Number Of International Tourists Research Articles

How do the National Tourism Organizations use the social media?

The research was motivated by the growing importance of social media in the marketing of the National Tourism Organizations (NTO). The NTOs of the top ten most successful countries according to the number of international tourists in 2016 were selected as a research sample for analysis of the way, intensity and effectivity of the social media use in the destination marketing. The social media selected for above-mentioned analyses were Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Flickr, Instagram, Pinterest, Google+ and Snapchat. The data collected for the analysis were publicly available data found on the NTO websites and in their social media accounts. The quantitative features of these NTO accounts (number of fans, number of their contributions, number of subscribers’ responses), their management (especially the response to user contributions and inclusion of users of generated content) and the concept and focus of contributions generated by the NTO were evaluated and mutually compared. The analysis of the social media use by the NTOs of the ten selected countries has pointed out the importance of the social media role in their destination marketing. The selected NTOs use predominantly Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and Instagram accounts, but only a few of them perform high quality management of these accounts. British, Italian and Mexican NTOs use the social media most, while Thailand and Turkey NTOs use them least. In addition to YouTube and Facebook, Instagram has shown a great potential for the systematic destination marketing exercised by the NTOs, as it has a significant advantage over still yet dominant Facebook in the posting view for all subscribers.

Food Choice Determinants of Island Tourists: an Implication Towards Sustainable Island Tourism

This study aims to investigate factors that influence food choice of international tourists at small island settings. In this study, Perhentian Island was selected as a representative of small islands as the island received the largest number of international tourists, particularly in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. A close-ended questionnaire survey was conducted at various tourism spots in Perhentian Island and a total of 173 international tourists were interviewed in this study. Descriptive analysis was applied to summarize the tourists profile and travel pattern. Satisfaction gap analysis generated important factors that influence food choice among island visitors. As the majority of the international tourists to island destinations in Malaysia were on a multi-destination vacation, the results of the study could be crucial to the real needs and expectations of island tourists in Malaysia. Finally, effective development and marketing strategies could be devised to enhance the growth of food tourism, targeting remote island destinations in Malaysia.

Modelling international tourism flows to China: A panel data analysis with the gravity model

Based on the theoretical and empirical foundations of the gravity model, this article systematically investigates the determinants of international tourist arrivals to China. Various origin–destination (O-D) linked factors accounting for the economic, political and social/culture preferences between China and its tourist origins are particularly explored. Utilizing a panel data set of tourist arrivals to China from 21 countries from 1995 to 2014, the results suggest that the basic gravity determinants all have significant effects on tourist arrivals to China. Furthermore, four O-D linked factors are found to be significant in explaining the number of international tourists and have a greater tourist-enhancing effect. In particular, overseas Chinese, proxying for social/culture-preferential relationships, have caused significant increases in tourism arrivals to China of approximately 120% when the percentage of ethnic Chinese in the origin countries’ population is more than 1%. For China to be chosen as a manufacturing and processing centre by international enterprises, various O-D relationships are important but neglected factors of Chinese tourism patterns, with important policy implications.

Structure Equation Analysis on Customer Satisfaction of Public Transport: An Empirical Study in Klang Valley Malaysia

The purpose of this research is to determine the factors influencing international tourist satisfaction on the public rail services in Klang Valley, Malaysia. This paper provides important contribution to the Malaysian economy due to the growing number of international tourist in recent years. A mixed methodology approach via the use of phenomenological interviews and self-administered questionnaire were use. Structure equation modelling (SEM) revealed three key dimensions of public rail service attributes which is comfort, accessibility, responsiveness and safety. The result indicated that there is significant relationship between comfort, safety and accessibility. Transportation authorities can use these findings as a guide to enhance the quality of life of public rail service users in the future.

The Effect of the Egyptian Pound Exchange Rate Change on the International Tourist Demand to Egypt

Despite the importance of the international tourist demand and affected extent by daily changes of exchange rate, there are a few and inadequate studies that have addressed the measurement of the impact of exchange rate change on the international tourism demand for Egypt. therefore, this study aims to measure the effect of the Egyptian pound Exchange Rate change on the international tourist demand to Egypt from 2010 to 2017.For this purpose, field researches conducted using questionnaires for sample of international tourists and interviews with tourism and Economic experts. This study is based on an exploratory approach to achieve its goals. The main results of this study indicate that there is some countries are affected by the change of the Egyptian Pound exchange rate and others who are not affected by it. It was found that the most sensitive countries to changes of Egyptian Pound exchange rate are Russia, China and India. In contrast, USA and Germany are the less sensitive countries to the changes of Egyptian pound exchange rate. In addition, there is an inverse relationship between the international tourist demand to Egypt and the change of the exchange rate. When the floating system for the Egyptian pound exchange rate was applied, it reduced the value of the Egyptian pound exchange rate in 2016. It also resulted in an increase in the number of international tourists, to 8.3 million tourists in 2017 compared to 5.4 million tourists in 2016. Moreover, the Tourism revenues were about 7.6 billion in 2017, compared to 2.6 billion in 2016. Besides applying the floating system for the Egyptian pound exchange rate which led to the increase in the international tourist demand, there were other factors that led to these increases such as political stability in Egypt.

THE CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS

Number of international tourists visiting Bali, Indonesia, keeps increasing. They usually come from different countries and cultural background. Objective of this research is to introduce some cultural characteristics of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Australian, American, German, Indonesian, and Balinese. Data of this literature review was based on some academic books and electronic data from internet. Data was collected by reviewing some books and articles and by observing the characteristics of resident’s culture. The result showed that the culture of tourists and the culture of residents are very different. Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Indonesian, and Balinese prefer collectivism or group to individualism but, Australian, American, and Germany prefer individualism to collectivism. Indonesian and Balinese like asking about religion, age, salary, and possession but Australian, American, and Germany don’t like asking about them. It is recommended that all tourism employees should know about the tourist’s cultural aspects so that no misunderstanding between the tourists and the residents.

Particularités des infections sexuellement transmissibles au retour d’un voyage

The number of international tourists continues to increase every year, so do the infections diagnosed at return, including sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Risk-taking during sexual intercourse is increased while travelling. STD-causing microorganisms such as Chlamydiae trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Trichomonas vaginalis are cosmopolitan, some such as Haemophilus ducreyi remains endemic in several regions and others. N. gonorrhoeae isolated in inter-tropical areas show very high antibiotic resistance rates. In this context, biologists play an important role, in pre-analytic step in collecting clinical and epidemiological data in order to adapt the specific analysis that could be performed as well as in post-analytic step in helping the physician to choose appropriate treatments, in giving advice to patients and in participating to the surveillance networks.

Internationalisation at home for tourism training programmes: case studies from Vietnam

Purpose Tourism is one of the most notable features of the contemporary globalised world. The tourism industry is becoming increasingly vital to the economy of many developing and developed countries around the globe. The demand of the tourism industry has posed a challenge for tourism training providers to move towards a more responsive and internationalised curriculum to enhance work readiness for tourism graduates who are expected to work with an increased number of international tourists. The purpose of this paper is analyse whether and how internationalisation has been implemented in the tourism training programmes across six institutions in Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach The research deployed case studies as research strategy with interviews and document analysis as two instruments of data collection. Findings The major findings show that even though the tourism industry demands graduates to possess global competency, knowledge and skills, the curriculum does not prioritise the internationalisation dimensions and the faculty members are not facilitated to be internationally active in their roles. Overall, internationalisation is still fragmented and ad hoc in these institutions even though the private institutions in this research appear to be more responsive to the trend of internationalisation in education than their public counterparts. Research limitations/implications The paper provides recommendations on how to effectively embed internationalisation components into local tourism training programs in Vietnam. Originality/value The research bridges the gap in the literature on internationalisation of the local tourism programme in non-English-speaking countries.

Analyzing hotel efficiency from a regional perspective: The role of environmental determinants

With the development of the tourism industry over the last three decades, there has been growing interest in evaluating the efficiency of the hotel industry from a regional perspective. This paper joins this stream of research and assesses the performance of the Spanish hotel industry using a two-stage double bootstrap data envelopment analysis methodology. Additionally, we extend research on the impact of environmental variables on efficiency by examining the impact of four variables: length of stay, number of international tourists, destination quality, and the sun and sand tourism model. The results show a high degree of hotel inefficiency for Spanish regions and a significant effect of the environmental variables considered. These results give policymakers more accurate information for future strategic decisions, especially because that tourism constitutes a strategic sector of Spain’s national economy.

Predicting Tourist Loyalty to a Small Emerging Destination – The Importance of Destination Image

In the Southeast Asia region, Vietnam is a developing country and also a developing tourism destination. The number of international tourists to Vietnam has been increasing in recent years. However, the post-trip issues (e.g., not returning, bad word-of-mouth) have become the focal points of many arguments. Based on the existing literature, this study devel- oped and tested a theoretical model to predict international tourists’ loyalty to Vietnam from a combination of destination image, tourist motivation, and overall trip satisfaction. The findings revealed that destination image significantly and positively predicted tourists’ overall satisfaction with the trip and their loyalty to the country in the future. Tourist motiva- tion had some weak but significant effects on both overall trip satisfaction and destination loyalty when tested separately; however, the effect on overall trip satisfaction could not be observed when controlled by destination image. Implications were discussed for Vietnam and other small emerging destinations.

Current trends in global demographic processes

Current local and national demographic trends have deepened the existing and formed new global demographic processes that have received a new historical reasoning that requires deep scientific research taking into account the influence of the multifactorial global dimension of the modern society development. The purpose of the article is to study the development of global demographic processes and to define the causes of their occurrence, manifestations, implications and prospects for implementation in the first half of the 21st century. The authors have identified and characterized four global demographic processes, namely population growth, migration, increase of tourism, and change in population structure. It is projected that in the 30’s of the 21st century, the number and growth rates of the world population will reach the objective growth and these dynamics over the next two decades will begin to change in the direction of reducing the growth rates, which will lead to gradual stabilization, and eventually reduce the size of the world population. By the middle of the 21st century, one can observe the preservation of the growth rates of international and domestic migration, the growth of international migration flows from the South to the North and from the East to the West, the strengthening of new economically developed centers of gravity (Canada, Australia and New Zealand), the increase in migration of rural population to cities, as well as urbanization and activation of the metropolises development. The share of international tourists in comparison with the world population will be constantly increasing, and the annual growth rate of the number of international tourists will significantly depend on the world economy and may vary at the several percent level. Permanent change will occur in the age, religious-cultural and socio-economic structure of the population.

ГЛОБАЛЬНА ГЕОПОЛІТИЧНА НЕСТАБІЛЬНІСТЬ ЯК ЧИННИК РОЗВИТКУ МІЖНАРОДНОГО ТУРИЗМУ

The article is devoted to the disclosure the ways in which the global international political instability influence the international tourism. In particular, the components of global international political instability are described and indices that determine the level of security and threats in different countries of the world are analyzed. Political stability and safety are prerequisites for tourism; even the threat of events such as civil unrest and terrorism can cause tourists to rethink their decision to visit a destination. In order to evaluate how different components of geopolitical instability influence on international tourism, the results of surveys of consumer behaviour of tourists for different years are analyzed. Terrorism is identified as the most alarming for travellers type of geopolitical factors. Over 40% of all international travellers plan to change their travel behaviour due to terror concerns. The safest and dangerous, from the tourists point of view, destinations are disclosed. Destinations such as Turkey, Egypt and Tunisia which have all suffered terror attacks in recent years are still seen as particularly unsafe. And the USA and the UK are new on the list of ‘potentially endangered’ destinations. It is proposed to consider the global instability as the geopolitical risks of international tourism because of unpredictable of its effect for different tourist destinations. The geopolitical risk for tourism is defined as the risk associated with wars, terrorist acts, and tensions between states that affect international tourism. Countries affected by political unrest inevitably experience a decline in the number of international tourists and tourism receipts however on different scales. On the other hand, some destinations which are seen as particularly safe could thus benefit from the travellers who shift destinations due to the terrorist threat. Recommendations on levelling negative effects of geopolitical instability for tourist demand are formulated. The course of action should be targeted at four key fields: crisis management, incentives for tourists, perception management and rebranding of the tourism destination.

Impact of economic factors and a political conflict on international tourism demand in Nepal: a vector error correction model

A vector error correction model (VECM) was used to determine short- and long-term relationships of the number of international tourists visiting Nepal during 1962–2012 with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in China, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the UK, and the USA; exchange rate of Nepalese rupee (NPR) to the US dollar (USD); and Maoist insurgency. Three foreign economies, India, Sri Lanka, and the USA, had a short-term associations with the annual international tourist arrivals in Nepal. In the long-term, economic growth in Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the USA was associated with international arrivals in Nepal, whereas the economic growth in China, India, and the UK had no long-term associations. The Maoist insurgency had a negative association with international tourist arrivals in the short term, but the relationship was ambiguous in the long term. Nepal's short-term tourism policies should focus on a strategic marketing in regional countries such as China, India, and Sri Lanka, whereas long-term policies should focus on improving Nepal's safety perception and marketing efforts in all countries with a substantial economic growth.

Insight into American tourists’ experiences with weather in South Africa

Abstract Weather and climate are often important factors determining the success of a tourism destination and resultant satisfaction among tourists. This is particularly true for South Africa due the predominance of outdoor tourist attractions. Increasing numbers of international tourists have visited South Africa since the fall of apartheid, particularly those from the United States (U.S.), which is an important market for South African tourism. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine a sample of American tourists’ experience with day-to-day weather and climatic conditions in South Africa. The results show that although respondents did not feel that climatic conditions were an important factor in motivations to visit the country, the day-to-day weather did often impact the enjoyment of their visit. Most notably, weather controlled their ability to participate in outdoor activities. In correlating accounts of unpleasant weather conditions with the meteorological records, a close association emerged, particularly for excessively high temperatures. This indicates that the experiences of American tourists are an accurate indication of climatic unsuitability for tourism, which poses threats to the South African outdoor tourism sector.

The contribution of wildlife tourism to tiger conservation (Panthera tigris tigris)

Wildlife tourism (WLT) in Nepal flourished after the establishment of Chitwan National Park (CNP) in 1973. Each year CNP receives a large number of international tourists wanting to observe a Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). As tiger numbers are relatively high within CNP, our study was aimed at assessing the impact of WLT on tiger conservation. A total of 151 locals, tourists, tourism operators, park officials and wildlife experts were interviewed. We used the wildlife tourism research framework model developed by Higginbottom and Tribe and found that WLT is the main source of revenue and employment for the local people around CNP. In addition to the economic benefits and financial security gained by the local community, these employment opportunities also provided motivation for them to participate in conservation activities, ultimately helping tiger conservation. Similarly, the WLT in CNP plays a significant role in conserving tigers.

A Study of Climate Variability and Socioeconomic Impact on Tourism Industry of Nepal

<p><em>In Nepal, tourism is the second largest industry after agriculture. Furthermore, Nepal offers numerous opportunities for adventurous outdoor recreation, especially in the Himalayas, and attracts tourists from all over the World. However, future prosperity of Nepal’s tourism industry might be affected by a changing climate and a socioeconomic environment. A log-level regression model is employed to estimate the impact of climatic and socioeconomic factors on the number of international tourists visiting Nepal. Climatic estimates indicated that an increase in temperature did not have a significant impact on the numbers of international tourist arrival. Results show that the number of international tourists visiting Nepal was positively associated with GDP and population growth, inflation rate, and an exchange rate. These results help policy makers for facilitating growth of tourism industry and its adaptability to climate change in Nepal. </em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>

Trends and Issues in Hospitality and Tourism

Tourism is one of the most important and competitive economic sectors in the world. According to United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) (2016), the tourism industry contributes nine percent of the world’s GDP, provides one out of eleven jobs, and accounts for 1.5 trillion US dollars in exports. The UNWTO projects continued growth in the number of international tourists rising to 1.8 billion in 2030, which would be an increase of 3.3 percent from compared to 2010. The UNWTO (2015) also predicts a 4.4 per cent annual rise in arrivals to emerging destinations which included Sri Lanka which is twice the rate of the percentage in advanced economies (2.2 percent a year). In addition, the market share of emerging economies will increase and is expected to reach 57 percent by 2030, equivalent to over 1 billion international tourist arrivals.

An essay on redefining tourism. An epistemological approach and town and country planning for tourism

Goal and objectives of the dissertationThe doctoral dissertation aims to identify the origins of tourism in order to shed light on its present state and redefine tourism both as a subject and a tool. The first objective is to understand the position of tourism in the scientific development process. The second objective that derives from the first is to apply the epistemological reading to the study of French town and country planning developments stemming from the changes in the tourist industry.MethodologyThe first theoretical part of our research mobilised some 600 bibliographic references including significant books, articles and doctoral dissertations worldwide in order to retrace knowledge development in the core areas of tourism research - economics, history, geography, and sociology. In each of these fields, the main lines of research along with the initial comments, theorisations, and conceptual basis, were identified, listed, prioritized and analysed. The second part of our work had only one source of factual information: the daily national press. Two daily French papers - Le Monde and Les Echos - were read over a couple of years (2014/2015), in addition to occasional reading of Marianne, Challenges, Le Figaro Economie, Liberation, and some fifty articles relating to tourism news were analysed with principal component and factor analysis methods.Theoretical conclusionsOur research has shown that the 18th century tourism revolution - alongside the industrial revolution - resonated in that of the 21st century born with the digital changeover because the analysis of the economist Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) can be transferred there. Indeed the current digital upheaval corresponds to a new creative destruction with the introduction of innovative clusters. This forward momentum is quantitative - the number of international tourists quadrupled between 1980 and 2014, and increased by 44 since 1950 - and qualitative. In the 18th century, Northern Europe, and more specifically Great Britain, introduced the tourist flow. Nowadays, the South does. The first tourist revolution matrix was the British aristocracy. The second tourist revolution is based on the rise in power of the upper middle class linked to international tourism assessed between 700 million and 1 billion people. Related to the development of a global upper middle class, the main source of tourists, now representing over 15% of the world's population, the land use plan mainly based on traditional domestic clientele, hence a rather steady stream of income segment, has to switch to upmarket urban tourism.So, the evolution of tourism is marked by an innovative trend of the destinations, not following a development planning coming out of political bodies. The future is turning towards urban units. Tourism planning is no longer conditioned by secondary resorts in competition with each other, but by large urban units able to polarise distinct areas, that is to say to form ultimately new tourist development lines from a cutting-edge industry and a high class clientele.Practical application of the dissertationThis report is aimed at French tourism-planning decision-makers. Two lines of thought are suggested relating to the impetus and the role of tourist resorts on the one hand and the impact of the hotel and interrelated catering sector on the other. Tourism development based on digital technology has extended the scope of the tourist industry. These changes, together with the move upmarket and the widening of the range of accommodation - whether in hotels or not - has played a part in the diversification of the sector, confirming the necessity of redefining tourism. Tourism globalisation set up on upmarket structures does not challenge the trend known as 'mass tourism' but deprives it of any future prospects. Planning choices, even if they certainly depend on formal (such as the size of the towns concerned, the nature of the territory) and cyclical elements (the type of tourism developed, often inherited from a previous era), cannot ignore these new data. …

Tourism, gender and consumer culture in late- and post-authoritarian Portugal

Tourism was a major player in the introduction of mass consumerism in post-war European societies. In Portugal, during the Estado Novo, it remained limited in scale and kind, being mostly targeted at a foreign and up-market consumer niche. In 1964, the number of international tourists finally reached the million mark, a figure that would rise threefold in the next 6 years. Bodily centred leisure practices were on the rise, taking tourism beyond the confines of state propaganda and tourists beyond sightseeing. Drawing on archival research conducted at the Portuguese Film Museum, this article analyses how the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s saw the appearance of a renewed idea of tourism that owed as much to an expanding consumer culture as to the period’s experimental filmmaking practices. The contours of this renewal can be appreciated in short tourism documentaries around the figure of the foreign woman tourist.

Industrial tourists' behavioral intention toward slow travel in Taiwan

ABSTRACTTaiwan has experienced rapid growth in the last decade, especially in the number of international tourists and domestic leisure travelers it receives. In response to pressures to minimize the negative environmental impacts of such visits (i.e. greenhouse gas emissions) and reshape the notion of sustainable destinations, since 2010 the concept of slow travel has been promoted by governments and the tourism industry. Consequently, calls to expand programs connecting various destinations (e.g. the establishment of industrial tourism) using slower modes of transportation have begun to emerge. In an effort to elucidate the key factors that motivate a traveler's intention to engage in slow travel, this study has constructed a research model that incorporates slow travel's three core elements: the mode of slow travel, tourism experience and environmental consciousness. Particularly, this study has focused on industrial tourists who typically rely on cars to reach destinations that have become new tourism hotspots. The quality of the transportation mode (i.e. a shuttle bus) and the tourism experience were found to be the most powerful determinants of their intentions. This study provides important information to practitioners seeking to market slow travel as a form of sustainable tourism and an alternative to conventional leisure.