms in patients with type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), including the association with different independent sociodemographic and clinical variables.Patients and MethodsThe studies were carried out on 618 people, including 115 patients with T1DM and 215 patients with T2DM and 288 people without diabetes constituting two control groups. Subjects were characterized in terms of sociodemographic, clinical and biochemical aspects, and the occurrence of depressive symptoms using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was determined. In the logistic regression analysis, the correlations between BDI score and with independent variables such as sex, age, body mass index, duration of diabetes, HbA1c level, diabetic complications and mean arterial pressure were examined.ResultsThe mean BDI score was significantly higher in women and men with T1DM and T2DM compared to controls. In diabetic patients, depressive symptoms occurred more often in women than in men. Among patients with T1DM, the incidence of depressive symptoms was 17.5% of the women and 8.6% of the men and in patients with T2DM, the incidence of depressive symptoms was revealed in 28.9% of the women and in 19.8% of the men. In patients with T1DM and T2DM, the occurrence of depressive symptoms increases with age, HbA1c level and complications, and the risk of depressive symptoms turned out to be almost three times higher in women than in men with T2DM.ConclusionThe prevalence of depressive symptoms in diabetic patients is higher than in non-diabetics. Depressive symptoms account for 13% of the patients with T1DM and 24.7% of the patients with T2DM. The risk of depressive symptoms in T1DM and T2DM increases with age, HbA1c level and the presence of complications, and it is gender-related in T2DM only.

Forekomst, variasjon og kjønnsforskjeller av depressive symptomer blant barn og unge som deltar i ulike fritidsaktiviteter, en tverrsnittstudie

Prevalence, variation and gender differences of depressive symptoms among children and adolescents participating in various leisure activities, a cross-sectional study&#x0D; Depressive symptoms among children and adolescents pose a significant health challenge, yet little is known about gender differences, incidence and variation of depressive symptoms. A population-based sample of children and adolescents aged 11-14, (N = 1748) was mapped for the occurrence of depressive symptoms across various leisure activities. The results show that those who participate in sports, either exclusively or in combination with cultural activities, report lower levels of depressive symptoms compared to those who only participate in cultural activities. The study confirms a considerable incidence of depressive symptoms among children and adolescents and provide new knowledge of variation in the incidence of depressive symptoms. The findings suggest that special attention should be paid to children and adolescents neither participate in sports, nor a range of leisure activities.

Denial and Depression in Patients with Digestive System Cancer

To summarize our study results, in patients with digestive cancer, depression was more prevalent in patients with rectal cancer, a positive family history of psychiatric disorder, existence of pain, presence of somatization, and projection as parts of primitive defense mechanisms, and use of neurotic defense mechanisms. As denial scores increased, the prevalence of depression decreased. Denial had a protective effect on the occurrence of depressive symptoms and depression. Furthermore, depression was less prevalent among patients using mature defense mechanisms.

Correlation between Sleep Bruxism, Stress, and Depression-A Polysomnographic Study.

Background and objectives: Sleep bruxism is a common phenomenon that can affect approximately 13% of adult population. It is estimated that bruxism can be caused by three types of factors: biological, psychological, and exogenous. There are many scientific reports about the coexistence of bruxism, stress, and psychoemotional disorders. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible correlation between occurrence of sleep bruxism and perceived stress and depressive symptoms. Material and methods: The material of this study consisted of 77 patients of Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry operating at the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland in which after using guidelines of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine probable sleep bruxism was fund. Patients then underwent video-polysomnography. Exposure to perceived stress was evaluated with Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10). Occurrence of depressive symptoms was evaluated with Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: The analysis showed lack of statistically significant correlation between Bruxism Episodes Index (BEI) and Perceived Stress Scale–10 and Beck’s Depression Inventory scores (p = 0.64, p = 0.65; respectively), also when comparing study group (bruxers) and control group (non-bruxers) (p = 0.88, p = 0.77; respectively). Conclusion: Intensity of sleep bruxism was not statistically significantly correlated with self-reported perceived stress and depression. This issue requires further research.