Occurrence Of Conflicts Research Articles

Colonial State and the Transformation of Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Uasin Gishu County Up to 1963

Inter-ethnic hostilities have persisted over a considerable duration on a worldwide scale, originating from socio-economic and political issues. Ethnic conflict has been extensively documented in several African countries throughout the continent, spanning from the pre-colonial era to the colonial period. The occurrence of this ethnic conflict can be attributed to the policies implemented by the colonial state. Hence, the principal aim of this research was to document and examine the extent of the colonial state's engagement in the endeavor of mitigating inter-ethnic conflicts in Uasin Gishu County, particularly during the era preceding 1963. The primary objective of this study was to examine the impact of the colonial state on the development of inter-ethnic conflicts in Uasin Gishu County, specifically focusing on the period leading up to 1963. The research employed a historical methodology, incorporating primary and secondary data sources. The study incorporated a diverse range of primary data sources, such as annual reports, conclusions derived from appointed commissions, interviews conducted with key stakeholders, court judgments, and official government statistics. In addition, the study incorporated secondary materials. The sources encompassed a heterogeneous array of materials, including printed books, scholarly papers, and unpublished archival documents. The study was positioned within the existing body of literature by incorporating these sources. Land alienation and the subsequent establishment of settler farms coupled with setting up squiredom labour served to inadvertently lay the foundation for inter-ethnic friction. The study posits that the implementation of a holistic strategy that encompasses various actors from both the public and private domains is necessary to effectively tackle the root causes of disputes and avert their recurrence in subsequent instances. Simultaneously, it is imperative to enhance regulations to dissuade the political class from employing land issues as a tactic to incite ethnic differences and escalate tribal wars within the designated region. The output of this research is expected to have a positive impact on various stakeholders, such as historians, policymakers, political bodies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and religious institutions. The aforementioned findings have the potential to make a significant contribution to the promotion of peace and justice in Uasin Gishu and similar contexts.

Effects of Teachers’ Interpersonal Conflicts on Their Motivation at Sec-ondary Level in Gilgit

The study was aimed to explore the teachers’ interpersonal conflicts and their motivation level. It also intended to determine the relationship and effects of teachers’ interpersonal conflicts on their motivation. The study was descriptive type of research and carried out in a quantitative manner. Population of the study encompasses all the teachers of the public sector lower secondary schools in Gilgit. There were 150 teachers appointed in 12 secondary schools. Random sampling technique was used and 100 teachers were randomly selected from the population for the study. A comprehensive questionnaire was developed for the teachers to explore the teachers’ interpersonal conflicts, motivation and their relationship. The questionnaire comprised two scales, one was conflict assessment scale and the second was motivation assessment scale. The data was collected by the personal visit of researcher and finally analyzed and tabulated by using SPSS 16th edition. Statistical operations like Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability, Correlation, and Regression analysis were used to analyze the data and find the results of intended objectives. The interpreted data shows that the majority of respondents which is 64% of total sample population were found in an average level. The collected teachers’ opinions explored that there are interpersonal conflicts which they are facing with their fellow workers, supervisors, students, and parents of teachers. The second finding of study was the motivation of teachers. The opinion given on the questionnaire by the teachers show that the majority of respondents have high motivation level. The last and main finding of the study explores the effects of teachers’ interpersonal conflicts on the motivation of teachers. The statistical measurements determine that there is a relationship among the interpersonal conflict and motivation of teachers and these conflicts affect their motivation level. The effects of conflicts on the motivation measured through regression were 8.1%. While this effect was significant at 0.01 level of significance (β= -0.26, t= -2.93). So, to decimate this effect it’s quite necessary for the organizations and institutions to take precautionary steps prior to the occurrence of conflicts and overcome the communication gaps. Awareness sessions and seminars may have positive indicators for the prevention of conflicts

Artisanal mining and its drivers in the South African context

In South Africa, Zama Zama mining is a colloquial term referring to artisanal mining. This type of mining is illegal, seeing that these mining activities are conducted without a mining license. Zama Zama mining is often associated with several social ills, for example, issues related to the miners’ health and safety, environmental deprivation, child labour and the occurrence of violence and conflict within the sector. South African mining companies and law enforcement officials tend to view the solution to these problems to lie in policing this sector but are achieving little success. This article suggests an alternative, more proactive approach by exploring the drivers of artisanal gold mining in South Africa and ascertaining the responsibilities of mining companies in mitigating the drivers. A re-examination of Zama Zama mining's marginalisation could replace the current reactive ways pursued through policing and criminalising the sector with more sustainable and proactive approaches to address the sector's problems.

Assessment of factors responsible for farmers-herders conflict in Benue state north central, Nigeria¬

Beyond the aggravating effects of climate change on both sedentary agrarian farming communities and the pastoral herders, are other man made factors, which could be seen in the persistent occurrence of farmers-herders conflicts in Benue State and across various parts of Nigeria, thus a clog in the wheel of progress to national development and cohesion. It was against this background that this study engaged conflict theory to examine the factors responsible for farmers-herders conflict in Benue State. The study employed Taro Yamane sampling technique on administered five-Likert scale questionnaire. Findings from study on the factors responsible for farmers-herders conflict reveals that encroachment on farm lands and crop destruction by cattle stands at (71.1%), Unemployment and poverty (62.9%),Communication barrier/Mutual distrust (64.2%), inadequate grazing reserves/Blockage of grazing routes (68.4%,), Raping/Kidnapping of women (59.4%), Land ownership tussle/ Indigenization (51.6%), Cattle rustling/Theft (26.6%) and Contamination of river bodies by cattle (71.9%). The deduction therefore is that majority of the respondents emphatically agreed with all the factors mentioned above as the major causes of the conflict in Benue and Nigeria in general. However, the opinions of most respondents out rightly rejected cattle rustling as a major cause of the conflict in the study area. The study recommends that the establishment of modern functional cattle ranches will significantly address the issues of grazing routes blockage and encroachment on farm lands/crop destruction which will drastically reduce or completely eliminate farmers-herders conflict in Nigeria. This study also recommends the urgent implementation of the National Young Farmers Scheme’ aimed engaging modern methods of farming by engaging 1,000 farmers from each of the 774 Local Government. That Federal government should evolve genuine and workable national strategies of disarming the armed killer herdsmen parading farming communities in Benue with sophisticated weapons of Ak47 to commit carnage, and rape against farming communities.

An ETA-Based Tactical Conflict Resolution Method for Air Logistics Transportation

Air logistics transportation has become one of the most promising markets for the civil drone industry. However, the large flow, high density, and complex environmental characteristics of urban scenes make tactical conflict resolution very challenging. Existing conflict resolution methods are limited by insufficient collision avoidance success rates when considering non-cooperative targets and fail to take the temporal constraints of the pre-defined 4D trajectory into consideration. In this paper, a novel reinforcement learning-based tactical conflict resolution method for air logistics transportation is designed by reconstructing the state space following the risk sectors concept and through the use of a novel Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA)-based temporal reward setting. Our contributions allow a drone to integrate the temporal constraints of the 4D trajectory pre-defined in the strategic phase. As a consequence, the drone can successfully avoid non-cooperative targets while greatly reducing the occurrence of secondary conflicts, as demonstrated by the numerical simulation results.

Pentingnya Pemahaman Multikulturalisme dalam Resolusi Konflik Pembangunan GKI Yasmin Bogor Guna Mewujudkan Keamanan Nasional

This paper aims to analyze the importance of understanding multiculturalism in knitting diversity into a force of peace in resolving conflicts over the construction of the GKI Yasmin house of worship, Bogor. The problem is focused on understanding multiculturalism on the formation of people's mindsets, attitudes and behavior. In order to approach this problem, theoretical references from Tilaar, Lawrence Blum, Baedhawy and Galtung are used. The data collected in this study are data obtained from field research through interviews, observation and documentation at the source of the conflict which were analyzed using qualitative methods. This study concludes that the understanding of multiculturalism is very decisive in the resolution of conflicts over the construction of the GKI Yasmin house of worship in Bogor City. This conclusion is based on the low understanding of multiculturalism in the Bogor City community and evidenced by the occurrence of horizontal conflicts. If this condition is left without efforts to resolve it, it will become a prolonged SARA conflict. In addition, weaknesses were also found in preventing conflict in the aspect of the role of local government in implementing regulatory policies that were not quite right.

Compliance and Anti-Corruption Mechanisms in Industries in the South Region of Brazil

The objective of this study was to identify the adherence of industrial companies to the criteria of the integrity program established in the anti-corruption law and the implementation of internal controls. Therefore, descriptive research was carried out, based on the application of a questionnaire, reaching a sample of 74 industries, 30% of which have been in operation for more than 41 years and 68% have family and/or mixed management. The results showed that the companies included in the sample have greater adherence to some criteria of the integrity program established by law, however, there are still opportunities for improvement in their control systems. When observing whether companies have a code of ethics, conduct and integrity, 51% have this document, 64% indicated that training on the subject takes place in the corporate environment and regarding the existence of an ethics committee or compliance and a whistleblower channel, the percentage of adherence can be considered relatively low, being 22% and 24%. When addressing the adoption of procedures and internal controls to avoid the occurrence of conflicts of interest and fraud, 50% of the companies have these procedures and 15% did not know how to respond. It was observed that Law 12.846/2013 is still little known, there is an awareness of its importance to reduce the risk of corruption, conflict of interest and increase the degree of transparency of actions, but at the same time, many entities do not yet have policies and procedures in place.

The effects of refugees’ camps on hosting areas: Social conflicts and economic growth

In this paper we study the effects of the establishment of refugees’ camps in Africa on the occurrence of protests and social conflicts by using geo-referenced panel data (2000–2014). We use 50x50 km cells as units of analysis and match data on the frequency of protests, armed conflicts and other organized violence events (based on GDELT and GED databases) with information on the location of camps contained in the UNHCR Camp Mapping Database. By using a counterfactual empirical strategy, we find that refugee camps significantly increase the occurrence of protests only in the initial period (2 years) while no statistically significant effect is detected in subsequent years. We interpret these findings as the asynchronous effect of two shocks associated with the presence of refugee camps: a sudden population shock which initially increases social tensions with the host-communities and a growth effect spurred by the increase in aggregate demand due to a public-spending shock and the progressive participation of refugees in the host socio-economic system. To support this hypothesis, we analyze the effect of hosting a camp on economic growth in the surrounding area (within 10 km from the camp). We find evidence that, on average, camps positively affect economic growth.

International Conflicts and Conflict Resolution: Periscoping the Role of the United Nations

It is the contention of realist scholars and thinkers that states in the international system have a natural inclination or proclivity to war. This position is anchored on their belief that the world is inherently anarchic and that, therefore, it is in the interest of states in the international system to be prepared at all times to defend themselves. Relying on the historical-descriptive methodology of content analysis, this paper argues that though conflicts are inevitable in international relations, the international community has put in place certain mechanisms to avoid the occurrence of violent and destructive inter-state conflicts in order to preserve the global system. It concludes that the United Nations is at the forefront of ensuring that international conflicts and war are avoided or at least prevented from assuming violent dimensions which would threaten global peace and security.

Polish Validation of a 14-Item Version of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS-14): Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties, and Clinical Correlates

Religious and spiritual (R/S) struggles are defined as the occurrence of tension, conflict, or strain that focus on matters of ultimate significance perceived by people as sacred. The widespread prevalence of R/S struggles and the growing demand for research in this area created the need for a brief tool. Recently, the 14-item form of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale was developed and validated (Exline et al. in Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2022a). Given the significance of the empirical research on R/S struggles, we implemented the project of structure verification, internal consistency confirmation, reliability, and nomological validation of the Polish variant of the RSS-14 through three separate studies. With respect to the internal structure of the RSS-14, the CFA from three studies confirmed the good fit of the six-factor model, very similar to the one obtained in the original version of the tool. Moreover, both the total score and the subscales had high reliability and acceptable stability over the three studies. With respect to the nomological analyses, R/S struggles were related negatively to life satisfaction, presence of meaning in life, self-esteem, social desirability, religious centrality, and positively with search for meaning, God’s disengagement, poorer health indicators, sleep problems, stress, and cognitive schemas (this category was the new element of our research). Polish 14-item version of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale seems a valuable tool to assess religious strains.

Sustainable use of forests

Sustainable use of forests

HISTORICAL, LEGAL AND WORLD VIEW BACKGROUNDS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF CONFLICTS

The article examines the main prerequisites for the appearance of conflicts in certain historical periods of human existence. The analysis of the main conditions for preventing the appearance of conflicts in certain periods of the development of relations between people was carried out. The reasoning of thinkers and scientists, both from the past and the present, regarding the nature of the appearance of conflicts and the methods of resolving conflict situations has been studied. The main causes of legal conflicts, as a type of social and ideological conflicts in the context of their interaction, are determined. 
 Starting from the historical past, when certain relations between people were just being formed and born, many thinkers, activists and philosophers tried to understand the nature of the occurrence of conflicts and provided an explanation of the reasons for their appearance. During this period, an analysis of various types of conflicts was carried out, conclusions and advice on preventing the occurrence of conflict situations were made, and their works from the past were taken as a basis for further study of this phenomenon in the present. 
 Conflict is an important aspect of the interaction of people in society, it exists as long as there is a person himself, it is a common phenomenon of social life. Society will achieve more effective results in its actions if it does not turn a blind eyes to conflicts, but adheres to certain rules aimed at regulating them. The essence of these rules in the modern world is to prevent violence as a means of resolving the conflict, to achieve mutual understanding between the parties involved in the conflict. 
 The growth of conflict in society and on the planet requires a deep understanding of its nature, dynamics, the creation of certain regional, state and international structures that would investigate its manifestations and create special theoretical and practical methods and skills for conflict resolution. In order to study the nature of conflicts, it is necessary to bring together scientists from different sciences and fields: political scientists, sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, historians, teachers, economists, jurists, doctors, theologians, biologists and managers.

Social Change in Conflict Theory: A Descriptive Study

Conflict theory is one theory that is widely used to explain various phenomena of social change that occur in society. In its dynamics, various postulates in conflict theory are constantly evolving, such as the things behind the occurrence of conflict. This article aims to describe the phenomenon of social change in the postulates of conflict theory descriptively. The writing method in this article uses a qualitative descriptive method based on the data search method in the form of library research. From the results of the discussion, it is known that conflict itself is a necessity that will occur in people's lives to be able to change the socio-cultural conditions of the community. Conflict is a normal phenomenon and at a certain point is considered important to achieve a change.

Aceh Local Political Party: The rise, victory, and decline

Local political parties are one of the important mandates of the MoU Helsinki, which once became the realization of Aceh's peace. Their presence has significantly contributed to the development of post-conflict Aceh, and their victories in multiple Aceh political contests have guided Aceh's peace journey for the past seventeen years. However, the last election in Aceh in 2019 showed that the local political parties were starting to lose their power and become more powerless. Therefore, this study aims to describe the dynamics of local parties in Aceh, especially in relation to their rises, victories, and signs of decline. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive model. The data in this study were obtained from an in-depth interview and relevant literature review and then analyzed with an interactive model. This study shows, first, that the rise of local political parties in Aceh relates to and is inseparable from the context of peace post-MoU, which provided access for ex-GAM and the Acehnese community to form local political parties. Second, the strengthening of Acehnese ethnonationalism in post-conflict was able to be represented by local parties in various social and cultural symbols, which made them trusted by the Acehnese and led to victory in the election. Third, the decline of the local parties' power in the 2019 election is closely related to the failure of political actors to realize their promises while in power and the occurrence of various internal conflicts in their party organizations, which dropped community trust. At the same time, the local parties failed to pass on Acehnese ethnonationalism to the younger generation, and as a result, they are likely to lose voters.

PERSEPSI STAKEHOLDERSS TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN DESA WISATA DESA BELEQ SEMBALUN LAWANG KECAMATAN SEMBALUN KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

Beleq Village is the oldest village in Sembalun Lawang, Sembalun District, the potential of beleq village has a tourist attraction in the form of a culture that is still maintained authenticity, nature and also the daily activities of rural communities in general. However, the current condition due to the 2018 earthquake, the buildings of traditional houses and other facilities have been destroyed and have not been managed properly. This research uses a qualitative descriptive and quantitative descriptive approach. The focus of this study is to examine stakeholders' perceptions of the development of tourism villages, Beleq Sembalun Lawang Village, Sembalun District, East Lombok Regency. using cooper's theory of tourism destination development consisting of Attraction, Accessibility, Amenities, and Ancillary Service. Data collection using observation, interview, and questionnaire methods (Questionnaire). The results of the study based on questionnaires (Angket) and interviews showed stakeholders' perceptions of the development of tourism villages, Beleq Sembalun Lawang Village, Sembalun district, East Lombok regency. From the results of the questionnaire (Angket) after being calculated using the Interval scale which shows the average value is at a score of 3.43-4.23 that stakeholders are categorized as positive and very positive in the development of beleq village tourism village based on 4 aspects of tourism village development, namely acting as a tourist attraction actor, DTW manager, accessibility guard, lack of accessibility, as a manager and manager facilities such as lodging, general toilets. And the lack of an active role of society in managing additional services such as the occurrence of conflicts between groups. There are efforts that can be made to improve in the development of beleq village tourism villages, namely establishing good relations between stakeholders, improving the quality and quantity of tourist attractions.

Written Language Politeness (of Short Messages on Social Media) and Emotional Intelligence: A Study in Indonesia and Malaysia.

The use of written communication through short messages in social media on smartphone platforms has recently become a habit in social relations and communication. Language politeness and emotional intelligence are required by individuals, groups, communities, or institutions in conveying the contents of the messages, ensuring them to be perceived appropriately by their targets. Survey research was carried out on 173 respondents with Malay culture background in Indonesia and Malaysia using the Self-Rated Malaysian Emotional Intelligence Scale developed by with a reliability value of 0.922 for Malaysian respondents and 0.803 for Indonesian respondents as well as using a politeness scale developed based on Lakoff's linguistic politeness theory. The findings of the study demonstrated that culture may affect language politeness (F (3.169) = 5.759 and M2 = F (4.168) = 4.300, P<0.05). However, language politeness did not correlate to emotional intelligence, age, gender, and educational background. Consequently, the use of communication in short messages should consider the cultural background of both the sender and receiver. Cultural similarities may facilitate the understanding of the message's content and diminish the occurrence of communication issues or conflicts.

ACCOMMODATION OF SUNDANESE AND JAVANESE ETHNIC COMMUNICATION IN BANJAR CITY IN CREATING MULTICULTURAL INTEGRATION: A STUDY OF CROSSCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

This study aims to examine the communication process that occurs in the adaptation process of the Javanese ethnic community in Banjar City, West Java Province which in turn accommodation occurs in cross-cultural communication between the Sundanese ethnic community and the Javanese ethnic community in Banjar City which incidentally is one of the areas that has multicultural characteristics. In a multicultural society, the potential for conflict is very possible. A wise interethnic perception will minimize the occurrence of conflict. This research is designed with an interpretive paradigm using a qualitative-descriptive approach. The method used in this research is ethnographic method. The data was collected using introspective techniques, in-depth interviews, and document review using participant tracking techniques. The results of this study indicate that (1) perceptions and stereotypes between Sundanese and Javanese ethnic groups in Banjar City affected the process of cross-cultural communication; (2) the communication process that takes place in multiethnic society in Banjar City is divided into two characteristics, namely interactive communication and transactional communication.

Conflicts Management through On-line Education among China’s Universities During the COVID 2019

Conflicts are ubiquitous in many fields, including higher education. This present study is focused on a higher education institution with Chinese characteristics involved in the occurrence of conflicts every now and then. During the pandemic of COVID 2019, university authorities have taken strict countermeasure to prevent the epidemic from affecting campus life, but conflicts have occurred between the authorities and teachers, authorities and students, and students and teachers, to name a few. Referring to Thomas- Kilmann conflict model, this paper puts forward strategies for conflict management to members and leaders in higher education institutions in order to solve possible unexpected conflicts.

Changing behavior: Can intervention design from the public health sector help solve the problem of fishing gear conflict?

Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear is associated with significant environmental and socio-economic impacts. Gear loss can be attributed to environmental and operational factors. Gear conflict, which can result in the loss of gear due to interactions within or between fleet métiers, is a significant contributor to gear loss in some fisheries. Traditionally interventions aiming to reduce the occurrence of gear conflict have been designed without a systematic approach and with minimal analysis of the fisher behaviors which lead to gear conflict. This study uses the Behavioral Change Wheel (BCW), a well-established intervention design framework originating from the UK health sector, and applies it for the first time in a fisheries management context in an attempt to understand the specific intervention functions and policy categories which could be used to reduce or avoid the occurrence of gear loss through gear conflict. Through a series of open-ended interviews with static and mobile fishers, ten behaviors were identified which were associated with either the prevention or mitigation of gear conflict (communication between sectors/individuals, marking fishing gear, moving gear when/if requested, adjusting fishing patterns to account for known gear positions, adherence to spatial separation agreements, regular gear maintenance, regular hauling of static gear, reporting snagged static fishing gear, bringing snagged fishing gear back into harbor, and attempting to locate lost fishing gear). While some of these behaviors (such as sharing details of fishing activities and locations) were found in both static and mobile fleet métiers, other behaviors were unique to specific fleet segments (e.g. gear marking behavior from static gear fishers). Analysis of the behavioral subcomponents of each behavior through the BCW framework reveal that intervention functions targeting fisher social and physical opportunities and automatic and reflexive motivations would be most effective when attempting to reduce the occurrence of gear loss between static and mobile métiers. Potential policy categories that would support this work include the introduction of guidelines, fiscal measures, regulation, legislation, environmental/social planning, and service provision- for example, the creation of behavioral contracts by fishers, enforced spatial management guidelines, and the creation of support structures for part-time fishers.

The Effect of Role Conflict and Transformational Leadership on Organizational Commitment with Job Satisfaction as a Mediation Variable on Members of the Regional Coordination Team in West Sumatra Province

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of role conflict and transformational leadership on organizational commitment with job satisfaction as a mediating variable in regional cooperation team members in West Sumatra Province. in the success of the Team's performance in carrying out tasks that are influenced by the job satisfaction provided by the team. The sampling technique was carried out using simple random sampling method with a total sample of 105 members. This study uses Partial Least Squares-Structural Equations Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the smartPLS 3 program. The results show that transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction while transformational leadership has no positive and significant effect on organizational commitment, then job satisfaction has no effect negative and not significant to organizational commitment then role conflict has no positive and not significant effect on job satisfaction then role conflict has no negative and not significant effect on organizational commitment and job satisfaction does not mediate the relationship between transformational leadership on organizational commitment and job satisfaction does not mediate role conflict towards organizational commitment. then the implication of this research is to evaluate work processes and leadership styles so as to reduce the occurrence of role conflicts with employees. This can be done by reducing the demands of job roles that exceed the resources of the employee. In addition, establishing better communication between employees and with superiors can also minimize the occurrence of role conflicts and it is hoped that leaders can improve ways of leading in order to increase employee satisfaction and performance because the benchmark for the success of an institution is joint success due to the satisfaction and performance of its employees. very good.