Abstract
We assessed the behavioral flexibility of the trawling long-legged bat, Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Phyllostomidae) in flight cage experiments by exposing it to prey suspended from nylon threads in the air and to food placed onto the water surface at varying distances to clutter-producing background (water plants). The bat revealed flexibility in foraging mode and caught prey in the air (aerial hawking) and from the water surface (trawling). M. macrophyllum was constrained in finding food very near to and within clutter. As echolocation was the prime sensory mode used by M. macrophyllum for detection and localization of food, the bat might have been unable to perceive sufficient information from prey near clutter as background echoes from the water plant increasingly overlapped with echoes from food. The importance of echolocation for foraging is reflected in a stereotypic call pattern of M. macrophyllum that resembles other aerial insectivorous and trawling bats with a pronounced terminal phase (buzz) prior to capture attempts. Our findings contrast studies of other phyllostomid bats that glean prey very near or from vegetation, often using additional sensory cues, such as prey-produced noise, to find food and that lack a terminal phase in echolocation behavior. In M. macrophyllum, acoustic characteristics of its foraging habitat have shaped its sonar system more than phylogeny.
Highlights
Species with a flexible use of behavioral strategies while hunting are likely to have access to more resources and exploit habitats better than species which are restricted to a specific foraging mode and a specific type of prey (Neuweiler, 1989, 1990)
We assessed the behavioral flexibility of the trawling long-legged bat, Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Phyllostomidae) in flight cage experiments by exposing it to prey suspended from nylon threads in the air and to food placed onto the water surface at varying distances to clutter-producing background
The smooth water surface reflects most of the call energy away from the low flying animals and little or no clutter echoes interfere with prey perception (Boonman et al, 1998; Siemers et al, 2001b)
Summary
Species with a flexible use of behavioral strategies while hunting are likely to have access to more resources and exploit habitats better than species which are restricted to a specific foraging mode and a specific type of prey (Neuweiler, 1989, 1990). (Vespertilionidae), are known to hawk aerial prey and exhibit high flexibility in foraging behavior This allows them to take advantage of the insect-rich space above water bodies (Jones and Rayner, 1988, 1991; Schnitzler et al, 1994; Britton et al, 1997; Kalko et al, 1998). The smooth water surface reflects most of the call energy away from the low flying animals and little or no clutter echoes interfere with prey perception (Boonman et al, 1998; Siemers et al, 2001b). Echolocation represents the prime cue for finding and locating food
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