Nylon Thread Research Articles

Does macrophyte architecture influence periphyton? Relationships among Utricularia foliosa, periphyton assemblage structure and its nutrient (C, N, P) status

The macrophyte–periphyton complex has great importance for the functioning of shallow lakes and reservoirs. Several observations in the field have suggested that macrophyte life-form and architecture seem to be very important for periphytic algal community organization. To test the influence of macrophytes on periphyton, we compared the algal community structure and nutrient status (C, N, P) of periphyton on the stem and leaves of Utricularia foliosa L., and on a nylon thread utilized as an artificial substrate. Furthermore, this study aims to assess the seasonal variation of limnological conditions and their influence on Utricularia-periphyton complex. Spring and summer had higher light conditions, P availability and macrophyte cover than autumn and winter. Algal biomass, total density, and biovolume were higher on natural substrate than on artificial. Algal assemblages changed with season and species descriptors differed among substrates types. Phosphorus content of periphyton was generally more correlated with water nutrient availability than with N and C content. Periphyton on free-floating submersed macrophytes may have great importance on the functioning of shallow tropical reservoirs, particularly in the clear water state. Moreover, seasonal variation of limnological conditions determines the periphyton-Utricularia relationships and either intensifies or minimizes the macrophyte influence on periphyton.

Newly designed plastic stent for endoscopic placement above the sphincter of Oddi in patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction

Plastic stent (PS) occlusion occurs as a result of bacterial adherence to the stent's inner wall. To retain the bacteriological barrier, placing a PS above the sphincter of Oddi ('inside stent') has been investigated. We designed a new PS (inside stent with thread [IT] stent) with attachable nylon thread for use as an inside stent and for easy retrieval. The present study evaluated the IT stent's technical feasibility and efficacy for malignant hilar biliary obstruction. A total of 26 consecutive patients with unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction underwent placement of IT stents from August 2007 to February 2011. IT stents were placed across the strictures without sphincterotomy to achieve bilateral drainage. The overall technical success rate of the IT stent was 100% for one session. Multiple IT stents were inserted in 25 cases(two stents in 15 patients, three stents in 10 patients). No stent-related early complications occurred. The functional success rate was 92% (24/26). The rate of reintervention because of stent malfunction was 50% (13/26). In all 16 patients who underwent stent removal, IT stents were easily retrieved using the nylon thread. According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, the median stent patency period was 136 days. IT stents for endoscopic placement above the sphincter of Oddi can be used safely and effectively for malignant hilar biliary obstruction.

Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage Using a Ligated Catheter for Recurrent Catheter Obstruction: Antireflux Technique

Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is an established procedure for biliary obstruction. However, duodenobiliary or jejunobiliary reflux of the intestinal contents through a PTBD catheter sometimes causes recurrent catheter obstruction or cholangitis. A 64-year-old female patient with a history of choledochojejunostomy was referred to our department with acute cholangitis due to choledochojejunal anastomotic obstruction. Emergent PTBD was performed, but frequent obstructions of the catheter due to the reflux of intestinal contents complicated the post-PTBD course. We therefore introduced a catheter with an antireflux mechanism to prevent jejunobiliary reflux. A commercially available catheter was modified; side holes were made at 1 cm and 5 to 10 cm (1 cm apart) from the tip of the catheter, and the catheter was ligated with a nylon thread just proximal to the first side hole. Using this novel "antireflux PTBD technique," jejunobiliary reflux was prevented successfully, resulting in a longer patency of the catheter.

The corrosive effects of artificial saliva on cast and rapid manufacture‐produced cobalt chromium alloys

PurposeRapid manufacture‐produced cobalt chromium alloys are beginning to be used in dentistry but there are few published results relating to their properties. The purpose of this paper is to determine the corrosion resistance of a rapid manufacture‐produced dental alloy and compare it to a standard dental casting alloy.Design/methodology/approachIn accordance with ISO 22674, ten samples of each alloy were fabricated in approximately 45 mm×10 mm×2 mm rectangular prisms, a sample number in excess of the standard requirements. The groups were further divided into those with highly polished surfaces and those with electrobrightened surfaces. Each sample was immersed in artificial saliva, suspended by a nylon thread for 42 days at 37°C. Readings for cobalt, chromium and molybdenum ions released into solutions were obtained using an atomic absorption spectrometer at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 day intervals at a detection limit of one part per million.FindingsIon release of cobalt, chromium and molybdenum was well within the threshold prescribed by the standard. The alloys were safe for use as dental devices with respect to the above metals. The rapid manufacture alloy however performed better. In addition the data indicated that for both alloys, there was no discernable difference between a polished and an electrobrightened surface.Originality/valueThe rapid manufacture alloy studied shows a safe level of corrosion resistance with respect to cobalt, chromium and molybdenum according to ISO definitions. Further biocompatibility tests are recommended.

A comparative analysis of precision rescue behaviour in sand-dwelling ants

A sand-dwelling Mediterranean ant, Cataglyphis cursor, recently was discovered to engage in two new forms of rescue behaviour, behavioural patterns that require would-be rescuers to recognize what, exactly, holds nestmates in place. That is, when sand digging and limb pulling, two well-known forms of rescue in ants, did not result in release of victims ensnared with nylon thread and partially buried beneath the sand, rescuers next began to transport sand away from the snare and to direct their behaviour to the snare in particular, biting and tugging at the snare itself. To determine whether these new forms of precisely directed rescue behaviour, as well as their exclusive delivery to nestmates, as in C. cursor, were characteristic of other ants occupying similar ecological niches, we conducted experiments with five sand-dwelling Mediterranean ant species: Cataglyphis floricola, Lasius grandis, Aphaenogaster senilis, Messor barbarus and Messor marocanus. Our experiments revealed the full range of rescue behaviour, including snare biting and sand transport, in two species, C. floricola and L. grandis. Both species directed rescue exclusively towards nestmates, treating other individuals, even conspecifics, with aggression, thus highlighting the ants' discriminative capacities. Differences in the performance of rescue behaviour between these and the remaining species mirror differences in their ecology, including the threat of predatory antlions. Finally, because this precisely directed and exclusively delivered rescue behaviour in ants resembles behaviour that has been labelled empathy in rats, our results demonstrate that what can appear to be complex, cognitively motivated behaviour might come about through much simpler mechanisms.

Behavioral flexibility of the trawling long-legged bat, Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Phyllostomidae)

We assessed the behavioral flexibility of the trawling long-legged bat, Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Phyllostomidae) in flight cage experiments by exposing it to prey suspended from nylon threads in the air and to food placed onto the water surface at varying distances to clutter-producing background (water plants). The bat revealed flexibility in foraging mode and caught prey in the air (aerial hawking) and from the water surface (trawling). M. macrophyllum was constrained in finding food very near to and within clutter. As echolocation was the prime sensory mode used by M. macrophyllum for detection and localization of food, the bat might have been unable to perceive sufficient information from prey near clutter as background echoes from the water plant increasingly overlapped with echoes from food. The importance of echolocation for foraging is reflected in a stereotypic call pattern of M. macrophyllum that resembles other aerial insectivorous and trawling bats with a pronounced terminal phase (buzz) prior to capture attempts. Our findings contrast studies of other phyllostomid bats that glean prey very near or from vegetation, often using additional sensory cues, such as prey-produced noise, to find food and that lack a terminal phase in echolocation behavior. In M. macrophyllum, acoustic characteristics of its foraging habitat have shaped its sonar system more than phylogeny.

A Second Assisting Endoscope for the Removal of an Accidentally Unreleased Detachable Snare during Colon Polypectomy

The incidence of postpolypectomy hemorrhage ranges from 0.3% to 6.1%, and is the most common complication of polypectomy.1 The risk of bleeding may be especially high after resecting pedunculated polyps because of the presence of a large artery in the stalk. Bleeding can occur in the immediate postpolypectomy period, or may be delayed up to 29 days.2 Several endoscopic techniques have been developed. In 1989, Hachisu3 developed a detachable snare device that completely stops blood flow in the stalk. While loading the detachable snare, it is important to verify that it is properly attached to the hook wire and smoothly pulled into and then pushed back from the coil sheath without getting stuck.4 A second endoscope-assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection for large colorectal tumors has been reported recently.5-7 Here, we report a case in which an accidently unreleased detachable snare used for colon polypectomy was successfully removed by a second assisting endoscope. A 40-year-old man underwent screening colonoscopy. A grossly 1.5 cm-sized pedunculated polyp with a 3 cm-long stalk was observed at the distal descending colon. A detachable snare (MAJ-254; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was placed around the lower one-third of the stalk. The detachable snare could not be released from the hook wire of the operating part, as the loop of nylon thread appeared to be tightly stuck between the coil sheath and hook wire. Hence, the snare loop and coil sheath were attached to the colon polyp, and the colonoscope could not be retrieved (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 The unreleased snare observed by the second assisting endoscope. A second assisting gastroscope was inserted. The stalk was cutoff with a conventional snare between the snare loop and the polyp head. Cutting of the unreleased detachable loop with hot biopsy forceps and an insulation-tipped diathermic knife was then attempted, but failed. A conventional snare was placed just above the rubber stopper of the detachable snare (Fig. 2), and the detachable snare, which tightly strangulated the stalk, was successfully released from the stalk by cutting at that position, and all the specimens were retrieved (Fig. 3). No complications such as bleeding or perforation were noted during the 2 weeks of follow-up. Fig. 2 Snare resection of the stalk just above the rubber stopper. Fig. 3 Gross specimen of the removed polyp. Clinical evidence supports the usefulness of the detachable snare in the management of postpolypectomy bleeding, bleeding from esophageal and gastric varices, and angiodysplasias.4 The detachable snare was developed for the prevention of hemorrhage after the removal of large pedunculated polyps.1 Hence, the most probable reason for the detachable snare not being released was that it got stuck between the coil sheath and hook wire in this case. Several complications related to the detachable snare have been reported. It became entangled with the polypectomy snare in one patient, and the proper transection of peduncle failed in another patient.8 A slip-off of an endoloop slip-off in five of 53 patients, and delayed bleeding occurred in three of 53 patients, especially those with semipedunculated polyps.8,9 A second gastroscope may easily be inserted up to the descending colon without increasing the patient's discomfort and may efficiently act as another hand by lifting the dissected lesion during the dissection procedure.5-7 In our case, a second endoscope, however, was required for the successful removal of the unreleased snare and colon polyp, as the first endoscope was unsuccessful.

Evaluation of the abdominal wall cicatrization of rabbits exposed to nicotine and undergone abdominoplasty using nylon thread or cyanoacrylate

To compare the wound healing of the abdominal wall of rabbits exposed to nicotine and submitted to abdominoplasty using 2-octyl cyanoacrylate or nylon thread for the surgery suture. Thirty two rabbits were used. They were divided in subgroups: A1, A2, B1 e B2. Group A received saline 0.9%; group B received nicotine, both groups for 14 days before surgery. We performed an abdominoplasty with a nylon suture into the A1 and B1 subgroups; as for A2 and B2 groups the suture was performed with cyanoacrylate. The euthanasia happened in the 14th post-operative day. After, we evaluated: swollen process, fibroblast proliferation, collagen, neovascularization, and macroscope and microscope epithelization of the scars. We observed the presence of eosinophils in all scars exposed to the cyanoacrylate, and a significant increase of neovascularization in the subgroup B2 comparing to the A2 one (p=0.037). The other variables haven't showed any statistical difference. Nicotine hasn't influenced the swollen process, the fibroblast proliferation, the presence of collagen, neither the epithelialization. The neovascularization showed cicatricial immaturity when comparing group A2 to group B2. The eosinophils in the scars repaired with glue showed that the substance has acted as an allergen.

Ingestion of nylon threads by Gerreidae while using a tropical estuary as foraging grounds

AB Aquatic Biology Contact the journal Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections AB 17:29-34 (2012) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00461 Ingestion of nylon threads by Gerreidae while using a tropical estuary as foraging grounds Jonas A. A. Ramos1,2,3, Mário Barletta2,3,*, Monica F. Costa2,3 1Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba (IFPB), Campus Cabedelo, Paraíba, CEP 58310-000, Brazil 2Laboratório de Ecologia e Gerenciamento de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Estuarinos, Dept. Oceanografia, UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-550, Brazil 3Instituto de Ecologia e Gerenciamento de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Estuarinos (IEGEA), PO BOX 8132, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 51020-970, Brazil *Corresponding author. Email: mario.barletta@pq.cnpq.br ABSTRACT: The ingestion of plastic fragments by 3 species of Gerreidae (Eugerres brasilianus, Eucinostomus melanopterus and Diapterus rhombeus) in a tropical estuary in Northeast Brazil was assessed for 3 different size classes corresponding to juveniles, sub-adults and adults. In all, 425 individuals were analysed. The gut contents of 13.4% of these individuals contained plastic debris. The only type of debris found was blue nylon fragments originating from ropes used in fishing. Artisanal fishing is the main local activity and was considered to represent the principal source of this marine debris. Significant differences in the number and weight of nylon fragments ingested were found between species and size classes. Moreover, a decrease in the weight of the gut contents was observed in the individuals that had ingested nylon fragments. In addition to the hypothesis that Gerreidae mistakenly identify nylon fragments as prey items, we propose 3 further possible pathways: (1) from fragments that the fishes’ prey have already ingested; (2) through ingestion of fragments along with sediment that is sucked in during feeding; and (3) through ingestion of organisms that have aggregated on fragments. KEY WORDS: Polyamide thread · Ontogenetic phase · Marine conservation · Plastic marine debris · Mojarra Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Ramos JAA, Barletta M, Costa MF (2012) Ingestion of nylon threads by Gerreidae while using a tropical estuary as foraging grounds. Aquat Biol 17:29-34. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00461 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in AB Vol. 17, No. 1. Online publication date: October 17, 2012 Print ISSN: 1864-7782; Online ISSN: 1864-7790 Copyright © 2012 Inter-Research.

Suspensão circular fechada do terço médio da face

O tratamento cirúrgico apresentado neste artigo tem inovações táticas e torna o procedimento pouco agressivo. O objetivo é demonstrar uma maneira diferente de executar a suspensão do terço médio da face. O procedimento é realizado com agulhas semicirculares tipo Stocchero, com passagem de fio de náilon 2.0 no plano subcutâneo, na altura da borda anterior da glândula parótida, e fixação do fio na fáscia temporal. Foram operados com emprego desse método 49 pacientes, com obtenção de bons resultados estéticos. Em um paciente, houve necessidade de executar uma cicatriz pré-auricular, para acomodação da pele. O método é seguro, simples, não necessita de internação hospitalar, evita uma cicatriz pré-auricular e o resultado oferece boa satisfação aos pacientes.

Sutura elástica para tratamento de grandes feridas

O fechamento de grandes feridas continua sendo um importante desafio para o cirurgião plástico. O objetivo deste artigo é a divulgação da sutura elástica como uma técnica eficaz para o fechamento de grandes feridas. Foram incluídos no estudo 14 pacientes portadores de grandes lesões decorrentes de traumas diversos em membros inferiores. O fechamento completo das feridas foi obtido por procedimento dividido em duas etapas, sendo a primeira representada por aproximação das bordas opostas da ferida por meio de tiras circulares elásticas de borracha e a segunda, realizada alguns dias após, com a retirada das tiras elásticas, seguida de sutura simples com fio mononáilon. A sutura elástica demonstrou ser uma técnica segura, funcionalmente eficaz, de fácil execução e de baixo custo para fechamento de grandes feridas, evitando áreas doadoras, como nos enxertos de pele.

Dual effects of hydrogen sulphide on focal cerebral ischaemic injury via modulation of oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis

1. Hydrogen sulphide (H₂S), one of three signalling gasotransmitters, plays an important role in oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, the effects of H₂S on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in focal cerebral ischaemic injury in rats have not been clarified. 2. In the present study, sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS) was used as the H₂S donor. Eighty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham, sham + low-dose (2.8 mg/kg) NaHS, sham + high-dose (11.2 mg/kg) NaHS, infarct, infarct + low-dose NaHS and infarct + high-dose NaHS. The focal cerebral ischaemic model was created by cranially inserting a nylon thread with a rounded tip into an internal carotid artery. Rats were killed 21 h after administration of NaHS. 3. In the infarct + low-dose NaHS compared with infarct group, infarct volume was significantly decreased and injury to the mitochondria in nerve cells was mitigated. Furthermore, significant increases were seen in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity and neuronal bcl-2 protein levels, whereas mitochondrial malondialdehyde content and neuronal bax and caspase 3 protein levels were significantly decreased, in the infarct + low-dose NaHS compared with infarct group. The effects seen in the infarct group were significantly aggravated in the infarct + high-dose NaHS group. 4. The findings of the present study provide novel evidence for the dual effects of H₂S on focal cerebral ischaemic injury via modulation of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.

The effect and safety of dressing composed by nylon threads covered with metallic silver in wound treatment

Silver is used worldwide in dressings for wound management. Silver has demonstrated great efficacy against a broad range of microorganisms, but there is very little data about the systemic absorption and toxicity of silver in vivo. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of the silver-coated dressing (SilverCoat(®)) was evaluated in vitro against the most common microorganisms found in wounds, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. We also performed an excisional skin lesion assay in mice to evaluate wound healing after 14 days of treatment with a silver-coated dressing, and we measured the amount of silver in the blood, the kidneys and the liver after treatment. Our data demonstrated that the nylon threads coated with metallic silver have a satisfactory antimicrobial effect in vitro, and the prolonged use of these threads did not lead to systemic silver absorption, did not induce toxicity in the kidneys and the liver and were not detrimental to the normal wound-healing process.

Physicochemical properties of endodontic sealers of different bases

ObjectiveTo assess the setting time (ST), flow (FL), radiopacity (RD), solubility (SB) and dimensional change following setting (DC) of different sealers (AH Plus®, Polifil, Apexit Plus®, Sealapex®, Endométhasone® and Endofill® according to American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association (ANSI/ADA) Specification 57. Material and methodsFive samples of each material were used for each test. For ST, cast rings were filled with sealers and tested with a Gilmore needle. For FL, the sealer was placed on a glass plate. After 180 s, another plate with 20 g and a load of 100 g were applied on the material, and the diameters of the discs formed were measured. In RD, circular molds were filled with the sealers, radiographed and analyzed using Digora software. For SB, circular molds were filled with the sealers, a nylon thread was placed inside the material and another glass plate was positioned on the set, pressed and stored at 37ºC. Samples were weighed, placed in water, dried and reweighed. The water used for SB was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. For DC, circular molds were filled with the sealers, covered by glass plates and stored at 37ºC. Samples were measured and stored in water for 30 days. After this period, they were dryed and measured again. ResultsRegarding ST, AH Plus®, Apexit® and Endofil® sealers are in accordance with ANSI/ADA standards. Endométhasone's manufacturer did not mention the ST; Polifil is an experimental sealer and Sealapex® did not set. Considering RD, SB and DC, all sealers were in accordance with ANSI/ADA. The spectrometric analysis showed that a significant amount of K+ and Zn2+ ions was released from Apexit Plus® and Endofill®, respectively. ConclusionExcept for DC, all other physicochemical properties of the tested sealers conformed to ANSI/ADA requirements.

Treatment of colorectal polyps by nylon ligation combined with endoscopic high-frequency electric snare

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of nylon ligation combined with endoscopic high-frequency electric snare for the treatment of colorectal polyps.Methods The clinical data of 345 patients with colorectal polyps who received the treatment of nylon ligation combined with endoscopic high-frequency electric snare at the Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University from January 2006 to January 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.Complications including bleeding and perforation were observed.Postoperative wound healing and local residual recurrence were assessed during follow-up.Results A total of 362 colorectal polyps were successfully removed.The mean diameter of the colorectal polyps was 2.7 cm (range,1.5-4.0 cm). Operative bleeding occurred in 1 patient,and perforation in 1 patient.The results of histological examination showed that 93.6％(339/362) colorectal polyps were adenoma,17 were hyperplastic polyps,5 were inflammatory polyps,and caneeration of colorectal polyps in 1 patient was detected.Endoscopic follow-up was completed in 334 patients at the first month after operation,and 9 patients with residual benign colorectal polyps received endoscopic resection.No residue or recurrence was found in the other patients.Endoscopic follow-up was completed in 308 patients at the second months after operation,and no residue or recurrence was found.The overall effective rate was 97.1％ (299/308).Conclusion Endoscopic nylon ligation combined with endoscopic high-frequency electric snare is effective and safe for the treatment of colorectal polyps. Key words: Colorectal polyps; Nylon thread; Endoscopic high-frequency electric snare

Scattering measurements from a dissolving bubble

A laboratory-scale study on acoustic scattering from a single bubble undergoing dissolution in undersaturated fresh water is presented. Several experiments are performed with the acoustic source driven with five-cycle tone bursts, center frequency of 120 kHz, to insonify a single bubble located on axis of the combined beam of the set of transducers. The bubble is placed on a fine nylon thread located in the far field of the transducer set, arranged in bistatic configuration, in a tank filled with undersaturated water. Backscattered waveforms from the bubble target are acquired every few seconds for several hours until the bubble has completely dissolved, and detailed dissolution curves are produced from the acoustic data. The rate of bubble dissolution is calculated using the solution developed by Epstein and Plesset [J. Chem. Phys. 18, 1505-1509 (1950)]. The results of the experiments performed are in agreement with the calculations.

Cost-effective homemade specimen retrieval bag for use in laparoscopic surgery: Experience at a single center

To offer an easily produced and cost-effective specimen retrieval bag that can be used to reduce the cost of laparoscopic surgery. From January 2005 to October 2009, 135 patients underwent laparoscopic surgery for adrenalectomy or prostatectomy, during which a homemade specimen retrieval bag was used. The retrieval bag was produced from a large sterile surgical glove, 2-0 nylon thread, and 1-0 RB-1 needle Vicryl thread. A purse-string suture at the opening of the bag was made using the nylon thread, and the bottom of the bag was double-tied using the tail of the Vicryl thread. The bag was introduced into the peritoneal cavity via a 12-mm port, and the specimen was enclosed with the use of two laparoscopic instruments. The bag was then extracted by extending the port incisional wound. We used a homemade retrieval bag to extract specimens from 110 patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and 25 patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy. The procedure was performed safely, and no bags were broken. No complications were observed after the operations such as wound infection, ileus, or intestinal adhesion. In our experience, our homemade endobag can be easily used by surgeons to extract specimens from the abdominal cavity. The total cost of hospitalization was also reduced for the patients. The homemade specimen retrieval bag is cost-effective and useful for the retrieval of intact specimens. It is also easy to make and safe to use.

Comportamiento mecánico de 3 tipos de anudados quirúrgicos usando monofilamentos de 4/0

ObjectiveTo experimentally study the behaviour of 4 types of monofilament with 3 knotting techniques, very often used in surgery, employing mechanical tests. Material and methodsFour 4/0 monofilaments were chosen, two of nylon, and the other two of polypropylene. Three types of knot designs were made with each thread. The first design (D-S-S) consisted of a double half-knot (D) followed by one single (S) in the opposite direction, a third S in turn in the opposite direction. The configuration of the second design was D-S-D, and the third, S-S-D. A mechanical fracture test was performed by stretching the thread at a rate of 4N/s, the force and deformation being recorded at intervals of 100ms. ResultsThere was a decrease in the force and deformation in the tests on threads with knots compared to threads without knots. In all cases the rupture of the thread occurred in the knot area, presumably due to damage caused to the thread during the knotting process. The D-S-D knot had the greatest resistance with polypropylene threads, and S-S-D provided the greatest resistance with nylon threads ConclusionsPolypropylene threads, with D-S-D knots, should be more indicated to suture tissues that have to support great forces and with little deformation of the suture (e.g., tendons). Nylon threads, with S-S-D knots, would be better indicated for tissues that have to support smaller forces and that require greater elasticity (e.g., skin).

S‐Nitrosoglutathione Decreases Inflammation and Bone Resorption in Experimental Periodontitis in Rats

S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is a nitric oxide donor that may exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and microbicidal actions and is thus a potential drug for the topical treatment of periodontitis. In this study, the effect of intragingival injections of GSNO-containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) formulations is evaluated in a rat model of periodontitis. Periodontal disease was induced by placing a sterilized nylon (000) thread ligature around the cervix of the second left upper molar of the animals, which received intragingival injections of PVP; saline; or PVP/GSNO solutions which corresponded to GSNO doses of 25, 100, and 500 nmol; 1 hour before periodontitis induction, and thereafter, daily for 11 days. PVP/GSNO formulations at doses of 25 and/or 100, but not 500 nmol caused significant inhibition of alveolar bone loss, increase of bone alkaline phosphatase, decrease of myeloperoxidase activity, as well as significant reduction of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers when compared to saline and PVP groups. These effects were also associated with a decrease of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 8, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB immunostaining in the periodontium. Local intragingival injections of GSNO reduces inflammation and bone loss in experimental periodontal disease.

Ultrastructural analysis of experimental tenoplasty using bovine peritoneum

Frequent lesions to tendons and ligaments bring lots of concern to orthopedists and veterinaries. Rupture of the calcaneal tendon is one of the most common tendon injury observed in the dog. The calcaneal tendon, also known as Achilles tendon or occasionally Achilles’ tendon is a tendon of the posterior leg and it is the strongest tendon in the structure of the musculoskeletal system in the dog. In dogs the calcaneal tendon originates from different muscle‐tendon units, the gastrocnemius tendon, the superficial digital flexor tendon, and the common tendon of the biceps femoris, gracilis and semitendinosus muscles. The aim of this study is to examine by scanning electron microscopy 98%‐glycerin‐fixed bovine peritoneum (GFP) used to fix lesions in dog's calcaneal tendon.Twenty one mixed bread healthy adult dogs, weighting between 10 and 15 kg were submitted to the implantation of a 1 cm‐GFP graft and sacrified 2, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after the surgery. Fragments from 3 different segments, proximal, middle and distal, of the implanted graft were processed for the scanning electron microscopy analysis. The samples were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde, post‐fixed in 1% Osmium Tetroxide, dehydrated in a series of alcohol, sputtered and observed in the scanning electron microscope.In all studied dogs, the peritoneum graft has been easily found without significant macroscopic derangements. Fifty five days after surgery, dogs were able to walk normally. The analysis under electron microscopy showed a presence of collagen tissue formation after 30 days post‐operative In this period we could observed the formation of neotendon involving peritoneum and nylon thread implanted in the segment. With 120 days post‐operative surgery can observe the presence of abundant collagen fibers arranged longitudinally, with morphology similar to the calcaneous tendon.Putting all into a nutshell, it is possible to conclude that glycerin‐fixed bovine peritoneum would be an interesting alternative for fixing tendon lesions as it seems to stimulate connective tissue deposition in order to form a good matrix for new tissue development.