Obese Middle-aged Women Research Articles

Obesity and Brain Health: The Impact of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Cognitive Performances in Middle-Aged Obese Women.

Mid-life obesity has been reported to be a significant risk factor for later-life dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been suggested to have an adverse effect while cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been suggested to have a protective effect on cognitive function of older adults. However, studies investigating such effects in middle-aged obese women are limited. To compare cognitive performances between obese and normal weight middle-aged women and examine the effects of MetS and CRF on cognitive performances when combined with obesity. Cross-sectional study with the data of 87 middle-aged women (58 obese and 29 normal weight, with age and education matched). The non-invasive screening method for metabolic syndrome (NIM-MetS) was used to detect MetS. CRF was determined by using maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and was classified as high or low (VO2 max higher or lower than 50th percentile) based on the American College of Sports Medicine's guidelines. Neurocognitive tests including Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), digit span (DS), trail making test (TMT), hand reaction time (HRT), logical memory (LM), and semantic verbal fluency test (SVFT) were administered to all participants. The obese group demonstrated significantly lower score in MoCA, DS, TMT, HRT, and LM than the normal weight group (p < 0.05). The obese with MetS subgroup (n = 28) showed significantly lower score in LM than the obese non-MetS subgroup (n = 30) (p = 0.002). Normal weight with high CRF participants (NW-high CRF; n = 28) demonstrated significantly higher score in MoCA and HRT than obese with high CRF participants (OB-high CRF; n = 24) (p < 0.05), and demonstrated better score in MoCA, DS, TMT, HRT, and LM than obese with low CRF participants (OB-low CRF; n = 24) (p < 0.05). OB-high CRF showed significantly greater score in DS, TMT and LM than OB-low CRF (p < 0.05). Obesity shows negative impact on several cognitive functions, which memory appears to be further affected when combined with MetS in middle-aged women, whereas CRF is suggested to have benefit on certain aspects of cognitive domains. Maintaining a healthy body weight and improving CRF are beneficial for cognitive function of middle-aged women.

GX 복합운동프로그램이 비만중년여성들의 혈중지질 및 APG에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to find out how the blood lipids and APG of obese middle-aged women are affected by the 8-week GX complex exercise program. The subjects of the study were randomly assigned to 20 obese middle-aged women, 10 exercise group, and 10 control group, respectively. Among the obese middle-aged women, both exercise groups participated in the same GX complex exercise program. As a result of performing GX compound exercise for 8 weeks, as a result of performing GX compound exercise for 8 weeks, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C changes in blood lipids were measured in the exercise group. TG showed a significant difference, TC for timing*group, HDL-C for timing and timing*intergroup showed that there was an interaction effect. LDL-C was found to have a significant difference in the period and the interaction effect in the period*group. TG showed no significant difference and no interaction effect in all factors. As a result of performing GX complex exercise for 8 weeks, the change in APG decreased after measurement compared to before measurement and there was a significant difference in the group, and time*group. It was found that there was an interaction effect in the liver. In summary, the results of the GX complex exercise program showed positive results in blood lipids, and APG. Therefore, it is considered to be an exercise program suitable for obese middle-aged women who want to participate in the GX complex exercise program.

로잉에르고미터 인터벌 트레이닝이 비만중년여성의 신체조성 및 유산소성 능력에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rowing ergometer interval exercise on body compositions and aerobic capacity in obese middle-aged women. Statistical Data was processed by SPSS(Windows Version 12.0) using descriptive statistics regarding the physical characteristics of subjects as well as each variables(body compositions, aerobic capacity). The difference of within and between in two group was analyzed repeated measures ANOVA, significant level was set a=.05. The results were as follows: Body Compositions, there was significant difference according to the measurement, Aerobic capacity the results, there was significant difference according to the measurement. From the results, We findings suggest that obese middle-aged women could improve their body compositions and aerobic capacity through rowing ergometer interval exercise program.

비만중년여성의 동영상 콘텐츠를 활용한 홈 트레이닝이 스트레스효소, 비만도 및 생리적 특성에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stress enzymes, obesity, and physiological characteristics changes in obese middle-aged women by using video content exercise methods. Exercise using video content was 50 minutes a day for a total of 8 weeks, and the following conclusions were obtained. There was a significant difference between the groups in α-amylase, a stress enzyme, and there was an interaction effect between the measurement period × the group. In addition, as the result of the decrease in body weight in the degree of obesity, there was an interaction effect between the measurement period × the group. The body fat percentage showed a significant difference according to the measurement period, and there was an interaction effect between the measurement period × the group. There was no significant effect on BMI. In the change of physiological characteristics, TC showed an interaction effect between measurement period × group, and TG showed no significant effect. Therefore, fitness bag exercise using YouTube reduced stress enzymes in obese middle-aged women, improved obesity and showed positive changes in physiological characteristics. Even if middle-aged obese women cannot participate in the exercise center due to the recent corona virus, if their will and active participation are supported, they will be able to show the effect of exercise at home.

Effects of Power Walking on Body Composition and Vascular Compliance in Inactive, Smoking, and Obese Middle-aged Women

본 연구는 파워 워킹이 비활동적이면서 흡연을 하는 비만 중년여성을 대상으로 신체조성과 혈관 탄성에 미치는 영향을 규명 하는데 있다. 대상자들은 D 광역시 콜 센터에 근무하는 자들로 흡연을 시작한 지 6년 이상이었고, 규칙적인 스포츠활동에 참여하지 않았으며, 비만 이외에 어떠한 질환도 없었다. 실험 목적과 절차를 충분히 설명한 후 자발적으로 참여 의사를 밝히 18명을 대상으로 파워 워킹 운동프로그램을 적용하였다. 개인별 운동강도는 폴라 측정기를 이용하여 컨트롤 하였으며, 1-3주 50%HRmax, 4-6주 60%HRmax로 설정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 신체조성의 변화는 파워 워킹 참여 후 체중, 체지방율, BMI에서 유의한 감소를 보였다(p<.05). 둘째, 혈관 탄성의 변화는 파워 워킹 참여 후 오른손, 왼손, 오른발, 왼발에서 유의한 증가를 보였다(p<.05) 따라서 비활동적이면서 흡연을 하는 비만 중년여성에게 규칙적인 파워 워킹은 체중과 체지방을 감소시키고, 혈관 기능을 개선 시켜 건강한 일상생활을 하는데 필수적인 운동요법이라고 할 수 있다.This study aims to examine the effects of power walking on body composition and vascular compliance in inactive, smoking, and obese middle-aged women. At the time of this study, the subjects were working for a call center in D metropolitan city, had been smoking for six years or more, were not participating in regular sports activities, and had no diseases besides obesity. After fully explaining the experimental purpose and procedure, a power walking exercise program was conducted with 18 total subjects who voluntarily agreed to participate in the program. The individual exercise intensity was controlled by using a polar measuring instrument. Applying 50% HRmax for 1-3 weeks and 60% HRmax for 4-6 weeks, the results were obtained as follows. First, regarding the change in body composition, there were significant decrease in weight, body fat percentage, and BMI after participating in the power walking (p<.05). Second, regarding the change in vascular compliance, there were significant increase in the right hand, left hand, right foot, and left foot after participating in the program (p<.05). Such results imply that regular power walking may be an essential exercise therapy for healthy daily life by reducing both weight and body fat percentage, as well as improving vascular function in inactive, smoking, and obese middle-aged women.

점핑 에어로빅댄스 운동이 중년 비만 여성의 아디포넥틴, HOMA-IR에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12weeks jumping aerobic dance exercise on adiponectin, HOMA-IR and % body fat in obese middle-aged women. Subjects with over 30% body fat were classified into two groups; exercise (n=15) and control group (n=15). Blood sample were drawn before and after 12 weeks exercise, and plasma glucose, insulin, adiponectin, HOMA-IR were measured. The exercise protocol was conducted 60 minute/day, 5days a week for 12weeks. The results were summarized as follows. Plasma glucose, insulin levels and HOMA-IR were significantly reduced, % body fat, was significantly decreased in exercise group, too. Adiponectin were significantly increased in exercise group. The results of this study indicate that h jumping aerobic exercise help the insulin resistance prevention and may lessen risk of inflammatory response.

Identification of Informative Physical Condition Indicators for Self-Training Exercise Programs Design for Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Women

The objective of this study was to identify informative anthropometric and functional indicators for design- ing self-training exercise programs for middle-aged obese women. The study involved 105 women with an average age of 38.9 and was conducted at the Scientific Research Institute of NUPESU. The physical fitness profile of the middle-aged overweight and obese women was assessed by use of factor analysis. The dom- inant factor was the anthropometric status (42.1% of the total variance) and included 14 indicators. The second factor (21.2% of the total variance) included ten indicators characterising functional state of the cardiorespiratory system. The third and fourth factors (18.1% of the total variance) included eight indica- tors characterising physical fitness and coordination abilities. Five indicators were selected based on the factor analysis: waist circumference, abdominal circumference, waist to hip circumference ratio, adaptation potential, and VO 2 max. Correlation analysis performed to verify the informative value of the selected mark- ers showed that the waist circumference significantly correlated with 28 studied indicators; the abdominal circumference correlated with 29 indicators; the waist to hip circumference ratio correlated with 24 indica- tors of physical condition; the adaptation potential correlated with 24 indicators; and VO 2 max significantly correlated with 18 indicators. Informative markers selected based on the factor and correlation analyses can be used for designing and assessing the effectiveness of physical exercise programs for middle-aged overweight and obese women.

The response of TNF-α, IL-6 serum levels and lipid profiles to two aerobic training frequencies with the same volume in obese middle-aged women with type 2 diabetic

هـدف: تحقیـق حاضـر بـا هـدف مقایسـۀ اثـر دو توالـی مختلـف تمریـن هـوازی بـا حجـم یکسـان و مانـدگاری پـس از آن بـر سـطوح سـایتوکاینهای التهابـی 6-IL،ب α-TNF و نیمـر خ لیپیـدی در زنـان چـاق مبتـا بـه دیابـت نـوع دو انجـام گرفـت. روشهـا: بدینمنظـور، 36 زن چـاق مبتـا بـه دیابـت نـوع دو بهصـورت تصادفـی بـه سـه گـروه مسـاوی 12 نفـره تقسـیم شـدند. گـروه یـک و دو بـه مـدت 8 هفتـه )گـروه یـک= 3 جلسـه و گـروه دو= 6 جلسـه در هفتـه، بـا حجـم یکسـان( تمریـن هـوازی بـا شـدت 60 تـا 75 درصـد ضربـان قلـب بیشـینه انجـام دادنـد. نمونهگیریهـا در مرحلـۀ پیشآزمـون، 48 سـاعت و دو هفتـه پـس از آخریـن جلسـۀ تمرینـی انجـام گرفـت. در ادامـه متغیرهـای بیوشـیمیایی بـا روش االیـزا اندازهگیـری شـد. بـرای مقایسـۀ نتایـج درونگروهـی از آزمـون تحلیـل واریانـس بـا اندازهگیـری مکـرر همـراه بـا آزمـون تعقیبـی بونفرونـی و بـرای بررسـی نتایـج بینگروهـی از تحلیـل واریانـس یکراهـه بـا آزمـون تعقیبـی توکـی اسـتفاده شـد. نتایــج: پــس از 8 هفتــه مداخلــه، نتایــج درونگروهــی در متغیرهــای 6-IL،ب α-TNF ،بTG و کلســترول تــام تنهــا در گــروه تمرینــی یــک، در پسآزمــون و مانــدگاری در مقایســه بــا پیشآزمــون کاهــش معنــادار نشــان داد )05/0>P .)همچنیــن نتایــج بینگروهــی نشــاندهندۀ اختــاف معنــادار متغیرهــای مذکــور بیــن گروههــای یــک بــا کنتــرل و یــک بــا دو بــود )05/0>P)؛ درحالیکـه بیـن گـروه دو بـا کنتـرل در مراحـل پسآزمـون و مانـدگاری اختـاف زیادی مشـاهده نشـد )05/0 P .)میـزان مانـدگاری کاهـش در متغیـر وزن، چربـی بـدن، شـاخص تـودۀ بدنـی، نسـبت بـه مرحلـۀ پیشآزمـون تنهـا در گـروه یـک، همچنـان معنـادار بـود )05/0>P.) نتیجهگیــری: نقــش تمریــن ورزشــی بــا مــدت زمــان بیشــتر نســبت بــه تکــرر در جلســات تمرینــی کوتاهمــدت میتوانــد موجــب تعدیــل بهتــر 6-IL،ب α-TNF و نیمــر خ لیپیــدی در زنــان چــاق مبتــا بــه دیابــت نــوع دو شــود.

Are changes in meniscus volume and extrusion associated to knee osteoarthritis development? A structural equation model

To explore the interplay between (changes in) medial meniscus volume, meniscus extrusion and radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) development over 30 months follow-up (FU). Data from the PRevention of knee Osteoarthritis in Overweight Females study were used. This cohort included 407 middle-aged women with a body mass index ≥27kg/m2, who were free of knee OA at baseline. Demographics were collected by questionnaires at baseline. All menisci at both baseline and FU were automatically segmented from MRI scans to obtain the meniscus volume and the change over time (delta volume). Baseline and FU meniscus body extrusion was quantitatively measured on mid-coronal proton density MR images. A structural equation model was created to assess the interplay between both medial meniscus volume and central extrusion at baseline, delta volume, delta extrusion, and incident radiographic knee OA at FU. The structural equation modeling yielded a fair to good fit of the data. The direct effects of both medial meniscus volume and extrusion at baseline on incident OA were statistically significant (Estimate=0.124, p=0.029, and Estimate=0.194, p<0.001, respectively). Additional indirect effects on incident radiographic OA through delta meniscus volume or delta meniscus extrusion were not statistically significant. Baseline medial meniscus volume and extrusion were associated to incidence of radiographic knee OA at FU in middle-aged overweight and obese women, while their changes were not involved in these effects. To prevent knee OA, interventions might need to target the onset of meniscal pathologies rather than their progression.

Incidence and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Profile in Obese and Non-obese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus subjects aged between 30 and 80 years in the polyclinic, in an Omani Population: ICD OMAN a Decade-Long Bawshar Study

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke are the major cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among populations with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Objective: To identify the incidence and cardiovascular risk factor profiles of obese and non-obese Omani T2DM patients aged between 30 and 80 years followed since ten years in the polyclinic. Design: An observational longitudinal retrospective cohort design was used. Setting: A secondary care polyclinic in Bawshar, Muscat, Oman, was utilized where DM patients were seen three days a week. Sample Size: A Convenient sample of 130 patients with T2DM between 1st November 2019 to 31st January 2020, who were free of CVD at baseline (January 2010) were involved in the study. Materials and Methods: Socio-demographic data and CVD risk factor assessments at the baseline were retrieved from patient’s records. The first CVD outcomes were traced from the date of diagnosis of T2DM to January 31st 2020. The study compared the CVD risk factors among obese and non-obese T2DM patients at baseline. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for social sciences (SPSS)Statistics Inc., Chicago, US version 25.0. Incidence was expressed in percentage with 95% confidence intervals (CI). p-value&lt; 0.05 was considered Statistically significant. Results: The overall cumulative incidence of CVD was 16.15% over 10 years period. Middle aged (46 to 65years) individuals developed CVD with p value of 0.0028, p&lt; 0.05. Out of 23 middle aged obese women 8 developed CVD compared to non-obese middle aged women with p value of 0.0375, p &lt;0.05. Obese patients had uncontrolled Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) more than 8 mmol/l with calculated p value of 0.0018, p&lt;0.05. Conclusion: The study revealed higher cumulative incidence of CVD, 16.15% with incidence density of 16 per 1000 persons per year with no gender difference and higher prevalence of CVD risk factors among Omani T2DM patients. Middle aged patients with no gender difference and obese women compared to non-obese women had higher incidence of CVD. Obese patients had uncontrolled HbA1c with no gender difference. Limitations: The study was retrospective in nature, and the sample recruited was a convenient sample which could cause selection bias. Recommendations: The outcomes of the study recommend the Ministry of Health, Oman, to provide GLP-1 agonists for middle-aged obese women to reduce the incidence of CVD by weight reduction and better glycemic control which is currently unavailable in the institution.

Breastfeeding history and the risk of overweight and obesity in middle-aged women

BackgroundThe increased metabolic activity required to sustain breastfeeding and its associated milk production helps to reduce maternal fat stores accumulated during pregnancy. This study aims to assess the association between breastfeeding duration and fatness indices in middle-aged women.MethodsThe analysis was carried out in a group of 7500 parous 55.5 ± 5.3 year old women included body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist-to-height ratio. The likelihood of excessive weight or obesity in relation to total breastfeeding time using multivariate logistic regression analyses.ResultsAn analysis of adjusted odds ratios did not show significant associations between breastfeeding duration and the risk of excessive weight and obesity in premenopausal women. After menopause, women who gave birth to 2 children and breastfed 1–6 and > 12 months had a lower risk of abdominal obesity (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.50–0.99; p = 0.042; and OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.47–0.98; p = 0.039). Women who gave birth to 3 or more children and breastfed for 1–6 months, also showed a lower risk of overweight (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.27–0.99; p = 0.047), compared to those ones that have never breastfed. There was no relationship found between the duration of lactation and the risk of excessive body fat.ConclusionBreastfeeding may have some beneficial, long-term effect on the risk of excessive weight and abdominal obesity in women.

Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Abdominal Obese Women.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 12-week aerobic and resistance training program on waist circumference (WC) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in abdominal obese middle-aged women. Methods: Subjects were 40 middle-aged women with abdominal obesity (WC >85 cm) but no specific diseases. Subjects were divided into a combined exercise group (aerobic and resistance exercise) and a control group that did not participate in any lifestyle modification. Carotid variables were measured using B-mode ultrasound. A treadmill exercise test was conducted to directly assess the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Differences in the carotid variables and relative changes between baseline and after 12 weeks were evaluated. Results: After 12 weeks, body weight (70.6 ± 7.8 to 65.6 ± 6.3 kg, P < 0.05), WC (88.8 ± 3.6 to 85.6 ± 3.1 cm, P < 0.01), total cholesterol (215.5 ± 38.4 to 188.2 ± 25.8 mmHg, P < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (150.5 ± 30.6 to 131.6 ± 22.3 mmHg, P < 0.05), triglycerides (164.5 ± 82.3 to 119.9 ± 60.6 mmHg, P < 0.01), VO2peak (24.2 ± 6.2 to 28.7 ± 4.4 mL/kg/min, P < 0.01), and CIMT (0.61 ± 0.13 to 0.58 ± 0.12 mm, P < 0.05) were significantly improved in the combined exercise group but not in the control group; changes in CIMT were associated with changes in WC decrease (r = 0.41, P < 0.01) and VO2peak (r = -0.53, P < 0.01). Conclusions: Combined exercise training in abdominal obese women decreased CIMT; these changes were also associated with reduced WC and improved VO2peak.

INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL DYNAMICS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEDIA FRAMING AND THE PERCEPTION OF OBESITY AMONG MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA

Purpose: To assess the moderating influence of cultural dynamics on the relationship between media framing and the perception of obesity among middle-aged women in Nairobi County, Kenya.&#x0D; Methodology: This study applied the one-group pretest-posttest experimental design. In the one-group pretest-posttest experimental design all study participants provided with the same treatment and assessment. The researcher therefore, collected data using the pre-and posttest questionnaires. The treatment administered was a television program titled Slimpossible, which showcased middle-aged Kenyan women suffering from the stigma of obesity who were participating in a competition to lose their weight. The multi-stage cluster sampling technique was applied in this study. Out of the target population of 1848 participants, the study sample was 317 academic female staff found in three public universities in Nairobi County, Kenya. In this research study, the analysis applied descriptive statistics and the inferential analysis tools such as the Factor analysis (The Keiser-Meyer –Olkin (KMO) test), Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis (logical regression).&#x0D; Findings: The study sought to assess the moderating influence of cultural dynamics on the relationship between media framing and the perception of obesity among middle-aged women in Nairobi County, Kenya. Therefore, the finding also brought about interactions between cultural dynamics and the independent media frames in connection to the perception of obesity. It was concluded that the perception of obesity from the African culture and Western culture was different. The respondents had positive outlook on middle-aged obese women opposed to the dictates of Western culture.&#x0D; Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: In terms of contribution to theory, this study emanated from the cross-cultural communication theory. The theory recognizes the value of culture and how it relates to people’s perception on obesity. Hurn and Tomalin (2013) opined that some of the most strategic researchers in the field of cross-cultural communication include Edward Hall, Mildred Hall and Geert Hofstede in the 1950s.

The effect of 8 weeks high- intensity interval training and combined training on miR-16 expression in peripheral mononuclear blood cells of overweight/obese middle-aged women

Background: MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNA molecules that regulate different biological processes through regulating the expression of different genes and the miR-16 is one of the miRNAs that play an important role in obesity-related disorders. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of high- intensity interval training (HIIT) alone and combined with resistance training (CHRT) on miR-16 expression in PBMCs of overweight/ obese middle-aged women. Methods: Twenty-four overweight/obese, inactive, health middle-aged women participated in two homogeneous groups HIIT (5 bouts of running at 80%–85% of VO2max with active breaks at 60% of VO2max, 5 days/week, n=12) and CHRT protocols (3 day/week HIIT with 2 day/week resistance training protocol with 75-80% of 1-RM, n=12) for eight- week. MiR-16 expressions in PBMCs of overweight/obese middle-aged women were measured by real time- PCR before and 48h after the training protocols. Results: Expression of miR-16 increased significantly in the both training protocols (HIIT: 2.32 fold, p=0.001 and CHRT: 4.96, p=0.006). However, there was no significant difference found between training protocols. Conclusion: The eight weeks of HIIT and CHRT training are lead to equally changes in the expression of miR-16, as an anti-inflammatory epigenetic factor, in PBMCs of overweight/obese women.

Weight change and mental health according to obesity in relatively healthy middle-aged Korean women: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014, 2016, 2018

Obesity is a known risk factor for various chronic conditions, as well as mental health disorders. However, there have been few studies on weight change and mental health according to obesity. This study was performed to elucidate the association between weight changes and mental health according to obesity in middle-aged women. Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014, 2016, 2018), which included 3953 women aged 40 to 59, were used in this study. After excluding those who had chronic conditions possibly affecting weight change, 2964 women were included in the study. The associations between weight changes and mental health, including perceived stress, depressed mood surveyed by the patient health questionnaire-9(PHQ-9), and current depressive disorder were analyzed. Weight change in non-obese and obese women was associated with poorer mental health, including perceived stress and depressed mood (p<0.05), although the significance disappeared in covariates-adjusted analysis in obese women. Both non-obese and obese women with weight gain had higher perceived stress than women with weight loss, while in the PHQ-9 scores, higher scores were observed in non-obese women with weight gain, and in obese women with weight loss. Our study could not define causality because this was a cross-sectional study. And the information on body weight change was obtained by self-reported questionnaires. Our study suggested that in relatively healthy middle-aged Korean women, weight change was a significant factor associated with mental health, but obesity itself was not.

Relationship between insulin-sensitive obesity and retinal microvascular abnormalities.

Obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are risk factors for microvascular disease (MVD). Whether insulin-sensitive obese individuals are at higher risk for MVD is still debated. We aimed to investigate whether insulin-sensitive obesity is associated with retinal microvascular abnormalities. This cross-sectional study recruited a total of 8,313 participants (3,604 males and 4,709 females) aged 21 years or older from 13 villages in rural area and 8 communities in urban area in Fujian province in China between 2011 to 2012. Participants were categorized by insulin-sensitive/-resistant and general/ abdominal obese status. IR was defined as homeostasis model assessment of IR >1.99 (75% percentile). Direct ophthalmoscopic examination was used to diagnose MVD, which was defined as the presence of retinal microvascular abnormalities. Among the older subjects (aged 65-79 years), those who were obese had a markedly higher risk for MVD, both in insulin-sensitive [odds ratio (OR): 2.259, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.041-4.904, P=0.039] and insulin-resistant (OR: 2.356, 95% CI: 1.064-5.218, P=0.035) individuals. Additionally, insulinsensitive/-resistant abdominal obesity in middle-aged people showed an increased risk for prevalent MVD in women (OR: 2.061, 3.322; 95% CI: 1.004-4.233, 1.645-6.709; P values: 0.049, <0.001). In this study, obesity was closely related to an elevated higher risk of MVD, regardless of IR, especially in older people and abdominally obese middle-aged women. Obesity may be similar to diabetes mellitus, with chronic complications that not only cause cardiovascular diseases but also MVD. Direct ophthalmoscopy may be a noninvasive and meaningful method of early screening for obesity-related MVD. Insulin-sensitive obesity, like impaired glucose tolerance, is a pre-existing state of insulin resistant obesity.

50대의 비만한 중년여성의 함초섭취와 복합운동 프로그램의 수행이 건강증진 및 체력향상에 미치는 영향

50대의 비만한 중년여성의 함초섭취와 복합운동 프로그램의 수행이 건강증진 및 체력향상에 미치는 영향

The effect of eight weeks high- intensity interval training alone and combined with resistance training on miR-33b expression in PBMCs of overweight/obese women

Background: The expression of microRNAs as epigenetic regulators of lipid metabolism pathways disrupt in obese condition, in this regard miR-33b has particular importance. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of eight-week high- intensity interval training (HIIT) alone and combined with resistance training (CHRT) on miR-33b expression in overweight/ obese middle-aged women. Methods: Twenty-four middle-aged overweight/obese women participated in two homogeneous HIIT (5 days/week, n=12) and CHRT (3 day/week HIIT with 2 day/week resistance training, n=12) groups for eight-week. The HIIT protocol consisted of alternating bouts of high-intensity exercise at 80%–85% of VO2max with active breaks at 60% of VO2max and resistance training protocol conducted to circuit-weight training with 75-80% of 1-RM. MiR-33b expression levels were measured by real time- PCR 48h before and after the training protocols. Results: The miR-33b expression levels were increased in both groups but was significant only in the CHRT group (6.02 fold, p=0.002). However, there was no significant difference between miR-33b expression levels in two groups. Conclusion: According to significant effect of CHRT on miR-33b expression as epigenetic lipid metabolism indicator, CHRT protocol can be considered as a non-pharmacological method for treatment of metabolic disorders associated with obesity.

The effect of elastic resistance band training with green coffee supplementation on novel hepatic steatosis biomarkers in obese women: A randomized controlled trial

Background and aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training (RT) using elastic bands together with green coffee supplement on novel hepatic steatosis biomarkers (hepatic steatosis index [HSI] and Framingham steatosis index [FSI]) in middle-aged obese women. Materials and Methods: This study was a double-blind randomized clinical trial performed on the basis of the CONSORT Statement at Shahrekord University in Iran (summer 2018). For this purpose, 60 obese women aged 30-60 years with a body mass index (BMI) of &gt;30 kg/ m2 were selected to participate in this study and then they were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: green coffee (GC, n=15), resistance training and placebo (RT+P, n=15), green coffee and resistance training (GC+RT, n=15), and placebo groups (P, n=15). Results: The results showed no significant differences in FSI (P=0.822) and HSI (P=0.752) between four groups. However, there were significant increases in high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the RT+P (P=0.050) and GC+RT groups (P=0.032) and significant decreases in total cholesterol (TC) in the RT+P (P=0.023), GC+RT (P=0.006), and GC groups (P=0.041). Conclusion: The reduction of hepatic steatosis biomarkers in these individuals may require a longer period of resistance workouts or other exercises.

Two Months of Using Global Recommendations for Physical Activity Had No Impact on Cognitive or Motor Functions in Overweight and Obese Middle-Aged Women.

The effect of globally recommended levels of physical activity on cognition and motor behavior is not completely understood. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess the effect of 300 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive and motor performance among overweight and obese working-age women. Overweight and obese participants aged 38-56 years were randomized to either a control or an experimental group performing aerobic exercise at 50% to 60% of the peak oxygen consumption for a 2-month period. Changes in aerobic fitness, cardiac autonomic function, brain-derived neurotropic factor levels, and cognitive and motor performance were assessed. Although aerobic exercise reduced body weight (P < .05) and improved peak oxygen consumption (P < .05), the brain-derived neurotropic factor levels and cognitive and motor performance remained unchanged. Heart rate and blood pressure decreased (P < .05), whereas heart rate variability indices were not affected. No significant correlations between changes in heart rate variability indices and cognition were observed. Two months of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise decreased sympathetic activity and improved cardiovascular fitness but had no impact on cognition or motor control among these middle-aged, overweight, and obese women.