Number Of Citizens Research Articles

Individual Electoral Competitiveness: Undecided voters, complex choice environments and lower turnout

The number of citizens that are undecided in their vote choice has risen in Western democracies. Polling in Britain shows that a significant proportion of the population do not know who they will vote for. Against a backdrop of partisan dealignment and party system fragmentation, there are more parties on the ballot and more citizens ‘free to choose’. Partisanship continues to be important for voting and lacking an identity is a predictor of aggregate voter volatility. A growing literature conceptualises this availability of voters as individual-level electoral competitiveness, stating that undecided citizens are subject to high levels of competition for their vote. I use this framework and apply theory from the decisionmaking literature to offer why these conditions may depress turnout. I construct a measure of undecided voters who are ‘in competition’ and show that this accounts for 40% of the British Election Study Internet Panel respondents. I demonstrate that those who are in competition are less likely to vote. They are more often those without a partisan identity and those who pay less attention to politics, but being in competition is not related to constituency marginality. The results help explain a key determinant of abstention in British elections and suggest low levels of participation may be due to complex choice environments and citizen indecision. However, they provide a positive outlook for pluralistic democracy as voters do deliberate between the party perspectives on offer.

The Role of Political Parties and Volunteer Organizations in the Process of Shaping Political Identity and Human Rights Protection during Military Aggression

The study examines the role of political entities and volunteer organisations in shaping political identity amidst the Russian military aggression towards Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of political parties and volunteer organisations on the processes of political identity formation and human rights protection during martial law. Sociological, graphical, and comparative methods were used during the study. The findings indicate the increasing significance of Ukrainian citizenship, the strengthening of national identity and the consolidation of civil society in Ukraine amidst Russian military aggression. It was established that there are certain disagreements regarding the support of existing and new political parties. At the same time, a significant number of citizens has an uncertain position on the support of specific political parties or the involvement of volunteer organisations in the activities. The substantial consolidation and expansion of volunteer organisations, coupled with increased confidence in their operations, indicates the culmination of the civil nation-building process in Ukraine.

ETHNOCULTURAL COMPLEXITY OF THE POPULATION OF CHUVASHIA ACCORDING TO THE 2020 CENSUS

The relevance of the study is determined by new approaches in the official accounting of the nationality of Russian citizens. A decreasing number of representatives of the main ethnic groups both in Russia and in its individual regions increases the attention paid to the problems of ethnocultural development and interethnic relations. The publication of the 2020 census materials caused a mixed reaction to its organization and individual results. The purpose of the article is to analyze the census materials on the national composition of the population, an attempt to count citizens who have declared their difficult ethno–cultural choice. The reasons for the noticeable difference between the materials of sociological surveys and population census data are considered. Materials and methods. The article analyzes the published data of the 2020 population census, in particular, the data contained in the fifth volume of the national census 2020 results “National composition and language proficiency” for Russia in general and for the Chuvash Republic in particular. In addition, the “Methodological explanations” to the census materials were studied, as well as a number of regulatory documents. According to the table “Population’s answers to the question “Your nationality”, information was calculated on the number of people who chose a difficult answer to the question of nationality. Study results. The census materials showed that the number of individual ethnic groups of Chuvashia, representing the old-age population (except the Russians), decreased during the inter-census period. This process was determined not by the natural and mechanical movement of the population, but by the change of ethnic identity. The increase in the number and proportion of persons who did not indicate their ethnicity occurred both due to refusal to answer the question and due to a negative answer about specific nationality. In addition, in Chuvashia, the proportion of citizens whose information was obtained from administrative documents (gender and age) has increased significantly. The number of citizens who declared a complex ethnic identity was about 0.2% of those who named their ethnicity. This indicator lags far behind the data obtained in the course of sociological surveys. Conclusions. It follows from the above materials that the residents of Chuvashia were more loyal to the issue of their nationality compared to the citizens of Russia. The choice of a complex variant of ethnicity was not massive, but it also differed from a similar process in Russia as a whole. For example, in the republic, more often than in the country, the Russians, the Tatars, the Mordvins and the Ukrainians chose a difficult variant of nationality. The opposite picture was typical for the Chuvash; the Tatars living in Russia and Chuvashia had the same indicators of ethnocultural complexity. For the majority of the population, the definition of their ethnic identity did not cause any particular difficulties, but at the same time, both difficulties and a desire to distance themselves from such self-determination were noted in this process.

Staff self-assessment of ECEC practices in meeting language diversity in Finland

The study examines language aware practices in early childhood education and care (ECEC) in Finland. In Finland, the number of citizens with languages other than the national languages is estimated to increase, and population growth is dependent on migration. Children enrolled in ECEC have increasingly diverse language backgrounds. This calls for adjusting pedagogical practices to the needs of multilingual children only starting to familiarise themselves with the language of instruction. The data analysed were part of a national survey. A total of 882 respondents working in ECEC answered the survey. For this study, we concentrated on two open questions: “What kinds of practices do you have to support the language learning of children with an immigration background?” (N = 538) and “What kinds of needs to develop practices have you identified regarding language learning of children with an immigrant background or organising linguistic support?” (N = 509). Qualitative content analysis was used as an analytical approach. Our findings were condensed to a model consisting of six steps of language aware ECEC. The first three steps were well implemented according to the data. However, more attention is still needed to fully support language aware teachers, teams and systems.

Language Situation in Ukraine in the Context of the Russian-Ukrainian War

The purpose of the article is to analyze the language situation in Ukraine before the beginning of the full-scale russian-ukrainian war and during the russian aggression on the territory of ukraine. To achieve this goal, the historical and comparative method and the method of analysis were used. The study shows the linguistic situation in Ukraine, reveals the special conditions for the development of national consciousness and identification and the need for the functioning of the state language. Different views on the problem are presented, as well as the results of a survey of ukrainian citizens, and a positive trend in a significant increase in the number of citizens who consider ukrainian to be their native language and necessary for communication in the Ukrainian state is revealed. it is found that the full-scale war has intensified the process of national self-determination, stimulated the readiness of ukrainians to resist external aggression and protect Ukraine's independence.

The turnout of Russian voters in the elections in 1997-1998: (based on empirical research)

The article is devoted to one of the key problems of electoral sociology: the level and nature of voter participation in elections of various levels in Russia in 1997-1998. A large number of participants testifies to the involvement of citizens in the activities of the socio-political system, their belief in the possibility of influencing the voting results on real politics.The paper examines the results of sociological studies published in this period, which address the issues of voter turnout. Estimates of the level of citizens' participation in the electoral process, formulated by sociologists and specialists of related scientific disciplines, are also given.The article draws the following conclusions. Sociologists record the development ofatrendcharacteristicofthefirsthalfofthe 1990s.Voterturnoutfortheelections is constantly decreasing. This is most clearly manifested at the grassroots level (elections of heads of cities and municipal deputies), during local referendums. This forces legislators to abandon the "threshold", the elections were considered to have taken place with any number of citizens who showed up at the ballot boxes.On the other hand, there is a revival of electoral activity in some regions and cities, which affects the stabilization and even the growth of turnout. This phenomenon is assessed by sociologists as an increase in civic activity associated with the development of electoral culture, both political forces and ordinary citizens.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF LARGE CITIES OF KAZAKHSTAN

The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state of socio–economic development of large cities of Kazakhstan, identify problems and develop proposals for their development.Methodology. In the course of the work, statistical and comparative economic analysis, methods of generalization and systematization were used. To identify the strengths and weaknesses, threats and advantages of the development of large cities, a SWOT analysis was conducted. With the help of the logical method, potential directions for the development of large cities of Kazakhstan were identified.Originality / value of the research. The study analyzed the socio-economic development of large cities, identified the strengths and weaknesses of their development, as well as identified threats and opportunities for the development of large cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Based on the analysis, the directions of development of large cities are proposed.Findings. During the analysis of the socio-economic development of large cities, it was revealed that in all large cities there is a certain factor determining its development. For example, in the cities of Aktau and Atyrau, a high income of the population is fixed, since the cities specialize in the extraction and processing of hydrocarbon raw materials, etc. The problems hindering the development of large cities include a high increase in the number of unemployed, a shortage of housing stock, the deterioration of utility networks, an increase in the number of citizens in need of social support, and a high level of atmospheric pollution. The directions of development of large cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan are proposed.

Government Support Measures for Housing in China: Specific Aspects and Implementation Experience

China is currently a rapidly developing country and is in second place in terms of population among all countries of the world. With the increase in the number of citizens, the housing construction market is growing and developing, and various state programs are being created to support this industry and improve housing conditions for various categories of the population. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of housing construction in China, as well as to study the experience of implementing state support programs in China, taking into account the identified features. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the objectives of the study were formulated: to identify the features of the housing construction market in China that determine the trends in the development of state support; to consider various housing construction support programs and social support measures for low-income citizens to improve living conditions. The methodological basis of the study consists of elements of systematic and integrated approaches, as well as general scientific and private (special) methods of cognition of various socio-economic phenomena and processes. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are presented about the prospects and problems that exist in the housing construction market in China, and it is also concluded that it is advisable for Russia to use the accumulated experience of state support in the field of housing construction.

Macroeconomic Transformations of the Russian Unemployment Rate at the Beginning of the XXI Century

Unemployment is one of the main indicators of the labor market. The study analyzed the level of unemployment for more than 20 years of market transformations in Russia. The study examined characteristic of general and registered unemployment. The research determined the role of the dynamics of this indicator in assessing the current socio-economic situation in the country. We found that an increase in the unemployment rate indicates the formation of social risks of destabilization of the labor market. The conditions for the onset of crisis phenomena in the domestic labor market are predetermined. The study identified bifurcation points of changes in the indicative values of the indicator as an element of possible socio-economic shocks leading to deviations in the functioning of the labor market. It is confirmed that for an objective assessment of the factors affecting the unemployment rate, it is necessary to use labor supply and demand indicators. In addition, we analyzed the data on the number of citizens who applied in search of work to employment centers and the declared need for workers. Comparison of these indicators made it possible to draw very logical conclusions.

Pengaruh Pemeriksaan Pajak, Jumlah Wajib Pajak Dan Inflasi Terhadap Penerimaan Pajak Penghasilan (Studi Pada Kantor Pelayanan Pajak (KPP) Pratama Cibitung Periode 2017 – 2021)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of inflation, the number of taxpayers, and a tax audit on income tax receipts. The factors utilized in this study are Duty Review, Number of Citizens and Expansion as Autonomous Factors and Annual Expense Receipts as Reliant Factors. All Individual and Corporate Income Tax Receipts, registered Individual and Entity Taxpayers, the number of SKPKBs issued at KPP Pratama Cibitung, and the amount of inflation published monthly by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of Bekasi Regency in 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 (time series data of 60 months) comprise the population of this study. The saturated sampling method was used for the study's sample, which included the entire population. This sort of exploration utilizes illustrative examination which expects to make sense of the easygoing connection between the factors that impact speculation testing. Using the SPSS version 23 program, multiple regression analysis was used as the analytical method. According to the findings of this study, the Variable of Tax Audit has an effect on Income Tax Receipts, the Variable of Number of Taxpayers has an effect on Income Tax Receipts, and the Variable of Inflation has an effect on Income Tax Receipts.

Slacktivism

Many countries have introduced e-government petitioning systems, in which a petition that gathers a certain quota of signatures triggers some political outcome. This paper models citizens who choose whether to sign such a petition. Citizens are imperfectly informed about the petition’s chance of bringing change. The number of citizens is large, while the cost of signing is positive but low. I show that a petition that can bring change succeeds by a strictly positive margin. Hence, a citizen signing the petition is almost surely not pivotal. On the other hand, a petition that cannot bring change still gathers the required number of signatures when citizens are not very well informed, implying a failure of information aggregation.

Stability and disruptive speech

Stability and disruptive speech

Social Inequality of Russian Society in the Relationship of Investments, Household Inequality in Income, Expenditure and Consumption

The subject of the study is social inequality in Russian society, which determines the inequality of households in income, expenditure, consumption, ownership of financial assets and fulfillment of financial obligations, which requires the development of an effective state social policy to improve living standards, reduce inequality and poverty of Russian citizens. The objectives of the work are to identify the most socially vulnerable categories of the population on the basis of a sample survey of households and offer targeted social programs of state support. The study substantiates the need to strengthen the state's responsibility for the social inequality of Russian society and the adoption of economic measures to support socially vulnerable citizens. It is established that due to the lack of an adequate classification of the social hierarchy to date, the problem of social inequality and poverty is solved by supporting the most needy households in Russia. To do this, an analysis of the level and composition of available resources by socio-demographic type of households is carried out and a problematic category is identified, which currently includes large families. A gradation of households with financial difficulties in paying the payments set by them has been formed, mainly in terms of servicing consumer and mortgage loans. The measures proposed by the state to support households experiencing difficulties are given: an increase in the amount of social payments, primarily to families with children and wages for employees. The result of the social policy was a decrease in the number of poor Russian citizens. Conclusions are drawn about the need to reduce social inequality, which slows down economic growth and hinders the fight against poverty, by increasing the monetary incomes of the population, leading to a decrease in the number of citizens with incomes below the poverty line, as well as to improve citizens' personal assessment of their financial situation.

ТРУДОВА МІГРАЦІЯ ЯК СКЛАДОВА СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ДЕРЖАВИ

In the conditions of the spread of dynamic globalization processes, migration is a natural phenomenon and an existential sign of the development of all countries of the world. Migration movements, which are characterized by considerable scales, have turned into a significant factor in the development of the globalized world. They influence the formation of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the population, socio-demographic and economic development, political and cultural spheres, etc. The article analyzes the problem of the impact of labor migration on the social security of the state. Factors that are influenced by emigration and immigration of labor resources are studied: social, demographic, political, economic, as well as the motives of Ukrainians going abroad. The negative impact of migration on social insecurity due to illegal employment, lack of social insurance is determined; limited social protection of migrants; unsettled issue of pension provision for Ukrainians working in countries with which there are no interstate agreements. In addition, the positive impact of labor migration on the acquisition of knowledge, improvement of qualifications, development of new technologies, professions, systems of organizing migrant production, improvement of the standard of living of migrant households, and reduction of poverty is determined. The impact of labor migration on the receiving state (social benefits for migrants, providing them with housing, transport, education, etc.) and the country of origin ("brain drain", competition in the labor market with local residents, reducing the general level of wages, improve the economic condition of their country by sending earned funds, etc.). According to the results of the study of the dynamics of the number of migrants arriving in Ukraine, it was established that their number has decreased. The assessment of the dynamics of the existing population showed that the population of Ukraine has decreased significantly. It was analyzed that the number of citizens who left the country decreased. Military operations in Ukraine provoked a significant number of able-bodied citizens to leave. As of February 2023, the number of Ukrainians living in different countries is 799,000. The majority plans to return to Ukraine, but there are some citizens who want to stay.

ПЕРВИЧНАЯ ИНВАЛИДНОСТЬ ВЗРОСЛОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ВСЛЕДСТВИЕ ЦЕРЕБРОВАСКУЛЯРНЫХ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ СРЕДИ ГОРОДСКИХ И СЕЛЬСКИХ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ В УДМУРТСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ЗА 2017 – 2019 ГГ. И ЕЁ ДИНАМИКА В ПЕРИОД ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19 В 2019 – 2021 ГГ.

Significance. Vascular diseases of the brain top the structure of total mortality and disability in Russia and, therefore, are considered the most important medical and social problem. The purpose of the study was to analyze statistical data on primary disability due to cerebrovascular diseases in the Udmurt Republic. Material and methods. The study used the following data: parameters of the Unified Automated Vertically Integrated Information Analysis System for Medical and Social Assessment of the General Bureau of Medical-Social Assessment of the Udmurt Republic of the Russian Ministry of Labor on the contingent of newly identified as primary disabled due to cerebrovascular diseases; Federal State Statistical Observation Form No. 7 (social security department) in the Udmurt Republic in 2017–2021; and official statistical data of the General Bureau of Medical-Social Assessment of the Udmurt Republic of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation. The data were extracted from medical records, the study also used descriptive statistics, calculations of extensive and intensive parameters, analytical analysis, and comparative analysis. Results. Within the analyzed 5-year period (2017–2021), primary disability due to cerebrovascular diseases ranks first in the structure of circulatory diseases and generally equals to 48.3%, with an upward trend from 45.4% in 2017 to 51.5% in 2021. The Udmurt Republic has a lower level of primary disability due to cerebrovascular diseases than the Russian average and the Volga Federal District. A high disability rate among older people in the Udmurt Republic adds to 13.8 per 10,000 population, in general. Males dominate among the disabled, with a trend towards increasing from 59.8% in 2017 to 66.1% in 2021. The third-degree disability is the most common type of primary disability due to cerebrovascular diseases equaling to 39.9% in general. Conclusion. Primary disability due to cerebrovascular diseases ranks first in the structure of disability due to circulatory diseases in the Udmurt Republic in 2017–2021. The age structure of the patients studied is dominated by the elderly (women ≥55 years and men ≥60 years). In the sex structure of adult population newly identified as primary disabled in the Udmurt Republic in 2017–2021 men dominate (62% in general). In terms of disability severity, the third-degree disability prevails. Urban patients are dominant. The consequences of ischemic stroke lead in primary disability due to cerebrovascular pathology (73.0%). The main persistent functional disorders leading to disability due to cerebrovascular diseases include persistent neuromuscular, skeletal, and motor (static and dynamic) disorders. From 2017 to 2019, there was an almost 2-fold increase in the number patients with cerebrovascular diseases not recognized as disabled - from 4.8% in 2017 to 8.5% in 2019, which may be due to incomplete necessary diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitation measures and ungrounded referrals for disability examination. From 2019 to 2021, the number of citizens with cerebrovascular diseases not recognized as disabled fell from 8.5% in 2019 to 1.7% in 2021; this may be due to improvements in the regulation of disability-related issues and creation of unified approaches to the criteria for referring for disability examination within the framework of interdepartmental cooperation with medical organizations. The decrease in the number of patients with cerebrovascular diseases referred for disability examination may be associated with the COVID-19-induced epidemiological situation and introduction of a number of restrictive measures, including in medical organizations.

Dynamic model of respiratory infectious disease transmission by population mobility based on city network.

In modern societies, newly emerging infectious diseases spread rapidly between regions owing to frequent contact between people, causing considerable social and economic impacts. In this study, first, a scale-free city network was established, and then the shortest path between any two nodes was determined. Second, the movement path of tourists was designed based on the shortest path. Subsequently, every infected person's information, such as the city, infection time, onset and hospitalization, was confirmed based on their movement path. Third, the features of the transmission path and time distribution of the epidemic were characterized after summarizing the information. Finally, the reliability of the model was verified. The number of citizens and tourists in every city remained stable during this time. The results indicated that a larger basic reproduction number (R 0) and population outflow rate signify a faster growth rate of infected people in each city in the network. Compared with small and medium-sized cities, the epidemic spread faster in central cities. Population mobility was the decisive factor causing the spread of the epidemic to other areas. Therefore, the rapid spread of epidemics can be prevented by swiftly reducing the flow of people between cities.

Impact of electronic management on government administration through digital leadership as a mediating variable: An applied study on the ministry of labor

In the modern era governments compete to provide services to citizens based on the digital environment in order to provide services to the largest possible number of citizens, in the fastest time and the highest quality in order to achieve the public interest of the government and society. The study aimed to identify the impact of the electronic management on the government administration through digital leadership as a mediating variable, an applied study on the Ministry of Labor in the Central Region of Jordan. I followed the descriptive approach and the analytical approach, depending on a questionnaire distributed to the offices of the Ministry of Labor in the in the Central Region of Jordan. A sample of (97) individuals was selected, and the sample consisted of (manager or assistant manager, department head, supervisor or inspector, administrative officer) in the offices of the Ministry of Labor. The study relied on statistical methods such as the descriptive statistics represented by (percentages and frequencies, arithmetic averages and standard deviations) and analytical statistics represented by (multiple regression test), and the hypotheses of the study.

Performance Appraisal and Service Delivery in Huduma Centres in Nairobi County

Performance appraisal is a formal management system by which the job performance of an employee is examined and evaluated, with the intent of identifying their strengths and weaknesses for improvement in future. In today’s difficult economic context, one of the main challenges for managers is to execute an effective human capital strategy to increase general performance. The aim of this study was to establish the effect of performance appraisal on service delivery in Huduma Centres in Nairobi County. The specific objectives were to determine the effect of appraisal feedback, performance rewards and appraisal method on service delivery in Huduma Centres in Nairobi County. Appraisal Theory, Performance Feedback Theory and Expectancy Theory informed this study. The study carried was out at 5 Huduma Centers in Nairobi County as they serve the highest number of citizens in the country and also because this is the total number of Huduma Centres within Nairobi County. The study adopted a descriptive approach on the 5 Huduma Centres; Huduma GPO, Huduma City Square, Huduma Eastleigh, Huduma Kibra and Huduma Makadara. The sample size was 250 staff members. The study used quantitative methods and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The data was then analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis. The descriptive statistics included the frequencies and the means. The regression of coefficient results show that appraisal feedback and service delivery is positively and significantly related. The results further indicated that performance rewards and service delivery is positively and significantly related. Lastly, results showed that appraisal method and service delivery is positively and significantly related. The study recommends that supervisors should provide regular and timely feedback to staff. The supervisors should ensure that appraisal feedback is free from errors based on personal bias such as stereotyping to have positive effect on staff delivery. The study recommends that rewards systems used should be regularly reviewed with the changing times. Remuneration of the staff should be reviewed according to human resources policy. Keywords: Appraisal feedback, performance rewards, appraisal method & service delivery

Реализация на региональном уровне концепции федеральной системы подготовки граждан Российской Федерации к военной службе на период до 2020 г.

The aim of the study is to analyze the results of work of draft commissions of the Orenburg region on the implementation of the Concept of the federal system of preparation of citizens of the Russian Federation for military service for the period up to 2020 in 2011-2020. Materials and research methods. Materials of the study — accounting and reporting documents of the department of preparation and enlistment of citizens for military service and of the center of military-medical examination of the military commissariat of Orenburg oblast. Results of the study and their analysis. In Orenburg oblast, the main provisions of the Concept’s forecast indicators have been fulfilled. Notwithstanding a drop in the total number of citizens of conscription age, qualitative changes took place in the structure of their contingent: the indicators of fitness for military service depending on health condition became higher, mainly due to growing number of citizens of fitness category “A” and, to a lesser extent, due to growing number of citizens of fitness category “B”. Timely examination of conscripts in the period between call-ups sharply reduced the number of citizens requiring additional examination during call-ups. Optimization of the timing of examinations and timely expert decisions on the fitness for military service of citizens of this category were of great practical importance.

Citizenship training strategy in the electoral processes in Ecuador

Citizen participation is a vital element for building high-quality democracies. However, statistics suggest that a greater number of citizens reject the polyarchic system as the most efficient. This research guides its analysis in the main characteristics that evidence the electoral processes in Ecuador, as well as in the strategies of citizen formation that can be applicable to the national case. The methodology used adheres to a path of qualitative order, of a theoretical -descriptive and documentary type, under an exhaustive review of the Ecuadorian jurisprudential regulations that support this document. Finally, the Ecuadorian actions in electoral matters should not be governed only by the Code of Democracy, but also by the Organic Code of the Judicial Function, increasing the jurisdictional power, and adding functions and powers to which it can be included by normative means. the counting of votes in the country.
 Keywords: National Electoral Council, citizen training, specialty principle, electoral processes.