Nutrient Culture Research Articles

Trait selection and screening of Indonesian local rice accessions for iron stress tolerance

Iron (Fe) poisoning in rice causes changes in both morphological and physiological characteristics of the plants, but the stress response is often genotype-dependent. This research used a screening method on nutrient culture media to evaluate 20 local Indonesian genotypes for tolerance to Fe stress by studying the response of root morphology, vegetative growth, and biomass. This research aimed to identify cultivars that were highly resistant to excess Fe from 20 Indonesian local rice accessions. The research was conducted in a greenhouse from May to June 2019 and used a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor consisted of 20 local Indonesian rice accessions. The second factor was the concentration of Fe in the nutrient media (0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm Fe). The results showed that the high Fe concentration in the nutrient solution decreased root growth, vegetative growth, and biomass in a genotype-specific manner. The application of > 200 ppm Fe in the medium resulted in inhibition of plant growth characterized by yellowing and dry leaves, a decrease in the number of root branches, root length, number of tillers, leaf length, and shoot/root biomass. Several tolerant cultivars were discovered, including Inpara 9, Lipigo 2, and Sigambiri Merah, which could be useful in tolerance breeding. Evaluation of all parameters identified shoot dry weight and number of leaves as reliable traits to assess Fe toxicity tolerance in rice.

The influence of the nutrient medium on the morphological features and cell viability of the microalgae <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Beijer

This paper discusses morphological features and the nature of the viability of the cell groups of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris Beijer., growing in an artificial nutrient medium. It has been found that in the morphological aspect, the microalgae have a unicellular cell structure of rounded or ellipsoidal shapes with a diameter of cell structures from 2 to 10 microns. The structure of the chlorella cell is represented as a thin shell, in the cytoplasm of which the nucleus with a decorated chloroplast is immersed. The optimal parameters for the intensive growth of chlorella microalgae were temperature values in the range of +27+29C. In such temperature values, chlorella microalgae showed the best results in terms of cell growth rate and in the values of its viability index. At the same time, the culture of chlorella cells, having the ability to outstrip cell growth, is able to maintain its systematic variety for a long time. In addition, it has been found that chlorella cells have a pronounced phototropism, expressed in responses to a light pulse and the ability to purposefully move towards it in the form of phototaxis. Further observations showed that the majority of chlorella cells in the visible field of micrometry were about 46 microns in size with an average quantitative content of about 4,5 million microalgae cell structures in one milliliter of nutrient (culture) medium. The indicator of the optical density of the studied chlorella cell culture after 14 days of growth in the nutrient medium increased by the end of observations by a little more than 2 times, which indicates a sufficiently high value of the viability of the cell structures of the Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. microalgae culture.

In silico and in vitro study of Mycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv uncharacterized protein (RipD): an insight on tuberculosis therapeutics.

Tuberculosis caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb)is responsible forthe highest global health problem, with the deaths of millions of people. With prevalence of multiple drug resistance (MDR) strains and extended therapeutic times, it is important to discover small molecule inhibitors against novel hypothetical proteins of the pathogen. In this study, a virtual screening protocol was carried out against MtbH37Rv hypothetical protein RipD (Rv1566c) for the identification of potential small molecule inhibitors. The 3D model of the protein structure binding site was used for virtual screening (VS) of inhibitors from the Pathogen Box, followed by its validation through a molecular docking study. The stability of the protein-ligand complex was assessed using a 150ns molecular dynamics simulation. MM-PBSA and MM-GBSA are the two approaches that were used to perform the trajectory analysis and determine the binding free energies, respectively. The ligand binding was observed to be stable across the entire time frame with an approximate binding free energy of -22.9916kcal/mol. The drug-likeness of the inhibitors along with a potential anti-tuberculosis compound was validated by ADMET prediction software. Furthermore, a CFU inhibition assay was used to validate the best hit compound's in vitro inhibitory efficacy against a non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2155 under low nutrient culture conditions. The study reported that the compound proposed in our study (Pathogen Box ID: MMV687700) will be useful for the identification of potential inhibitors against Mtb in future.

Mutation in phcA Enhanced the Adaptation of Ralstonia solanacearum to Long-Term Acid Stress.

Bacterial wilt, caused by the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, occurs more severely in acidified soil according to previous reports. However, R. solanacearum cannot grow well in acidic environments under barren nutrient culture conditions, especially when the pH is lower than 5. With the worsening acidification of farmland, further determination of how R. solanacearum adapts to the long-term acidic environment is worthwhile. In this study, experimental evolution was applied to evaluate the adaptability and mechanism of the R. solanacearum experimental population responding to long-term acid stress. We chose the CQPS-1 strain as the ancestor, and minimal medium (MM medium) with different pH values as the culture environment to simulate poor soil. After 1500 generations of serial passage experiments in pH 4.9 MM, acid-adapted experimental strains (denoted as C49 strains) were obtained, showing significantly higher growth rates than the growth rates of control experimental strains (serial passage experiment in pH 6.5 MM, denoted as C65 strains). Competition experiments showed that the competitive indices (CIs) of all selected clones from C49 strains were superior to the ancestor in acidic environment competitiveness. Based on the genome variation analysis and functional verification, we confirmed that loss of function in the phcA gene was associated with the acid fitness gain of R. solanacearum, which meant that the inactivation of the PhcA regulator caused by gene mutation mediated the population expansion of R. solanacearum when growing in an acidic stress environment. Moreover, the swimming motility of acid evolution strains and the phcA deletion mutant was significantly enhanced compared to CQPS-1. This work provided evidence for understanding the adaptive strategy of R. solanacearum to the long-term acidic environment.

Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of nonalcoholic extracts of crude coconut shell oil, orange peel, and mango leaf with that of xylitol on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans

Background: The use of plant extracts, as well as other alternative forms of medical treatments, is enjoying great popularity since late 1990s. Scientists from all over the have found literally thousands of phytochemicals which have inhibitory effects on all types of microorganisms in vitro. Moreover, there are the reports of potential hazards and microbial resistance against the commonly used antibiotics. Aim: The objective of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of various concentrations of nonalcoholic extracts of crude coconut shell oil, orange peel, and mango leaf with that of xylitol on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: Microbial strains were procured and revived on nutrient agar media. Coconut shell oil extract was prepared by heating ground shell in an earth pot for 3 h. Mango leaf extract was collected by powdering them using a blender and water extracts were prepared using agitation method. Orange peel extract was collected from the fresh peels of oranges which was pureed in a blender. The puree was subjected to hydrodistillation. The oil was separated. 10 g of Xylitol was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water for base extract. 25%, 50%, 100%, and 200% dilutions of the extracts and xylitol were prepared. The susceptibility of the oral pathogens was determined by the well diffusion method. The extracts were pipetted into the wells and then incubated at 37°C overnight. After overnight incubation, the diameter of the clear zone produced was measured in cm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts was evaluated by the microdilution method. Serial dilutions of the extracts and xylitol were added to the wells prepared in the agar plate along with nutrient broth and culture. The plates were placed in an incubator at 37°C for 24 h. The absence of turbidity in the wells was recorded as MIC. Results: Highest zone of inhibition was recorded for coconut shell extract against both the test organisms followed by Xylitol. Mango leaf extract and orange peel extract could not demonstrate statistically significant results. The inhibitory effect increased with increasing concentration. MIC of coconut shell extract against C. albicans and S. mutans was found out to be 37.5 mg and 25 mg, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it may be concluded that antibacterial and antifungal effect of nonalcoholic extracts of crude coconut shell extract is more when compared to mango leaf, orange peel, and xylitol. Mango leaf and orange peel extracts showed minimum activity.

Phosphorus fertilization affects cation balance in cool-season grasses associated with grass tetany

Magnet Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), HiMag tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and Mgwell orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) are the first cultivars bred for higher magnesium uptake (high-Mg) to reduce grass tetany risk for ruminants. The experiment was conducted to evaluate whether magnesium (Mg) uptake efficiency by high-Mg cultivars is limited to specific phosphorus (P) levels, and to optimize P level for individual selections of high-Mg grasses in nutrient culture. The high-Mg cultivars were compared with two existing commercial cultivars viz., Tachiwase and Waseyutaka, of Italian ryegrass, Kentucky-31 (Ky-31) and Fawn of tall fescue, and Akimidori and Okamidori of orchardgrass, respectively. One-month aged seedlings were grown in controlled conditions with three P treatments of 0.1, 1, and 5 mM for 10 days and nutrient contents were determined. Increasing P fertilization increased shoot weights of the grasses. Shoot potassium (K) content of the high-Mg cultivars was lower than the commercial cultivars. In contrast, the high-Mg cultivars were consistently higher in shoot calcium (Ca) and Mg contents when compared to the commercial cultivars, irrespective of species, over P fertilization. While the shoot Mg and Ca contents increased, the K content and K/(Ca + Mg) decreased with increasing P fertilization, regardless of cultivars. Across the P levels, the high-Mg cultivars always showed a K/(Ca + Mg) value lower than 2.2, a safer value for grass tetany in ruminants. Irrespective of grass species, increasing P level reduced the K/(Ca + Mg) and the value became lowest at 5 mM P level. The highest relative range for shoot Mg content was obtained in 5 mM P level for Italian ryegrass (37.6%), tall fescue (30.1%), and orchardgrass (47.9%). Our results indicate the effectiveness of using 5 mM P level for screening high-Mg cool-season grass seedlings.

Hydroponic Salinity Screening by Deep Flow Technique on All Paddy Growing Phases

Salinity screening under hydroponic Deep Flow Technique (DFT) has not been widely studied, especially on the nature of rice tolerance to salinity stress. According to previous screening studies, this method was effective in distinguishing the nature of rice tolerance to salinity stress. However, they were tested only at generative phase. Therefore, evaluation on screening method with hydroponic DFT at all phases of paddy growth is essential. The objective of this study is to evaluate the filtering under hydroponic DFT at all paddy phase and to determine secondary character that support productivity which can be utilized as selection character in this screening process. The experiment was arranged with a complete nested group design with nested replication is the NaCl stress. There were 5 (Five) tested rice varieties and the stress environment consisted of three levels: 0, 60, and 120 mM of NaCl, all with 3 (three) replications. The nutrient culture screening was adapted to the modified Egdane method. The results showed that screening under hydroponic DFT was effective at the concentration of 60 nM of NaCl. The best selection character was yields per clump, number of productive tillers and total chlorophyll. The variety of Jeliteng, Ciherang and Inpari 34 of Salin Agritan, were classified as tolerant group. This hydroponic DFT Filtering method could be recommended as one salinity screening method for all paddy growing phases

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AND TOLERANCE EFFICIENCY OF Spinacea oleracea L. UNDER HYDROPONIC Ni2+ STRESS CONDITION

An indoor EDTA and HNO3 enriched environment was created by an injection system with timing and varying concentration control. Spinacea oleracea was selected hydroponic plant exposed to various doses of Ni2+ (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/L) as Na2EDTA at (0, 500 and 3000 mg/L) and (0,500 and 3000 mg/L) HNO3 in different combinations for 6 days with 10-hour-treatment each day. This study used modified Hoagland nutrient culture in a screen house to provide an ideal environment for comparing the efficiency of chelate-assisted and unchelated phytoextraction of Ni2+ by S. oleracea. Changes in morphological characteristics including leaf damage rate to evaluate morphological resistance to Ni2+ uptake and proline contents was observed. Changes in fresh biomass were significant (p < 0.05) with respect to addition of EDTA and HNO3 at different concentration to different concentrations of Ni2+ compared to unchelated treatments of same concentrations of Ni2+. The Ni2+ induced proline accumulation in shoots increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing Ni2+ concentrations.

Germination and growth of horticultural crops irrigated with reclaimed water after biological treatment and ozonation

Integration of high water-volume and nutrient-rich industrial wastewater into the existing water management plan for agriculture could be a viable option to protect freshwater resources, mitigate water scarcity problems and support the agriculture sector. Hydroponics were set-up to study the effects of treated mixed industrial and domestic wastewater on physiological traits of lettuce and silverbeet. A sustainable hybrid biological-ozonation process was employed for the wastewater treatment. The studied process showed high treatment capacity by removing 96% COD, 92% diesel and 97% methylene blue compounds. Reclaimed streams were analysed for metals using ICP-MS instrument and the concentrations of all elements tested, exception of Cu, Mn, and Mo, fall within the permissible range for crop irrigation. The crops were grown using the effluents (with/without external nutrient) and compared to a recommended nutrient culture and tap water controls. Compared to the control, plants that received external nutrient had a comparable aerial biomass and vegetative growth, higher photosynthetic pigments but exhibited some root development impairments, probably due to high activity of H+, which promoted metal toxicities on plant roots. Under pH-controlled irrigation, an improvement in root growth was observed. The biomass of plants watered with only the treated wastewater were more than 50% higher than the yield in tap water control and plants exhibited high degree of root foraging. The root concentrations of the studied metals, particularly Al, Mn, Cu and Zn were higher than the corresponding shoot concentrations. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant positive interaction (p<0.01) between K and other elements (Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe) in plant tissues, thus indicating its role in facilitating transportation of nutrients and photo-assimilates in plant. The results suggest a high suitability of the treated wastewater for growth of crops. Thus, the reuse of treated mixed industrial and domestic wastewater for irrigation can be considered a sustainable way to cope with the growing water stress across the globe and the water shortage in agriculture. The reuse potential for irrigation of crops depends on the quality of the reclaimed water and the treatment technologies used. With the limited research data available, further studies to elucidate the long-term implications of the irrigation is highly recommended.

Design of a photocatalytic reactor (uv-a) for the study of the chemical degradation of 1,2- dihydroxybenzene and inactivation of e. coli in simulated water

For water disinfection, conventional methods have been applied with some drawbacks towards the formation of potentially dangerous disinfection products. Advanced oxidation processes such as photocatalysis are less expensive, using fluorescent ultraviolet light lamps. The intense oxidation and mineralization reactions of contaminants can be increased in the presence of molecular oxygen or H2O2, resulting in a highly efficient process due to the formation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to an efficient degradation of contaminants in an aqueous medium to form compounds or residues. with low toxicity. The photocatalytic remediation of 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and the inactivation of E. coli in simulated waters was carried out after the construction of a photocatalytic reactor with a 10W UV light source at 365 nm based on the LED light emitting diode - UV energetically. efficient due to direct light incidence and the reduction of electron-hole recombination that increases photonic efficiency. To carry out the degradation process of 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, a three-level 3k factorial design was applied for the catalyst concentration (TiO2), pH level and H2O2 concentration, showing favorable results for acid pH and low amount of catalyst. . To evaluate the inactivation of E. coli, the bacterial growth curve of the ATCC 25922 strain was studied in Nutrient culture medium, using the UV-vis technique. Spectral scanning was performed from 200 to 800nm, obtaining the maximum absorption at 300nm and an exponential growth phase of 4 to 5 hours at 37°C and pH 7.0.

Response of phosphorus sensitive plants to arsenate

Arsenate (As (V)) is a highly toxic species of arsenic (As) which is also an excellent phosphate analogue. Plant species that are adapted to phosphorus (P) impoverished soil display a negative response to elevated phosphate due to an inability to downregulate P acquisition. Despite widespread As contamination and shared transport systems for As (V) and P uptake, little to no information is available on the response of P-sensitive plants to As (V). The aim of the study was to investigate the response of P-sensitive plants to As (V). One high (Hakea prostrata R.BR) and one moderate (Banksia seminuda B.Rye) P-sensitive species and one vegetable plant species (Cucumis sativus L.) were grown in nutrient solution containing different As (V) concentrations. Based on EC50 data from nutrient culture, Hakea prostrata was the most sensitive species to As (V) followed by B. seminuda and C. sativus. Critical exogenous concentrations of As that reduced plant growth by 50 % (EC50) in H. prostrata, B. seminuda and C. sativus were respectively 0.64, 0.76 and 1.08 μM for shoot and 0.66, 0.51, 1.07 μM for root. Hakea prostrata had the highest translocation factor (ratio of As concentration in shoot to root) of 0.11, followed by B. seminuda (0.03), and C. sativus (0.01). Plant species with high and moderate P sensitivity were associated with high sensitivity to As (V) exposure and accumulation in shoots. The increased sensitivity has important implications in ecological risk assessment and selection of plant species for rehabilitation. The impacts of As(V) at low P levels in soil solution is needed to inform contaminated site assessment and rehabilitation.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RICE VARIETIES ON IRON STRESS IN NUTRIENT CULTURE MEDIA

Decreased rice productivity due to high iron concentrations especially in the vegetative phase, this causes the morphological character of rice to be affected until the metabolic process is disrupted. This study used 6 varieties, namely Batu Tegi, Inpara 9, Situ Patenggang, Inpara 8, Hawarabunar and Inpago 8, with iron concentrations of 0 and 250 ppm. The seeds were germinated for 3 days, then planted in Kimura B 10% nutrient culture media for 9 days, for 2 weeks then each week the media was changed to 100% Kimura B solution with the addition of 250 ppm iron concentration which was sampled every week until the 35th day. The results of the analysis of variance of the variables of plant height and root length showed that the combination Inpara 8-01 was the best combination and had a significant effect compared to other combinations with an average value of 61.31 cm and 30.77 cm. In the variable number of leaves the best average value was found in the combination of Batu Tegi-01 and Inpara 9-01 which had a significant effect compared to other treatments with an average value of 5.87 strands and 9.60 strands, respectively. On the stem dry weight variable, the combination of Hawarabunar-250 ppm Fe had a significant effect on other treatment combinations with the highest value of 0.17 g and the lowest value of treatment combination Inpara 9-250 ppm with a value of 0.08 g. Based on the results of treatment with 250 ppm Fe stress on plant morphological characters, the Hawarabunar variety had the best response in tolerating Fe stress, while the Batu Tegi variety was the lowest in tolerating Fe stress.

The expression of OsPLA2-III and OsPPO genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Fe toxicity stress

Lipids are an important biomolecule in plants because of their structural and functional roles in plant cells. Moreover, they could act as signal molecules in the defense system of plants suffering from biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, plants develop various tolerance strategies to cope with iron (Fe) toxicity, for example, by involving genes in the detoxification process and other mechanisms. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the expression of OsPLA2-III and OsPPO genes during Fe stress conditions. It was carried out using two-week-old seedlings of two rice varieties, namely, IR64 (Fe-sensitive variety) and Pokkali (Fe-tolerant variety). The seedlings were treated with 400 ppm FeSO4.7H2O in the nutrient culture solution and compared with control that received 1 ppm FeSO4.7H2O. Furthermore, leaf bronzing, chlorophyll content and relative expression of OsPLA2-III and OsPPO genes were observed. An in-silico study was also performed to predict the interaction between OsPLA2-III and OsPPO proteins. The results showed that the Fe toxicity induced leaf bronzing, decreased leaf chlorophyll content, and increased the expression levels of OsPLA2-III and OsPPO genes. Therefore, both genes were suggested to have a role in plant tolerance mechanism during Fe toxicity stress through the lipid signaling pathway.

Insulin-Like Peptide Receptor-Mediated Signaling Pathways Orchestrate Regulation of Growth in the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas), as Revealed by Gene Expression Profiles.

The involvement of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathways in the growth regulation of marine invertebrates remains largely unexplored. In this study, we used a fast-growing Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) variety “Haida No.1” as the material with which to unravel the role of IIS systems in growth regulation in oysters. Systematic bioinformatics analyses allowed us to identify major components of the IIS signaling pathway and insulin-like peptide receptor (ILPR)-mediated signaling pathways, including PI3K-AKT, RAS-MAPK, and TOR, in C. gigas. The expression levels of the major genes in IIS and its downstream signaling pathways were significantly higher in “Haida No.1” than in wild oysters, suggesting their involvement in the growth regulation of C. gigas. The expression profiles of IIS and its downstream signaling pathway genes were significantly altered by nutrient abundance and culture temperature. These results suggest that the IIS signaling pathway coupled with the ILPR-mediated signaling pathways orchestrate the regulation of energy metabolism to control growth in Pacific oysters.

The Effectiveness of Nutrient Culture Solutions with Agar Addition as An Evaluation Media of Rice Under Iron Toxicity Conditions

Background: Evaluation of the tolerance level of rice to iron (Fe) toxicity stress can be done using a hydroponic system in a nutrient culture solution under a controlled condition. This study aimed to obtain a nutrient culture solution that effective as a medium for evaluating the response of rice under Fe toxicity stress condition. Methods: This experiment was carried out by comparing the effectiveness of three kinds of nutrient culture media, namely Yoshida’s Half-Strength solution (HSY), Yoshida’s Half-Strength + 0.2% agar solution (HSYA), and Yoshida’s Full-Strength + 0.2% agar solution (FSYA) using two rice genotypes, Inpara 5 (sensitive to Fe toxicity) and Mahsuri (tolerant to Fe toxicity). Leaf bronzing level, plant dry weight, and pH of nutrient culture media were observed in this experiment. Results: The results showed that the stress response as represented by the bronzing score in Inpara 5 leaves was known to be higher than that of Mahsuri in the three nutrient culture media. The decrease of root and shoot dry weight in Inpara 5 was higher than that of Mahsuri. In addition, the decrease in the pH of nutrient culture solution media without an agar addition (HSY) occurred faster than the media with the agar addition (HSYA and FSYA). Conclusion: The HSYA and FSYA media exhibited a similar pattern of pH declining but causing significant differences in growth responses between Inpara 5 and Mashuri indicating the HSYA medium is considered more efficient compared to the FSYA medium because it only requires a smaller amount of agar.

Are root elongation assays suitable for establishing metallic anion ecotoxicity thresholds?

Metallic anions including antimonate (SbV), arsenate (AsV), chromate (CrVI), molybdate (MoVI), selenate (SeVI), tungstate (WV) and vanadate (VV) are important pollutants in the terrestrial environment due to their impacts on human and ecological health. It is essential that appropriate assays are used for derivation of toxicity models and guidance values, and to assess potential impacts on a site-specific basis. Root elongation is a simple and quick method for assessment of metal toxicity, yet there has been little to no validation. This study outlines results demonstrating low sensitivity of metallic anions in the often used 4-d root elongation test relative to 28-day nutrient culture assays. Therefore, root elongation assays may not be suitable for AsV, CrVI, MoVI, SbV, SeVI, and WV toxicity studies based on estimated toxicity parameters given the sensitivity of longer test assays. Only vanadate showed equivalent toxicity in the 4 d and 28 d assays. These results have significant implications for development of toxicity models and derivation of safe soil guidance values involving metallic anions.

Adaptation pattern of trembesi (Samanea saman Jacq. Merr.) seedling to lead exposure at nutrient culture based on the characteristics of organic acid

Lead (Pb) is known as one of the dangerous heavy metals which may spread in the environment due to industrial, domestic, agricultural and other human activities. The use of plants for cleaning up contamination which is known as phytoremediation requires information on the ability of plants to tolerate heavy metal exposure. The aim of this study was to determine the adaptation pattern of trembesi (Samanea saman Jacq. Merr) seedlings to lead (Pb) exposure based on the characteristics of organic acids content. Trembesi seedlings were grown on nutrient culture with Pb treatment of 0.5,1.5 and 2.5 mM for 7 days. The percentage of seedling life was counted and the organic acids content was observed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the life percentage of trembesi seedling exposed to lead up to 1.5mM reached 100%, but it decreased to 60% when it was exposed to 2.5 mM of lead. Trembesi seedlings produced all three organic acids investigated as oxalic, malic and citric acid. The increase of lead exposure from 0.5 to 1.5 and 2.5 mM, caused a significantly increase of oxalic acid exudation from 0.346 to 0.545 and 0.668 µg/mL respectively. At the same time, they also induced the accumulation of citric acid from 46.4481 to 63,668 and 83,516 µg/g respectively. This shows that trembesi has the adaptability to lead by a combination of external and internal mechanisms involving organic acids accumulation.

Effect of a Multistarter Yeast Inoculum on Ethanol Reduction and Population Dynamics in Wine Fermentation.

Microbiological strategies are currently being considered as methods for reducing the ethanol content of wine. Fermentations started with a multistarter of three non-Saccharomyces yeasts (Metschnikowia pulcherrima (Mp), Torulaspora delbrueckii (Td) and Zygosaccharomyces bailii (Zb)) at different inoculum concentrations. S. cerevisiae (Sc) was inoculated into fermentations at 0 h (coinoculation), 48 h or 72 h (sequential fermentations). The microbial populations were analyzed by a culture-dependent approach (Wallerstein Laboratory Nutrient (WLN) culture medium) and a culture-independent method (PMA-qPCR). The results showed that among these three non-Saccharomyces yeasts, Td became the dominant non-Saccharomyces yeast in all fermentations, and Mp was the minority yeast. Sc was able to grow in all fermentations where it was involved, being the dominant yeast at the end of fermentation. We obtained a significant ethanol reduction of 0.48 to 0.77% (v/v) in sequential fermentations, with increased concentrations of lactic and acetic acids. The highest reduction was achieved when the inoculum concentration of non-Saccharomyces yeast was 10 times higher (107 cells/mL) than that of S. cerevisiae. However, this reduction was lower than that obtained when these strains were used as single non-Saccharomyces species in the starter, indicating that interactions between them affected their performance. Therefore, more combinations of yeast species should be tested to achieve greater ethanol reductions.

MICROPROPAGATION OF MATURE TERMINALIA CATAPPA VARIETIES

Micropropogation is used to multiply plants such as those that been genetically conventional plant breeding with the multiplying progeny plants. Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation. The success of Plant tissue culture in recent years approaches have been used as an efcient tool for micropropagation of trees in short time. [1][2]. Propagation of woody trees through tissue culture has many advantages over conventional propagation with different methods like fast growing, season independent of production of the plant, germ plasm conservation and facilitating their growth. This review provides an overview of the success achieved on in vivo work done for a number of important forest trees.Rapid culturing of producing clonal plants this review states that invitro work has been done for no of important forest trees [3]. Both the varieties were subjected, nodal explants were subjected with MS Media and Growth hormones with the dilution of kinetin with 1-1.5 mg/ml and with the mixture of both Kinetin, BAP with the dilution of 1-3 mg/ml with an increase of time for 3-5 weeks the growth was 3-6 cm length. The study of micropropagation in both the varieties, all the values of the work are Mean of at least 3 independent experiment. The MEAN±SEM and the extract number of experiments are given in legends. The Signicance of difference between control and each trial treatment was analysed using ANOVA showed statistical results as and ANOVA is p≤0.05*is signicant

Effects of Nutrient Solution Concentration, Cultivars, and Culture Methods on Leaf Resistance of Tomato Plant

Effects of Nutrient Solution Concentration, Cultivars, and Culture Methods on Leaf Resistance of Tomato Plant