Objective Reasons Research Articles

Kajian Struktur dan Fungsi Bahasa Pada Produk Makanan dan Minuman Iklan Televisi Berdasarkan Analisis Wacana

The highest position at the linguistic level is discourse. Discourse is said to be the most complete unit of language. Discourse analysis is the study of message structure in communication. This research describes the structure and function of food and beverage products in television advertising. Researchers use a discourse analysis approach, with a qualitative research type. This research method is descriptive analysis, using listening and note-taking techniques. The data source in this research was obtained through food and drink advertisements. The research results show that there is an advertising structure consisting of the main points of the advertisement consisting of four propositions, namely: (a) providing benefits for potential consumers; (b) the title and subtitle sentences are product brands with foreign terms or seem unique; (c) question sentences to consumers; (d) orders to potential consumers to do something. The explanatory items consist of three propositions, namely: (a) subjective reasons; (b) objective reasons; (c) a mixture of subject and objective reasons. The closing points of the advertisement were developed into: hard techniques, soft techniques, and a mixture of hard and soft techniques. Apart from that, researchers obtained language functions which include: information function, persuasive function, and image building function for a product.

“If the End Justifies the Means, Then This Is Permissible…”: Academic Deviations of Russian Postgraduate Students in Socio-Humanitarian Areas

This article looks at academic deviation practices from the viewpoint of graduate students, as well as whether or not they find certain types of deviant behavior in science and education acceptable. The theoretical framework consisted of two mutually exclusive approaches to the interpretation of academic deviations: the normativist R. Descartes and the epistemic anarchism of P. Feyerabend. The study purpose is to evaluate graduate students in socio-humanitarian scientific specializations regarding the prevalence and attitude toward academic deviation. Main hypothesis: postgraduate students’ views regarding academic deviations, especially plagiarism, fall on a continuum, ranging from total denial to total acceptance. Research design: quantitativequalitative. Empirical base: online survey (1276 respondents, including 185 graduate students), 5 focus groups. Methods of analysis: cluster analysis using the k-nearest neighbors method, qualitative analysis of focus group materials. Main results. It was discovered that creating crib sheets was the most prevalent form of academic deviation among graduate students. Of the respondents, 66% selected “often” and “very often” as their options. The purchase of exams, abstracts, and coursework showed the least amount of variation. Ten percent of those surveyed said that graduate students used plagiarism frequently or extremely frequently. Based on their attitudes regarding plagiarism, five distinct groups could be identified using cluster analysis, three of which would be more tolerant of it. Simultaneously, two of the five groups place the blame on students, and three see plagiarism as a result of the educational system’s failure to some extent. Directions for further research are related to the analysis of other forms of deviation, for example, practices of academic collusion within a university, as well as a description of the objective reasons for graduate students committing academic deviations, consideration of the prevalence of academic deviations of graduate students as a sign of a crisis in the normative foundations of the institution of graduate school.

Clothing as a sociocultural phenomenon (based on materials from modern China)

The object of the study is clothing as a sociocultural phenomenon, a product of material and spiritual cultures. The evolution of clothing is closely related to sociocultural changes in society. The subject of the study is the transformation of clothing in China under the influence of political, economic, social, and aesthetic factors after the beginning of Chinese economic reform and opening up policy. The significant changes have taken place in Chinese clothing, the main of which was the transition from a uniform style of clothing for the whole country to a variety of fashion and styles, as well as the revival of traditional clothing. The transformation in the style and production cycle of clothing in China is based on objective (technology development, market laws, global fashion trends) and subjective reasons (psychology, personal preferences and aesthetic tastes of consumers). There is always a concept behind the behavior in clothes, and the desire for beauty is the main driving force behind the development of clothing. The social psychology of imitation and difference contributes to the spread of fashion trends in clothing. The author's special contribution to the topic is a detailed examination of the impact on the transformation of clothing of political, economic, sociocultural, aesthetic factors, as well as cultural exchanges and folk traditions. The author traces the sequence of fashion trends in China in recent decades. Сontemporary changes in Chinese clothing culture are not limited to simply borrowing Western trends, but are accompanied by the emergence of postmodern ideas and the promotion of the globalization process, which leads not only to the technological and design enrichment of clothing characteristics in China, but also to the growth of cultural awareness and the revivalization of traditional and local cultures.

Publicly available information on the creditworthiness of individuals in the Russian empire (historical and legal analysis)

Due to the establishment of the legal institute of reference offices on creditworthiness in the Russian Empire, entrepreneurs had the opportunity to order a certificate of creditworthiness of a potential counterparty; however, for objective reasons, this method was quite long in time. The information reflected in the certificate was confidential. The 19th – the early 20th centuries’Russia lacked the unified state public register of information characterising the financial reliability of trade turnover participants. The author investigates publicly available sources of obtaining data on the creditworthiness of the counterparty, the pre-revolutionary period merchants and industrialists could use to make a decision on concluding a contract, including with the terms of a credit transaction. The publicly available information on the creditworthiness of clients in the Russian Empire is information collected and stored in reference offices on creditworthiness, provided by the latter in various formats to interested parties. The article examines the methods of providing entrepreneurs with information borrowed from foreign practice and used in Russian trade. An important source of acquiring information about creditworthiness was data obtained from mass media. At the same time, the risks of the reliability of this information were assumed by the person using this information. When writing the article, the author studied a large array of periodicals, used scientific works of scientists of the pre-revolutionary period, and also studied archival documents, some of which had not been studied in the legal doctrine before.

Клінічний випадок пізньої корекції щілини твердого піднебіння в 11-річного хлопця з двобічною розщілиною губи і піднебіння

Clefts of the lip and palate remain one of the most common congenital malformations. Bilateral cleft is considered the most complex form of the defect. There is no consensus on the timing and method of surgical treatment. However, most publications focus on the two-stage method of defect closure and recommend complete correction by 24 months of age. This clinical case deviates from the commonly accepted approach to treating children with bilateral clefts of the lip and palate. The patient sought medical help at a late age, specifically at 11 years old, due to a number of subjective and objective reasons. The aim - based on a clinical case, analyze the timely and qualitative provision of medical care, the difference in the quality of life before and after surgical intervention in patients with the described pathology. The first stage was performed at the age of 2 years. After preoperative preparation, including antibiotic therapy guided by throat swabs, the patient underwent a series of surgical procedures, including complete dissection of soft palate muscles, intravelar veloplasty, formation of a Vomer flap, and meticulous closure of the palate defect layer by layer. One month after the surgery, the patient exhibited soft palate movements (which were absent before surgery), improved feeding, and continued speech therapy sessions, resulting in significantly improved pronunciation. Analysis of this clinical case will contribute to a better understanding of the approach to treating children with bilateral clefts of the lip and palate. Timely referral of patients for comprehensive treatment, including surgical correction, subsequent orthodontic treatment, speech therapy sessions, possible psychological rehabilitation, and so on, is crucial in children with bilateral clefts of the lip and palate. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Priority National Project – Healthcare: Financing, challenges, trends

Subject. This article discusses the problems of financing Russian healthcare and those related to the achievement of the targets of the specialized National Project Healthcare in 2024. Objectives. Based on the study of the Federal budget structure over time, as well as the results achieved within the framework of the implementation of the National Project Healthcare and the opinions of members of the Government of the Russian Federation, the article aims to find the main trend and the main problems of government financing of the industry. Methods. For the study, we used the historical method, analysis, systematization, and forecasting. Results. The article finds that the reduction in the budgets of national and federal projects related to healthcare in recent years is caused by objective reasons, but the paradigm of access to high-quality medical care for every Russian not only remains unchanged, but also receives proper government funding and high-quality development in accordance with the needs of modern society. Conclusions and Relevance. The problem of the lack of public sources to finance Russian healthcare has existed for a long time and, therefore, is not unexpected. In 2024, a budget sequestration is planned in conditions when at the end of 2023 the actual budget deficit exceeded the planned figure. In the context of the trend towards a decrease in public funding and taking into account the fact that 2024 is the year of the end of the National Project Healthcare, the achievement of the planned social development goals is at risk. The results of the study can be applied in the educational environment of higher education, in the scientific field, as well as for the development of new tools of government social and budgetary policies.

An Error Analysis of Chinese Characters Writing by Local Hungarian Learners of Chinese as Foreign Language

The shape of a Chinese character is a kind of square that is called a square word. The handwriting of Chinese characters is an important and difficult point. The situation is believed to be very different from that of the alphabetic script of Hungarian. This paper mainly studies and analyses Chinese writing errors by local Hungarian learners.This paper collects the exam papers of primary stage learners as original research materials, analyses the objective reasons for their errors, puts forth teaching suggestions corresponding to the features of the mistakes, and makes suggestions for reducing the writing errors of Chinese characters by local Hungarian learners.

Consistency and consensus checking and improving methods for group decision-making with hesitant fuzzy preference relations

Decision-makers (DMs) are often hesitant about the evaluations owing to objective or subjective reasons, and determined preference relations always have various limitations on the way that DMs express their evaluations. To address this, this study investigates the group decision-making (GDM) process with hesitant fuzzy preference relations (HFPRs), and develops the methods of consistency and consensus checking and improving processes. To do this, the definitions of best consistency index (BCI) and worst consistency index (WCI) are given. On account of this, the concept of acceptable additive consistent HFPR is proposed. Moreover, the methods of consistency and consensus measurement and improvement processes are introduced for GDM with HFPRs, which can automatically obtain effective and scientific consistency and consensus results. Furthermore, a priority method for HFPRs is employed to rank the alternatives. The procedure of the GDM problem with HFPRs is introduced in detail, and an example of selecting a potential supplier for a solar company is used to demonstrate the proposed method. Comparative analyses shows that the proposed method is more powerful for dealing with the hesitant and uncertain situations and greatly expands the information description scope.

Боевое снаряжение Южнорусской организации «Народной воли» в 1885–1886 годы

During 1885, the South Russian organization of “People’s Will” by the leadership of B. D. Orzhikh created its own bombs set and provided their storage. These bombs were create for demoralization of the tsarist government. Because of objective reasons caused by recovery of weakened party, the southern revolutionaries did not have time to start the full realization of their plans about bombs using. In reality, the main work focused on the consolidation of revolutionary forces and propaganda activities until the liquidation of the group during 1886–1887. The group of B. D. Orzhikh really had only programs, plans and bombs, but not a terror as such; as a result, it is appropriate to study these components separately. This article will examine the history of the creation, storage and destruction of bombs of the South Russian organization in the period 1885–1886.

«…Wishing to Take Due Precaution… and to Preserve the Honour and Decency of the Same City»: the Problem of the Sanitary Condition of 14th Century London and Attempts to Solve it

The article examines the problem of inadequate sanitary condition of the English capital in the 14th century and the attempts taken by official authorities – royal and municipal – to solve it, incl. against the backdrop of a plague epidemic. Based on the royal orders addressed to the London magistrate and the data from research literature, the author identifies and characterizes the main steps of the Crown and City administrations aimed at correcting the situation, considering, in particular, the history of the creation of two new cemeteries: East and West Smithfield and some controversial issues associated with it, for example, the problem of the authorship of the project, its implementation and the degree of the government’s participation in that. Estimates of the number, age and gender composition of the victims of the Black Death buried here are also provided. The results of the investigation lead the author to the conclusion that, despite its obvious significance, the issue of the neglected sanitary condition of London did not receive a comprehensive solution in the century under review, since it became relevant only if a critical level risked being reached, when, due to objective reasons, it could no longer be ignored. This also determined the impossibility of developing those few measures taken into a full-fledged state policy. At the same time, the need for changes in the field of municipal hygiene, aggravated by the epidemic, contributed to the intensification of public initiative, supported or directed by the monarch. Thus, a new impetus was given to the dialogue between the royal and municipal authorities in the development and implementation of a unified sanitation policy. In addition, addressing the topic under consideration is of great practical importance for reconstructing the picture of the daily life of a medieval city in an emergency and its preparedness for such trials making it possible to clarify the scale of the Black Death in London.

Features of the Mechanism of Gas-phase Ignition of Wood Biomass Particles

ABSTRACT Use of woody biomass instead of coal as fuel for thermal power plants (TPP) is considered a promising direction for reducing emissions of anthropogenic substances during the operation of coal-fired thermal power plants. But the process of replacing coal with wood in the thermal power industry is happening very slowly due to objective reasons. The main one is the deposition of particles that have not fully passed the pyrolysis stage (in this case, a layer of substance in a resinous state is retained in the wood particle) on heating surfaces (for example, superheaters) and a decrease in the efficiency of using the heat of combustion of fuel as a result of contamination of the heating surfaces. Therefore, when developing technologies for burning dispersed wood in the furnaces of boiler units, reliable experimental data are required on the characteristic times of ignition and combustion of woody biomass particles, taking into account the time of transition from local (focal) gas-phase ignition to the combustion of volatiles in the entire vicinity of the particle (tsf). The article presents the results of experimental studies of flame propagation processes in the small vicinity of a particle during the ignition period. The experiments made it possible to establish that the flame propagation velocity in the small vicinity of the particle significantly depends on the ambient temperature. It is shown that under conditions of low-temperature heating (air temperature Tg = 873 K), the propagation velocity of the combustion (flame) is minimal. An increase in Tg values (from 873 K to 1273 K) leads to a significant (4–5 times) increase in the time of complete flame coverage of the particle. According to the results of the experiments, two heating modes were identified: high-temperature and low-temperature with a conditional interface Tg = 873 K. At Tg = 873 K, the characteristic particle size of wood biomass has no significant effect on the characteristics and conditions of flame propagation in a small vicinity of the particle. An increase in the ambient temperature (up to 1273 K) leads to an increase in the influence of particle size on the characteristics and conditions of flame propagation. A hypothesis describing the process of flame propagation has been developed.

Study of the level of training future school physics teachers in methods of physics experiments

Introduction. Experiments are fundamental to the physics teacher’s profession, as well as to other natural science subjects. Knowledge of issues which arise in training students in educational physics experiment improves mastery of the subject. This fact accounts for the relevance of the study and the need to objectively monitor the quality of methodological and subject training of future physics teachers. The article, based on theoretical and experimental research, aims to analyze the level of students’ training, to find out and present objective and subjective reasons that influence the quality of future physics teachers’ mastery of the methods of school experiments, and, based on conclusions and consequences, to make recommendations for improving the educational process at higher education institutions. Methodology and methods. The study was conducted at Vyatka State University (Russia) among 78 students of pedagogical education course (with two training profiles: physics and computer science). The methodology included the organization of exploratory research through the constructed norms, knowledge and skills for the purpose of conducting internal monitoring of student training in educational physics experiment. Results. The study in various aspects revealed a low level of students’ acquisition of the didactic and methodological potential of experiments, and of experiments as a subject activity and as a means of teaching (methodological component). Only 30.8% of test takers were able to answer half the questions sufficiently correctly, and only 2.6% answered all the questions correctly. Only 30.8% gave a complete answer to one of the main research questions: “How are students’ activities organized during this demonstration experiment?” Conclusion. The study achieved its goal: the methodology for internal monitoring of the training level of future physics teachers in methods for organizing experiments was theoretically justified and tested. An in-depth study of the diverse didactic possibilities of educational experiments of forming the physics thinking and the scientific worldview of students is needed.

APPLICATION OF HYDROGELS FOR WATER SHUTOFF TREATMENTS. Message 1

Application of gels for well water shutoff has become a part of oilfield practice, and this direction is constantly evolving due to several objective reasons. The main reason is the growing water cut of well production, and repair and isolation operations using hydrogels occupy a worthy place in this segment of technological processes for limiting water inflow. The second reason for oilfield workers’ interest in hydrogels for water shutoff is related to the possibility of smooth regulation of their properties: they are injected with low viscosity, then mature in the required isolation interval, and their viscosity and structural-mechanical properties increase multiple times. The penetration ability of gelants (immature gels) into porous media far exceeds traditional cement slurries and synthetic curing resins. An important reason for the interest of scientists and engineers in the oil industry in hydrogels is the possibility of complexing technology: after injection they are reinforced by cement slurry or curing resins, which synergistically increases the effect of water isolation. Also, gel-forming compositions can be easily transformed into foam-gel compositions by simple manipulations, which increases their isolation efficiency. In terms of rheological characteristics, hydrogels, depending on whether they are based on organic or inorganic materials, have viscoelastic or viscoplastic properties. Organic-inorganic hybrid plugging materials combine both of these important properties, allowing hydrogels of different natures and structures to be used for targeted blocking of the source of water inflow.This article emphasizes the primary importance of determining the source of well watering, depending on which the treatment design is already built, and the appropriate materials are selected.

Penggunaan Souda, Youda, Rashii pada Kalimat Bahasa Jepang

This research aims to find out and examine the use of sentences containing souda, youda, rashii in Japanese sentences. The theory used in this research is Prof.'s structural syntax theory. Dr. H. Abdul Muis Ba'dulu, M.S. The data used in writing the article were obtained from Japanese language news sites. Data analysis was performed using descriptive qualitative research techniques. Based on the results of the study it was found that souda, youda, rashii could be used to predict events based on what the speaker felt, saw, and experienced. However, only Souda and Youda can predict something that is based on subjective reasons, while Rashii must use objective reasons when making a guess.

CoBjeason: Reasoning Covered Object in Image by Multi-Agent Collaboration Based on Informed Knowledge Graph

Object detection is a widely studied problem in existing works. However, in this paper, we turn to a more challenging problem of “ Covered Object Reasoning ”, aimed at reasoning the category label of target object in the given image particularly when it has been totally covered (or invisible ). To resolve this problem, we propose CoBjeason to seize the opportunity when visual reasoning meets the knowledge graph, where “ empirical cognition ” on common visual contexts have been incorporated as knowledge graph to conduct reinforced multi-hop reasoning via two collaborative agents. Such two agents, for one thing, stand at the covered object (or unknown entity ) to observe the surrounding visual cues in the given image and gradually select entities and relations from the global gallery-level knowledge graph which contains entity-pairs frequently occurring across the entire image-collection, so as to infer the main structure of image-level knowledge graph forward expanded from the unknown entity . In turn, for another, based on the reasoned image-level knowledge graph, the semantic context among entities will be aggregated backward into unknown entity to select an appropriate entity from the global gallery-level knowledge graph as the reasoning result. Moreover, such two agents will collaborate with each other, securing that the above Forward & Backward Reasoning will step towards the same destination of the higher performance on covered object reasoning. To our best knowledge, this is the first work on Covered Object Reasoning with Knowledge Graphs and reinforced Multi-Agent collaboration. Particularly, our study on Covered Object Reasoning and the proposed model CoBjeason could offer novel insights into more basic Computer Vision (CV) tasks, such as Semantic Segmentation with better understanding on the current scene when some objects are blurred or covered, Visual Question Answering with enhancement on the inference in more complicated visual context when some objects are covered or invisible, and Image Caption Generation with the augmentation on the richness of visual context for images containing partially visible objects. The improvement on the above basic CV tasks can further refine more complicated ones involved with nuanced visual interpretation like Autonomous Driving, where the recognition and reasoning on partially visible or covered object are critical. According to the experimental results, our proposed CoBjeason can achieve the best overall ranking performance on covered object reasoning compared with other models, meanwhile enjoying the advantage of lower “ exploration cost ”, with the insensitivity against the long-tail covered objects and the acceptable time complexity.

The Problem with Penmanship in the Bulgarian Education System

The article explains the essence of penmanship, how it is regulated by the Bulgarian language curriculum for primary school and the main problems related to the development of graphic skills. Analyzed are the methods used in teaching penmanship as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The existing violations and graphic errors are classified and the objective reasons for them are indicated. The principles that should be followed in penmanship are made meaningful to the reader. The article offers ideas for improving the teaching of penmanship in primary school.

MEDIATION AS A CONFLICT RESOLUTION TECHNOLOGY

Abstract. Todayʼs society is characterized by conflict as a permanent feature of a person, determined by both natural inclinations and social experience, and represents a threat to society. The article analyzes the conflict as a result of the struggle for status, attention, leadership, when the causes are intolerance, enmity, mistrust, inadequate expression of emotions, etc. The article also highlightssubstantive foundations of mediation technologies in conflict resolution, clarifiesthe role and functions of the mediator for the formation of skills in conflict resolution, and outlinesthe structure of the mediation procedure to ensure the partiesʼ communicative readiness for objective reasoning and making the right decisions for conflict resolution.

PARADIGM OF FRACTALITY OF URBAN SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CRISIS SITUATIONS

The methodology of spatial development of cities and urbanized territories over a certain historical time has objective reasons to change and it changes. Under the influence of challenges of geopolitical, demographic, social, economic, ecological content, which acquire the characteristics of crisis situations, formulation of new content of spatial planning methodology is carried out. Such processes of formulating the content of the new methodology took place at the beginning of the 20th century under the influence of the industrial revolution, such processes are taking place at the present time, in the era of the post-industrial economy and the digital transformation of society (the fourth industrial revolution). A characteristic feature of the modern situation is the lack of incremental nature of changes, they have acquired the features of non-linear processes, which in turn requires an exponential organization of research in urbanism. In turn, urban planning documentation must be adaptive to these changes. The content of fractal urbanism is revealed on the example of an urban cluster.

Development of Theoretical Approaches to Modern Document Studies in Linguistic School of Professor Sofiya P. Lopushanskaya

The article presents fundamental positions of the linguistic school by Sofiya P. Lopushanskaya, Professor of Volgograd State University, and describes their theoretical advancement as being applied in the discourse studies on "Document text: history and modern state". It explains that the study of business and administrative communication should be based on a clarified definition of the term document as its main constituent. The major goal of documental linguistics is to process a diverse linguistic analysis, discover objective knowledge and reason linguistic comprehension of the documental nature of communication. Within the framework of this review, some general principles of the document text analysis are presented. Firstly, they are statements on: the unity of the speech-making process approach; the interaction and coordination between language phenomena and speech production processes; extralinguistic determination of the modern document. Secondly, these statements were particularized in the linguistic school of Volgograd State University with the aim of introducing basic approaches to the study of the document text. They involve identifying the research object and its characteristics, analyzing a diverse range of texts to assess the genre and style productivity of the document text equally, and defining linguistic categories that are manifested in textual and lingual specificity. The article presents renewed facts on discursive and linguistic features of modern documents united by such text properties as consistency, structure, locality, peculiarities of the language representation of the author and addressee. It is noted that the text of the document can contain information of various qualitative types (factual, conceptual, subtextual), and it is the main constituent of the documental system and the business and administrative communication act. As the text reflects an objective and social reality, its compositional structure and semantic realization greatly depend on extralinguistic constrains. The profiles of the author (addresser) and addressee are presented as being reconstructed with the detailed observation of multi-level lingual and discursive means. The variability of the addressee profiles (the document text addressability) is presented in models of lexical, style, and text adaptation. The principles and methods of detailed description of the documet text specified in the article open up new opportunities and directions for studying document typology and distinguishing relevant features of the document communication.

Managing Technical Staff in a Modern Organization for Successful Business

An obstacle to the introduction of advanced technologies is the shortage of technology specialists. At this time, it is possible to slow down the economic growth of enterprises, as well as to reduce the competitiveness of companies. The reasons for the shortage of qualified personnel are: 1. High rate of introduction of advanced information technologies 2. Rapid growth of e-business 3. Lack of training programs The issue of increasing the effectiveness of personnel management in order to rationally use existing labor resources is very relevant. By stopping the hiring of new employees, managers try to retain technical staff. Issues of labor resource management are still insufficiently studied despite the existence of a serious theoretical and experimental basis. One of the objective reasons that hinders the development of research in this field is the lack of appropriate tools. Modern information technology is the basis that allows a person to expand the researcher's abilities when analyzing the problem under consideration. Managers' requirements for technical staff are determined by: a. Knowledge and experience of working in the existing specialty b. Knowledge of the sales market c. Clarification in the production technologies of a foreign country d. Using them at work There are many categories and within each category there are many different areas, both technical and creative. Engineering and technical personnel can be trained in various directions, such as mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemical technology, biotechnology, automation, construction, architecture, electrical and radio engineering, food technology, consumer goods research, mechanical engineering, metallurgy, automation, energy, assistance in the adoption of transport process technologies, Thermal energy and heating engineering, personnel training for radio-electronic systems, aircraft engine designers, future fashion designers and other fields. Today young people believe that technical professions are not as prestigious as, for example, a web designer or a photographer. Keywords: technical staff, personnel management, successful business, modern organization.