Nutrient Culture Research Articles

Mycobolome of Phialomyces Macrosporus Across OSMAC-Based Assorted Culture Media.

The fungus Phialomyces macrosporus was cultured using the One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) strategies to evaluate its metabolome. Variations in the nutrient culture media, culture regime, and cultivation parameters can significantly influence fungal extract quantity and chemical diversity. This study aimed to explore the mycobolome of P. macrosporus in five different culture media and two different cultivation conditions using NMR-based metabolomics. Principal component analysis (PCA) of 1H-NMR spectra revealed clear differentiation between these samples, highlighting the rice dextrose agar medium (RDA) and potato dextrose broth (PDB) as standard complex media for conducting a fungal metabolite screening program.

Improving detached tiller culture for doubled haploid production in wheat (T. aestivum L.) by post‐pollination fungicides application and UV radiation treatment

AbstractThis work aims at improving the proven protocol for doubled haploid production in wheat. This procedure has some deficits, for example, microbial infection of ears as well as of the nutrient culture medium. In the present study, the potential effect of sterilization by detached tiller culture fungicides of ears as well as of nutrient medium to control microbial infection, and its effect on the formation of caryopses and embryos (CFF, EFF) was studied. In a further experiment, the UV‐light was used as physical sterilant for the nutrient medium. All of the fungicides and their concentrations studied were found to be effective to control infection on ears except the concentration 0.05% tilt. 0.1% tilt gave the highest CFF (79.5%) followed by 0.1% Bayleton (78.0%). The lowest CFF was recorded in control treatment (48.8%). Among Bavistin treatments, the 0.2% Bavistin gave maximum CFF (68.5%) as well as EFF (29.1%) followed by 0.1% Bavistin (64.9%, 23.7%). The higher concentration of tilt (0.2%) showed detrimental effects on EFF (17.5%). Bavistin in tiller culture nutrient medium reduced infection in medium and was shown to improve CFF and EFF (67.4%, 29.8%).

It is time to reconsider the use of naturally-occurring endotoxins in endotoxin recovery studies: Part 2 of a BioPhorum harmonized endotoxin recovery study

The evaluation of Naturally Occurring Endotoxins (NOEs) for Low Endotoxin Recovery (LER) studies has been a topic in the industry and regulatory agencies have been hesitant to endorse NOE use in LER studies over purified Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) standards such as Control Standard Endotoxin (CSE) or Reference Standard Endotoxin (RSE). In a recent study involving 11 BioPhorum member companies across 13 sites, NOEs prepared in high and low nutrient conditions were evaluated in two common monoclonal antibody buffer formulations: 10 mM Sodium Citrate, 0.05 % Polysorbate 80, pH 6.0 and 20 mM Histidine, 0.05 % Polysorbate 80, pH 6.0. 12 g-negative bacterial isolates were used to prepare NOE analytes, which were spiked into the formulation buffers. Additionally, the NOEs were spiked into Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) reagent water as controls and purified LPS into the citrate/polysorbate buffer as the LER control. Results showed the average of three runs per organism was >50 % recovery, at the conclusion of the 7-day period, regardless of nutrient culture preparation conditions. Furthermore, purified LPS controls became undetectable (<50 % recovery) in the citrate/polysorbate buffer, highlighting the presence of LER. These findings highlight the potential value of using NOEs from relevant manufacturing facilities to assess overall risk when purified LPS recovery is insufficient.

Widening Genetic Diversity Using Embryo Rescue in Cucurbit Crops: A Review.

Embryo rescue is a vital technique in cucurbit breeding and propagation, addressing challenges such as embryo abortion, poor seed viability, and incompatibility barriers. This method involves the excision of immature embryos from seeds followed by their in vitro culture on a nutrient medium, providing an environment conducive to their growth and development. In cucurbits, embryo rescue has been extensively utilized to overcome barriers to hybridization, enabling the production of interspecific and intergeneric hybrids with desired traits. Various factors, including genotype, developmental stage of embryos, and culture conditions, influence the success of embryo rescue in cucurbits. Optimal nutrient formulations, growth regulators, and culture techniques are critical for promoting embryo germination, shoot elongation, and subsequent plantlet establishment. Additionally, embryo rescue facilitates the recovery of valuable genetic material from wild and exotic cucurbit species, expanding genetic diversity and developing novel cultivars with improved traits such as disease resistance, yield, and quality. This review highlights the principles, applications, and advancements in embryo rescue technology in cucurbits, emphasizing its significance in cucurbit breeding programs and crop improvement efforts.

PA12 Surface Treatment and Its Effect on Compatibility with Nutritional Culture Medium to Maintain Cell Vitality and Proliferation.

This research investigates the suitability of printed polyamide 12 (PA12) and its dyed version to support cells in bioengineering applications. For this purpose, human gingival fibroblasts (hGF06) were cultured on PA-12 scaffolds that were 3D-printed by Multi Jet Fusion (MJF). The study examined the direct cultivation of cells on MJF-printed cell culture scaffolds and the effect of leachate of PA-12 printed by MJF on the cultured cells. The article presents research on the surface treatment of PA12 material used in 3D printing and the effect of automatic staining on cell vitality and proliferation in vitro. The study presents a unique device designed exclusively for staining prints made of the biocompatible material PA12 and demonstrates the compatibility of 3D-printed polyamide 12 parts stained in the novel device with a nutrient culture medium and cells. This novel PA12 surface treatment for biomedical purposes does not affect the compatibility with the culture medium, which is essential for cell viability and proliferation. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that mitochondrial fitness and cell survival were not affected by prolonged incubation with clear or dyed PA12 3D-printed parts.

Impact of Eucalyptus plantations on ecosystem services in the Upper Blue Nile basin of Ethiopia

In the Northern highlands of Ethiopia, Eucalyptus plantations have been widely established since the 1970s. However, there have been debates and concerns about the impact of these plantations on ecosystem services. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the impact of monoculture Eucalyptus plantations on ecosystem service values (ESVs) in the upper Blue Nile part of Ethiopia. We used Landsat satellite images (captured in 1993, 2004, 2014, and 2023) for land use/cover assessment. The images were classified using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm in the R open-source software. For ecosystem services valuation, we used the benefit transfer method, which allowed us to estimate ESVs by applying both global and local value transfer coefficients. The results show a significant expansion of Eucalyptus plantations, with the highest net change (180%) between 1991 and 2023. The estimated global ESVs ranged from US$206 million in 1991 to US$208 million in 2023, with croplands contributing the largest share (75%). However, specific ESVs related to nutrient cycling, habitat refuge, pollination, and culture declined due to decreasing ESVs of forest land, shrub land, and grazing land over the study period (1991–2023). In addition, ESVs associated with food production declined in the latter period (2014–2023) due to the conversion of croplands into Eucalyptus plantations and shrub lands. This study highlights the need for informed decision-making in land use systems, considering the trade-off between increasing productivity and the loss of other ecosystem functions and services.

Assessment of the salt tolerance of diverse bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes during the early growth stage under hydroponic culture conditions

ObjectivesSoil salinity affects the growth of crop plants, leading to reduced productivity, and is a major challenge for wheat production worldwide. Various adaptations and mitigation approaches in combination with tolerant wheat genotypes can be useful for the sustainability of crop production in saline environments. However, the development of salt-tolerant wheat genotypes is one of the best and most efficient solutions for obtaining desirable yields. Considering these issues, an investigation was carried out under hydroponic nutrient culture conditions to assess the genetic variability and selection of salt-tolerant wheat genotypes by categorizing inequitable morphophysiological and genetic variability as well as multivariate analysis. MethodsTo meet the objectives of this study, 100 wheat genotypes were tested hydroponically in 0 (control) and 15 dS m−1 salt solutions. ConclusionFor all the wheat genotypes grown under saline conditions, the shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root fresh weight (RFW), total fresh weight (TFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), and total dry weight (TDW) decreased significantly. Furthermore, significant variation was observed among the genotypes in terms of their characteristics only under saline conditions. In the case of genetic diversity analysis, a high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genetic advance in the percentage of the mean (GAM) and high heritability (h2b) were recorded for all tested wheat genotypes based on the SDW, RDW and TDW. Correlation analysis for both genotypic and phenotypic relationships revealed strong positive correlations for TDW, SDW, TFW and SFW. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that TDW, TFW, SDW, and SFW were the most discriminative variables for the wheat genotypes, which was confirmed by discriminant function analysis (DFA). PCA-biplot analysis also revealed significant positive correlations between SDW and SFW and between TDW and TFW. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed for ten clusters based on the relative performance of the genotypes, where the genotypes were characterized into salt-tolerant, medium-salt-tolerant, medium-salt-susceptible and salt-susceptible groups. Among the genotypes, G11, G25 and G29 under cluster VII were categorized as salt tolerant based on their outstanding performance in terms of characteristics only under saline conditions. D2 analysis proved that the wheat genotypes of this cluster were highly divergent from the other cluster genotypes; as a result, these genotypes might be utilized as parents in the development of salt-tolerant wheat genotypes. The current study concluded that SDW and TDW could be employed as criteria for selecting and defining salt-tolerant genotypes during the early growth stage of wheat.

In vitro culture alters cell lineage composition and cellular metabolism of bovine blastocyst†.

Profiling bovine blastocyst transcriptome at the single-cell level has enabled us to reveal the first cell lineage segregation, during which the inner cell mass (ICM), trophectoderm (TE), and an undefined population of transitional cells were identified. By comparing the transcriptome of blastocysts derived in vivo (IVV), in vitro from a conventional culture medium (IVC), and in vitro from an optimized reduced nutrient culture medium (IVR), we found a delay of the cell fate commitment to ICM in the IVC and IVR embryos. Developmental potential differences between IVV, IVC, and IVR embryos were mainly contributed by ICM and transitional cells. Pathway analysis of these non-TE cells between groups revealed highly active metabolic and biosynthetic processes, reduced cellular signaling, and reduced transmembrane transport activities in IVC embryos that may lead to reduced developmental potential. IVR embryos had lower activities in metabolic and biosynthetic processes but increased cellular signaling and transmembrane transport, suggesting these cellular mechanisms may contribute to improved blastocyst development compared to IVC embryos. However, the IVR embryos had compromised development compared to IVV embryos with notably over-active transmembrane transport activities that impaired ion homeostasis.

Identification and Characterization of Fungal Pathogens Contributing to Citrus Twig Dieback in Kerman Province, Iran

Citrus decline with complex symptoms was recently observed in Kerman province, reducing the annual yield of citrus fruits. Agents that cause citrus decline include fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and abiotic factors. One of the most important symptoms of citrus decline is branch dieback. In this study, the fungal agent responsible for dieback was identified. To achieve this goal, sampling was conducted in citrus orchards with symptoms of twig dieback and twig canker in the summer of 2020. Samples were collected from different areas of the citrus growing region of Kerman province, including Bam, Rigan, Narmashir, Fahraj, Shahdad, and Orzueeh. Fungi were isolated from diseased branches on nutrient culture medium. The resulting fungi were identified using morphological characteristics. The following fungi were isolated from diseased plants: Alternaria spp., Nattrassia mangiferae, Ulocladium spp., Bipolaris spp., Fusarium spp., Phoma sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Paecilomyces spp., Chaetomium spp., Acremonium spp., Stemphylium sp., and Cladosporium spp. Notably, Alternaria spp. exhibited the highest frequency and widest distribution among them, making it the most prevalent fungus throughout all citrus-growing regions of Kerman province. N. mangiferae was the second most frequently isolated fungus. Pathogenicity tests were performed by artificially inoculating two-year-old lemon trees under controlled conditions. All fungal genera except Chaetomium sp. and Cladosporium spp. were virulent. N. mangiferae was the most virulent fungus and caused the most severe cankers six weeks after inoculation. It also had the greatest discoloration compared to other fungi in these tests

Lipid Enriched Reduced Nutrient Culture Medium Improves Bovine Blastocyst Formation.

The refinement of embryo culture media is essential in improving embryo viability and in vitro production efficiency. Our previous work demonstrated that the nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids, and vitamins) in traditional culture media far exceed the need for an embryo and producing developmentally competent embryos in a reduced nutrient environment is feasible. Here, we aim to evaluate the impact of exogenous lipid and L-carnitine supplementation on bovine blastocyst development and refine our RN condition further. Zygotes were cultured in the control medium (100% nutrients) and reduced nutrient media containing 6.25% of the standard nutrient concentrations supplemented with L-carnitine and lipid free or lipid rich BSA. Increased blastocyst development was observed in the reduced nutrient lipid rich medium compared to the other two groups. However, in both reduced nutrient conditions, blastocyst cell numbers were lower than those obtained in the control condition. We then examined the expression level of 18 transcripts correlated with lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, redox balance, and embryo quality, along with mitochondrial DNA copy numbers, ATP productions, and lipid profile. The results indicated lipid metabolism, embryo quality, and redox enzyme related genes were upregulated while glucose related gene was downregulated in embryos derived from reduced nutrient lipid rich condition Finally, we identified that the lipid rich BSA has enriched linoleic, stearic, oleic, palmitic, and alpha-linoleic fatty acids, a lipid profile that may contribute to the increased lipid metabolism and improved blastocyst development of the bovine embryos under the reduced nutrient condition.

The Metabolomics Changes in Luria-Bertani Broth Medium under Different Sterilization Methods and Their Effects on Bacillus Growth.

Luria-Bertani broth (LB) culture medium is a commonly used bacterial culture medium in the laboratory. The nutrient composition, concentration, and culture conditions of LB medium can influence the growth of microbial strains. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the impact of LB liquid culture medium on microbial growth under different sterilization conditions. In this study, LB medium with four different treatments was used, as follows: A, LB medium without treatments; B, LB medium with filtration; C, LB medium with autoclaving; and D, LB medium with autoclaving and cultured for 12 h. Subsequently, the protein levels and antioxidant capacity of the medium with different treatments were measured, and the effects of the different LB medium treatments on the growth of microorganisms and metabolites were determined via 16s rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics analysis, respectively. Firmicutes and Lactobacillus were the dominant microorganisms, which were enriched in fermentation and chemoheterotrophy. The protein levels and antioxidant capacity of the LB medium with different treatments were different, and with the increasing concentration of medium, the protein levels were gradually increased, while the antioxidant capacity was decreased firstly and then increased. The growth trend of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus paralicheniformis, Micrococcus luteus, and Alternaria alternata in the medium with different treatments was similar. Additionally, 220 and 114 differential metabolites were found between B and C medium, and between C and D medium, which were significantly enriched in the "Hedgehog signaling pathway", "biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites", "ABC transporters", "arginine and proline metabolism", and "linoleic acid metabolism". LB medium may be a good energy source for Lactobacillus growth with unsterilized medium, and LB medium filtered with a 0.22 μm filter membrane may be used for bacterial culture better than culture medium after high-pressure sterilization. LB medium still has the ability for antioxidation and to keep bacteria growth whether or not autoclaved, indicating that there are some substances that can resist a high temperature and pressure and still maintain their functions.

Mechanisms of Nutrient Uptake and Assimilation Processes in Some Plants: A Review

Nutrient demands of plants are fulfilled via nutrient uptake by the roots, even though minor quantities of certain nutrients might be assimilated via leaves. For the reason that the majority of nutrients are assimilated by roots, an understanding of root morphology and cell structure is crucial in knowing this basic plant process. Nutrient achievement by plants hinges on ion applications on superficial, root assimilation capacity, and plant requirement. Movement of ion in plant cells is classified into active and passive. Ion concentrations in the cytoplasm of plant cells are frequently and considerably observed to be greater than in soil solutions. Consequently, roots ought to be able to take up ions in contrast to broadly diverse concentration gradients. Currently, two major theories of ion transport across membranes are reported in literature: carrier theory where carrier agents accountable for transferring ions from one side of membrane to the other; encounter specific ions for which they have attraction, form carrier ion complexes; and move across membranes and connecting ATPase theory of ion transport; which is related with the plasmalemma and is activated by cations; the ion pump theory, which is a demanding proces, transporting via electrochemical gradient. Measurements of ion uptake could be achieved through tracer techniques. Long-distance transport of ions to shoots happens in the vascular system, with water being the transporting agent. New and stimulating developments in mineral uptake mechanism of plants have momentously added to our understanding of the function of nutrients uptake in plants. Most research comparative to physiology of nutrient uptake has been conducted under controlled environment by means of particular nutrient cultures in the growth medium.

Optimization of Culture Media and Cell Ratios for 3D In Vitro Skeletal Muscle Tissues with Endothelial Cells.

A major challenge of engineering larger macroscale tissues in vitro is the limited diffusion of nutrients and oxygen to the interior. For skeletal muscle, this limitation results in millimeter scale outcomes to avoid necrosis. One method to address this constraint may be to vascularize in vitro-grown muscle tissue, to support nutrient (culture media) flow into the interior of the structure. In this exploratory study, we examine culture conditions that enable myogenic development and endothelial cell survival within tissue engineered 3D muscles. Myoblasts (C2C12s), endothelial cells (HUVECs), and endothelial support cells (C3H 10T1/2s) were seeded into Matrigel-fibrin hydrogels and cast into 3D printed frames to form 3D in vitro skeletal muscle tissues. Our preliminary results suggest that the simultaneous optimization of culture media formulation and cell concentrations is necessary for 3D cultured muscles to exhibit robust myosin heavy chain expression and GFP expression from GFP-transfected endothelial cells. The ability to form differentiated 3D muscles containing endothelial cells is a key step toward achieving vascularized 3D muscle tissues, which have potential use as tissue for implantation in a medical setting, as well as for future foods such as cultivated meats.

Bioconversion Study of Olive Tree Biomass Hemicellulosic Hydrolysates by Candida guilliermondii at Different Scales for Ethanol and Xylitol Production

Hemicellulosic biomass from olive-tree pruning (OTPB) was used as a raw material in order to produce a hemicellulosic hydrolysate to be fermented with the non-traditional yeast Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 to obtain ethanol and xylitol. The main objectives of this research were to study the most relevant kinetic parameters involved in the bioconversion process and the correlation between stirred-tank bioreactor and agitated Erlenmeyer flask fermentation. In a first scale-up (using Erlenmeyer flasks) incubated on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm, fermentation assays were performed to determine the most convenient process conditions and the adaptation of the microorganism to the concentrated OTPB and added nutrients culture medium. The best conditions (2.5 kg m−3 of initial yeast cells, pH of 5.5 and 30 °C) were set in a bench bioreactor. A comparative study on ethanol and xylitol production was conducted in two scale scenarios, obtaining different results. In the bioreactor, 100% of D-glucose and partially D-xylose were consumed to produce an ethanol yield of 0.28 kg kg−1 and an ethanol volumetric productivity of 0.84 kg dm−3 h−1 as well as a yield and volumetric productivity in xylitol of 0.37 kg kg−1 and 0.26 kg dm−3 h−1, respectively. The kinetic results allowed increasing the action scale and obtaining more real results than the previous steps to enable mini-plant and industrial scaling.

ALDOC- and ENO2- driven glucose metabolism sustains 3D tumor spheroids growth regardless of nutrient environmental conditions: a multi-omics analysis

BackgroundMetastases are the major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. By the time cancer cells detach from their primary site to eventually spread to distant sites, they need to acquire the ability to survive in non-adherent conditions and to proliferate within a new microenvironment in spite of stressing conditions that may severely constrain the metastatic process. In this study, we gained insight into the molecular mechanisms allowing cancer cells to survive and proliferate in an anchorage-independent manner, regardless of both tumor-intrinsic variables and nutrient culture conditions.Methods3D spheroids derived from lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and breast cancer cells were cultured in either nutrient-rich or -restricted culture conditions. A multi-omics approach, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, was used to explore the molecular changes underlying the transition from 2 to 3D cultures. Small interfering RNA-mediated loss of function assays were used to validate the role of the identified differentially expressed genes and proteins in H460 and HCC827 LUAD as well as in MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines.ResultsWe found that the transition from 2 to 3D cultures of H460 and MCF7 cells is associated with significant changes in the expression of genes and proteins involved in metabolic reprogramming. In particular, we observed that 3D tumor spheroid growth implies the overexpression of ALDOC and ENO2 glycolytic enzymes concomitant with the enhanced consumption of glucose and fructose and the enhanced production of lactate. Transfection with siRNA against both ALDOC and ENO2 determined a significant reduction in lactate production, viability and size of 3D tumor spheroids produced by H460, HCC827, MCF7, and T47D cell lines.ConclusionsOur results show that anchorage-independent survival and growth of cancer cells are supported by changes in genes and proteins that drive glucose metabolism towards an enhanced lactate production. Notably, this finding is valid for all lung and breast cancer cell lines we have analyzed in different nutrient environmental conditions. broader Validation of this mechanism in other cancer cells of different origin will be necessary to broaden the role of ALDOC and ENO2 to other tumor types. Future in vivo studies will be necessary to assess the role of ALDOC and ENO2 in cancer metastasis.

Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Potential Effects of Maternal Dietary Restriction on Fetal Muscle Growth and Development.

In terms of fetal muscle growth, development, and health, maternal nutrition is a crucial influence, although the exact biochemical mechanism by which this occurs is still not fully understood. To examine the potential impacts of maternal dietary restriction on fetal muscle development, the sheep maternal dietary restriction model was developed for this study. In our study, 12 pregnant ewes were evenly split into two experimental groups and fed either 75% or 100% of a maternal nutrient. In addition, a multi-omics analysis was used to study the embryonic longissimus dorsis on gestational days (GD) 85 and 135. The fetal weight at GD 135 was significantly below normal due to the maternal restricted diet (p < 0.01). When fetuses were exposed to the dietary deficit, 416 mRNAs and 40 proteins were significantly changed. At GD 85, the multi-omics analysis revealed that maternal dietary restriction led to a significant up-regulation of the cell cycle regulator CDK2 gene in the cellular senescence signaling pathway, and the results of the qRT-PCR were similar to the multi-omics analysis, which showed that SIX1, PAX7, the cell cycle factors CDK4 and CDK6, and the BCL-2 apoptosis factor were up-regulated and several skeletal muscle marker genes, such as MYF5 and MyoD were down-regulated. At GD 135, maternal dietary restriction blocks the muscle fiber differentiation and maturation. The multi-omics analysis revealed that the TEAD1 gene was in the Hippo signaling pathway, the muscle marker genes MYF5 and MyoG were significantly down-regulated, and the TEAD1 binding of the down-regulated VGLL3 gene might be potential mechanisms affecting myofiber differentiation and maturation. Knocking down the CDK2 gene could inhibit the proliferation of primary embryonic myoblasts, and the expression levels of cell cycle regulatory factors CDK4 and CDK6 were significantly changed. Under low nutrient culture conditions, the number of myoblasts decreased and the expression of CDK2, CDK6, MYF5, PAX7 and BCL-2 changed, which was in perfect agreement with the multi-omics analysis. All of the findings from our study helped to clarify the potential effects of maternal dietary restriction on fetal muscle growth and development. They also provided a molecular foundation for understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of maternal nutrition on fetal muscle growth and development, as well as for the development of new medications and the management of related metabolic diseases.

Study on Characteristics of 125I Absorption and Accumulation in Eggplants

Iodine fortification of plants is a means of improving the nutritional iodine status for humans. However, knowledge regarding iodine absorption and accumulation in plants remains limited. Hence, we used nutrient culture and isotope tracking methods, and the radioactivity of 125I was measured by using a multi-channel spectrometer to study the characteristics of 125I absorption and accumulation in an eggplant. The results showed that 125I was detected in the stems and leaves after 20 min of incubation in the iodine-containing nutrient solution, while it took 40 min to be detected in fruits, indicating a relatively slow migration of 125I from the roots to the fruits. The absorption and accumulation of 125I by various organs of the eggplant significantly differed, with 125I accumulation in the roots accounting for more than 80% of the whole plant (120 h), significantly higher than the above-ground parts. The absorption rate of all parts of the eggplant rapidly increased within a short period of 125I treatment, peaking at 12 h for the roots and at 3 h for transferring to the stems, leaves, and fruits. The results of this study indicate that the transferability of 125I from the roots to the over-ground parts of the eggplant is high, and eggplant fruits have the potential to continuously accumulate 125I. It is feasible to select eggplant as an iodine-rich crop for cultivation.

Maintenance of tRNA and elongation factors supports T3SS proteins translational elongations in pathogenic bacteria during nutrient starvation

BackgroundSufficient nutrition contributes to rapid translational elongation and protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic bacteria. Fast synthesis and accumulation of type III secretion system (T3SS) proteins conduce to the invasion of pathogenic bacteria into the host cells. However, the translational elongation patterns of T3SS proteins in pathogenic bacteria under T3SS-inducing conditions remain unclear. Here, we report a mechanism of translational elongation of T3SS regulators, effectors and structural protein in four model pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xanthomonas oryzae and Ralstonia solanacearum) and a clinical isolate (Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCBPP-PA14) under nutrient-limiting conditions. We proposed a luminescence reporter system to quantitatively determine the translational elongation rates (ERs) of T3SS regulators, effectors and structural protein under different nutrient-limiting conditions and culture durations.ResultsThe translational ERs of T3SS regulators, effectors and structural protein in these pathogenic bacteria were negatively regulated by the nutrient concentration and culture duration. The translational ERs in 0.5× T3SS-inducing medium were the highest of all tested media. In 1× T3SS-inducing medium, the translational ERs were highest at 0 min and then rapidly decreased. The translational ERs of T3SS regulators, effectors and structural protein were inhibited by tRNA degradation and by reduced levels of elongation factors (EFs).ConclusionsRapid translational ER and synthesis of T3SS protein need adequate tRNAs and EFs in nutrient-limiting conditions. Numeric presentation of T3SS translation visually indicates the invasion of bacteria and provides new insights into T3SS expression that can be applied to other pathogenic bacteria.

Water compatibility of M’sila region (South- East Algeria) for cultivation of Spirulina &amp; evaluation of methods of extraction of Phycocyanin and investigation of stability by β-Cyclodextrin

Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is a microalga that has existed for more than three billion years. It belongs to the family of cyanobacteria. It is extraordinary, rich in nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. In addition, Spirulina is rich in phycocyanin, a blue protein pigment. It can be used as a dye in food, pharmacology, and cosmetics. Our work focused first on the compatibility of the waters of M’sila region (southeast Algeria) for the cultivation of Arthrospira platensis. Then, we evaluated several methods of extracting phycocyanin to be able to determine the optimal method in terms of yield. We have succeeded in developing a new extraction method coupled with maceration in a glycerol-water mixture with a molar ratio (8/2) assisted by ultrasound with a yield of 52.93 mg/g. The excellent results obtained may be due to the salinity of the waters of the region, to the used nutrient culture medium and/or the climate change of the region. We have formed an inclusion complex between phycocyanin and β-Cyclodextrin to keep it and make it more stable. The encouraging results allow Algeria to gain a foothold on the world market as a producer of blue goldSpirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is a microalga that has existed for more than three billion years. It belongs to the family of cyanobacteria. It is extraordinary, rich in nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. In addition, Spirulina is rich in phycocyanin, a blue protein pigment. It can be used as a dye in food, pharmacology, and cosmetics. Our work focused first on the compatibility of the waters of M’sila region (southeast Algeria) for the cultivation of Arthrospira platensis. Then, we evaluated several methods of extracting phycocyanin to be able to determine the optimal method in terms of yield. We have succeeded in developing a new extraction method coupled with maceration in a glycerol-water mixture with a molar ratio (8/2) assisted by ultrasound with a yield of 52.93 mg/g. The excellent results obtained may be due to the salinity of the waters of the region, to the used nutrient culture medium and/or the climate change of the region. We have formed an inclusion complex between phycocyanin and β-Cyclodextrin to keep it and make it more stable. The encouraging results allow Algeria to gain a foothold on the world market as a producer of blue gold

Hormonal Effect on Callus Induction and Shoot Multiplication on Leaf Explants in Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) Cultivar Grand

Aims: Gerbera is very popular as a cut flower in India. Due to it is multi color its very attractive and it has longer vase life. It is a dwarf, stem-less, herbaceous, perennial plant that is commercially propagated by the cell culture.&#x0D; Methodology: The research was conducting an investigation into In vitro method used nutrient culture media under control condition. In-vitro method were observed that the effect of 2,4-D +Kinetin and 2,4-D + BAP with different treatment concentrations on callus induction and shoot multiplication under In vitro condition was carried out using leaf explants.&#x0D; Results: The result acquired has shown that minimum time (7.18 days) was noted under the treatment combination 2,4-D @ 2.00 mgl-1+ Kinetin @1.50 mgl-1 whereas maximum time (35.57 days) was found of callus with the treatment combination 2,4-D @2.00 mgl-1+ BAP @2.00 mgl-1under control. After the callus induction, the callus was transferred for the establishment of the shoot on different shoot multiplication media showed that time of shoot initiation 7.18 days. shoot per cent was 76.65 in these days also the number of shoots per explant 11.23 along with this, the development of shoot was completed in 11.74 days when Length of the shoot was viewed on 25 days to shoot the length was 2.17 cm, 35 days after 3.60 and 45 days after 4.56 cm. and after that count of shoot per culture was 12.62 were observed on treatment of CHU Media + BAP @ 2.50 mgl-1+Kinetin @ 1.50 mgl-1.