Number Of Entrances Research Articles

Puzzle feeder as a cognitive enrichment strategy determines long-term welfare improvements in a teleost fish

Providing access to cognitive tasks, such as puzzle feeders, holds promise as enrichment strategy to enhance the welfare of captive animals. Despite the substantial number of teleost fish in captivity, the effects of cognitive enrichments in this group remain relatively unexplored. To address this gap in knowledge, we investigated the response of zebrafish to a puzzle feeder. In the first experiment of this study, zebrafish were presented with the option of a puzzle feeder or freely available food. While the subjects exhibited a preference for the latter option, they demonstrated some interest in the puzzle feeder, continuing to use it even though there was easily accessible food nearby. In a subsequent experiment, zebrafish groups were maintained in either a cognitive enrichment condition, where food was consistently provided through puzzle feeders, or a control condition with no cognitive enrichments. Welfare effects of the treatments were then assessed using standard behavioural indicators in the open-field test (i.e., time spent in the centre of the apparatus; number of entrances in the central sector; swim velocity; erratic swimming). Results unveiled an improvement in three welfare indicators due to cognitive enrichment, becoming apparent approximately 20 days after the treatment. Our study underscores the significance of puzzle feeders as cognitive enrichments in captive fish welfare, although consideration of other welfare indicators and different types of puzzles that elicit a more pronounced attraction is required.

The Influence of Morphological Elements of Urban Gated Communities on Road Network Connectivity: A Study of 120 Samples of the Central Districts of Jinan, China

Currently, the dominant gated communities (GCs) in Chinese cities have fragmented the urban road network, causing traffic congestion, energy consumption, carbon emissions, and environmental pollution. The morphological elements of GCs are key factors affecting road network connectivity. This paper aimed to explore the influence of the morphological elements of GCs on road network connectivity, to provide a quantitative basis for the evaluation and renovation of the connectivity of GCs, and to provide insights for urban planning and policy. This paper quantitatively analyzed the connectivity of GCs using 120 samples from the central districts of Jinan, China. Morphological elements were the independent variables, while route directness (RD) and the network distance (D) to the nearest entrance were the dependent variables. RD measured the internal connectivity, and D measured the connectivity between the internal and external road networks of GCs. GIS was used to measure RD and D, and SPSS was used to conduct a correlation analysis to identify significant variables. Multiple linear regression and LASSO regression were used to test the influence of these factors on RD and D. LASSO regression was employed to construct prediction models for RD and D. We found that intersection density had the greatest impact on RD, while the number of entrances and exits, and the scale of GCs, had the greatest impact on D. Using thresholds of D = 250 and RD = 1.3, the four types of GCs were classified and corresponding renovation measures were proposed.

Does a sign restricting operating room access reduce staff traffic in the surgical department?

IntroductionInfections following orthopedic surgery are rare but difficult to treat. Among the prevention measures reviewed during the Musculoskeletal Infection Society's (MSIS) 2023 international consensus meeting, the only strategy to obtain 100% agreement was the control of traffic in and out of the operating room (OR). Although this recommendation makes good sense, to our knowledge, it has not been previously investigated in a comparative study. We, therefore, conducted a prospective, observational, before-and-after study of the implementation of an informational sign designed to limit traffic in and out of the OR to (1) determine its impact on door openings and the number of people present during orthopedic surgery and (2) assess the risk of surgical site infection after the institution of this sign. HypothesisThis type of sign reduces the number of door openings. Materials and methodsThis prospective, observational study included all patients operated on in one of our ORs over a 6-week period. The number of entrances and exits from the OR and how long the doors were kept open were recorded during the entire study period. After 3 weeks, an informational sign was posted on the OR doors warning people that unnecessary traffic in and out of the OR increases the risk of infection. During this period, we also recorded the type of procedure, operative time, the number of people in the OR at the time of the incision, and the number of entrances and exits. Patients underwent a follow-up at 2 years to check for postoperative infection. The primary endpoint was the number of OR door openings, and the secondary endpoint was the number of infections at 2 years postoperatively. ResultsThe 2 groups (before and after the implementation of the sign) were homogeneous. The average total number of door openings for all ORs was 28.9±19.6 [2–90]. In the no sign group, it was 33.3±20.9 [3–90], and in the sign group, it was 21.0±14.7 [2–50] (p=0.011). The maximum number of people in the OR at one time was 8.32±1.84 [4–12] in the no sign group and 8.44±1.98 [5–12] in the sign group (p=0.8). There were 3 postoperative infections at the 2-year follow-up, all occurring in the no sign group. The infection rate was 6.4% (3/47) in the no sign group versus 0% (0/25) in the sign group (p=0.197). DiscussionOur prospective study demonstrated a simple strategy to reduce the number of entrances and exits, the number of people in the OR, and potentially the risk of surgery-related infection. Another larger-scale study is needed to assess the exact impact of this type of sign, particularly on the risk of infection. Level of evidenceIII; prospective non-randomized comparative study.

Behavioral, Maternal and Neurological Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on Pregnant Female Rats During Early and Late Gestation

Seventy-five adult Wistar Albino rats were used in this experiment to detect the effect of MSG on fetus morphology, and pregnant rats’ behavioral, biochemecal, and neurological parameters. They were housed under standard laboratory conditions in plastic cages in a quiet environment with free access to food and water. They were randomly assigned into 4 groups of three replicates for each. Group (1) control, received normal saline. Groups (2, 3, and 4) received daily MSG orally at a dose of 1, 3 and 6 mg/kg respectively for a period of 20 days. There was a reduction in the mean number of fetuses /dam, an altered distribution of implantation, reduction in fetuses’ weight & length, besides some fetuses revealed morphological anomalies and skeletal defects at the 19th day of gestation. In addition, there was a decrease in the number of entrance and spontaneous alternations, increase in line crossing and rearing behaviors, elevation in serum ALT, AlP and creatinine, decrease in serum progesterone, increase in dopamine and glutamate levels (ng/mL) in brain tissues of MSG treated pregnant rats. So that, this study suggests that to diminish MSG in foods during pregnancy to to stay away from harmful effects on pregnant females behavior, brain tissue, and safe fetuses from deformity.

Investigation of the interaction between urban rail ridership and network topology characteristics using temporal lagged and reciprocal effects: A case study of Chengdu, China

This study investigates the interaction between the network topology characteristics of the urban rail transit (URT) system in Chengdu, China, and the ridership at the station level between 2013 and 2019. In particular, the relationship between a station’s importance, measured in terms of its ordered betweenness centrality (OBC), and its ridership pressure, measured as the number of high ridership days (HRD) a year, is assessed. Seven covariates for socioeconomic attributes, the availability of other modes, land-use conditions, and number of entrances and exits of rail stations are also included. Four hypotheses are proposed to investigate the temporal lagged and reciprocal effects of OBC and HRD on each other. To assess the temporal lagged effects, the study period is divided into two waves: Wave 1 from 2013 to 2016 and Wave 2 from 2016 to 2019. Four generalized structural equation models are combined with cross-lagged panel models to explore the hypothesized causal relationships. The results indicate that a rail station that experiences high ridership is less likely to be topologically important in later years. In contrast, a station with a higher importance ranking is more likely to experience high ridership pressure in later years; however, this relationship is weakened if the reciprocal effect of ridership pressure on the station’s importance is considered. In addition, the causality of the temporal and reciprocal effects indicates that the URT development strategy may affect the interaction between OBC and HRD. The effects of the covariates on OBC and HRD differ between Wave 1 and Wave 2, suggesting that the influence of these covariates varies with the URT development stage.

The Analysis of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) of Electric Train Stations in Bangkok and Metropolitan Region: The Case Study of Chaleom Ratchamongkon Line and Chalong Ratchadham Line

This research studies transit oriented development (TOD) of two Metropolitan Rapid Transit (MRT) lines, Chaloem Ratchamongkon Line (Blue line) and Chalong Ratchatham line (Purple line), total 53 stations in total, in Bangkok and Nonthaburi Province. The researcher analyze four factors of built environment around mass transit station, 1) Density 2) Diversity 3) Design and Distance 4) Destination and Connectivity. For the density factors, including population density, number of points of interest (POI) and total building area to land area ratio (FAR). For the diversity factors, including the diversity of land use and number of shops around the station. For design and distance factors, including road density, number of parking spaces, Open Space Ratio (OSR). As for the factors related to destinations and connectivity, including the number of bus lines, number of entrances and exits of the train station, number of schools, Number of condominiums and number of villages. The researchers have considered the weight of each variable by using the Information entropy weight method (IEW) and calculated the transit oriented development score (TOD SCORE). From the TOD SCORE calculations of all 53 stations, the researchers find the strengths and weaknesses of each station. The average TOD score of the Purple Line stations is higher than that of the Blue Line stations. The station with the highest total TOD SCORE on the Blue Line is Tha Phra Station and the station with the highest total TOD SCORE on the Purple Line is Sai Ma Station. The station with the lowest total TOD SCORE on the Blue Line is Bang Sue Station and the station with the lowest total TOD SCORE on the Purple Line is Bang Rak Noi Tha It Station. In addition, the researchers analyzed the maximum and minimum values of TOD SCORE for each factor. and described in this research. The results of TOD SCORE analysis can analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each station and determine the development guidelines of mass transit stations in the future using a station with a high TOD SCORE as a model for development of the mass transit system in the future.

Research on Urban Sustainability Indicators Based on Urban Grain: A Case Study in Jinan, China

As a concept to describe the characteristics of urban spatial forms, urban grain emphasizes the size of urban parcels. Fine grain and coarse grain are considered essential attributes. Fine grain plays a crucial role in promoting the adaptability of urban development, improving urban vitality, and helping achieve sustainable urban development. Current research on urban grain is scattered and difficult to apply to solve practical urban problems. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the spatial indicators that affect the urban grain, to solve urban problems by adjusting spatial indicators. It contains significant suggestions for improving urban design theory and promoting sustainable urban development. This study primarily uses the comparative method to identify spatial indicators influencing urban grain by comparing coarse- and fine-grain study areas. This study screens relevant spatial indicators (building density, road network density, age of housing structures, building façade width along streets, number of entrances and exits along streets, and function mixture) affecting urban grain through a review and measurements, and it visualizes the representation of spatial indicators using the grid method, determining the correlation between spatial indicators and urban grain. The results show that all six indicators have an impact on urban grain.

Simulation Analysis of the Efficiency of Evacuation Entrances of Strip-like Metro Commercial Streets: A Case Study of Wuhan Business District Metro Station

The high-performance evacuation of commercial streets is the primary requirement for subway planning and construction. This study introduces a simulation and analysis framework to analyze the evacuation efficiency of a strip subway commercial street with the same number of entrances and exits and different entrance positions. The study modifies the entrances/exits of strip-shaped metro business street plans in a simulation approach to analyze the variation in evacuation effectiveness under varying exit layouts, as well as the effects of different escape entries on the subway commercial street. The study aims to find the optimized spatial structure of evacuation entrances of strip-like metro commercial streets. In this simulation approach, the scenarios of different combinations of entrances and exits, the floating scenario of the number of people to be evacuated, and the scenario of adjusting the proportion of elevator personnel were simulated. Through comparing the evacuation times of these simulated layout scenarios, this study finds that equidistant interval insertion-type entrance and exit arrangements of strip-shaped metro business street plans are better suited to improving evacuation efficiency. This finding can be used as a manual to improve the evacuation capacity of subway commercial streets, which will be helpful for the planning and design of subway commercial streets.

The Influence of Built-Environment Factors on Connectivity of Road Networks in Residential Areas: A Study Based on 204 Samples in Nanjing, China

Over the past decades, China has built a large number of superblocks and gated residential areas, which have contributed to increased congestion on urban road traffic. Although some studies have found a correlation between residential environments and travel convenience, there is little quantitative evidence to explain which factors influence the connectivity of road networks. This paper aims to clarify the indicators of built environments in Chinese residential areas that affect travel accessibility and their correlation proportions through a more quantitative method and to provide a basis for planning and design decisions. To this end, this study took 204 residential areas in the three districts of Nanjing, China as a sample and calculated 16 built-environment indicators. The path distance (D) and pedestrian route directness (PRD) from the center of these residential areas to the nearest urban intersection were measured by GIS as outcome variables. First, correlation analysis was used to screen for significant variables, and multiple linear regression models were used to examine the significant influencing factors of D and PRD. Then, a binary logistic regression analysis was performed to provide a model that could determine whether the built environment of the residential area met the requirements for convenient travel. The results revealed that the length of the long side, the area size, and the total road length of the residential area were significantly related to D, and the number of entrances and exits, the intersection density, and the X ratio were significantly related to PRD. The indicators that were positively correlated with D were the size, network complexity, and the boundary shape of the residential area according to the degree of correlation. Meanwhile, other indicators such as the density and connectivity of the residential road network were negatively correlated with D.

Avoiding grey seal depredation in the Baltic Sea while increasing catch rates of cod

The escalating conflict between gillnet fisheries and the growing seal populations in Baltic Sea has increased the need to reduce direct effects in form of reduced or damaged catches. This study describes the design and catch rates of 20 different seal safe cod (Gadus morhua) pot designs suitable for the Baltic Sea. Catches in numbers of individuals and total catch weight were recorded in 2762 pot hauls with pots varying in terms of size, shape, number of entrances, entrance length, pot placement in relation to the sea floor and catch holding chamber. The aim was to investigate the how the different designs and soak times affected the catch rates under similar conditions. Volume and soak time was significantly positively correlated with catch rates and round bottom-standing pots with a fish holding chamber, funnels and 5 entrances had the highest catch rates. The findings are important for the development of cod pots, which can allow the fishers to continue fishing in areas of high seal density with static gear and hence low-carbon emission and minimum bycatch of marine mammals and sea birds.

Analysis of the relationship between the gated community Citraland Surabaya’s spatial configuration and social segregation

Previous studies have shown that gated community development encourages social segregation, which occurs due to the ability of the design elements to separate from their environment. An example is the plurality of the entrance element, the provision of portals to roads, and the inaccessibility of open spaces such as parks to the public. Therefore, this study discusses the relationship between the spatial configuration of a gated community and social segregation by analyzing spatial elements, such as boundaries, roads, and public spaces. The relationship is described quantitatively with the integration value (R), both on local (R3) and global (Rn) scales, generated by the DepthmapX application from Space Syntax. One of the gated communities in Surabaya, Indonesia, Citraland, was chosen as a case study. The results showed that the higher the integration value, the lower the level of segregation and vice versa. Furthermore, it proves that the primary circulation path has the highest integration value and is the main axis influencing segregation. The number of entrances does not affect segregation as opposed to its relationship to the main axis. The number of public spaces also does not affect segregation, as opposed to the relationship between the location of public spaces and the main axis. The level of segregation of gated communities is very likely to differ on a local scale (R3) and a global scale (Rn). Citraland has proven to be integrative on a local scale but segregative on a global scale.

Comparing Catch Efficiency of Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) Traps with Different Entrance Numbers

Traps with various designs have been developed for improving catch efficiency. Traditionally, traps with two or three entrances have been used in recreational crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) fisheries in China. More recently, traps with more than three entrances have been used in fisheries; however, it is unclear whether increasing the number of entrances on a trap increases crayfish capture efficiency. In this research, we evaluated and compared the capture efficiency of crayfish with traps varying in numbers of entrances (2–7). We assessed the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of crayfish in traps through 10 fishing trials. Our results suggested that CPUE did not differ significantly (p = 0.070) among the tested traps; however, CPUE by weight did vary significantly (p = 0.029) among the traps. The tested six-entrance traps caught more crayfish by weight than the five-entrance traps (p = 0.019). The results also revealed that the entrance number did not significantly (p = 0.29) affect the size of crayfish captured. The results are of practical significance for stakeholders to choose traps with efficient designs, and they are important for understanding and improving the catch efficiency of traps.

The Impact of COVID–19 on Albanian Tourism

Objectives: Nowadays, tourism continues to represent the most dynamic and open part of the countries’ economic system. This research paper explores tourism in Albania over the years, with particular focus on the development of tourism during the pandemic situation, mainly the number of entrances and exits of visitors to the country compared to the years before. Methods/Analysis: This study will take into consideration the secondary data provided by the World Travel and Tourism Council and INSTAT Albania focused on 2020 as the pandemic year, compared to the previous years by investigating the movements of visitors in Albania, their origins, and the ways of travel through seaports, air, or land. The travel purposes of Albanian visitors are different, but this research will focus only on those purposes for holidays during the summer season. The data will be presented through the percentage of a frequency distribution at each entrance and exit point, in some cases explained by tables and graphs, comparing the months in the peak summertime. Findings: Statistical analyses represented in this research give a clear picture of developing tourism in Albania during the pandemic year, mostly tourists from Kosovo. Improvement: This research paper summarized some specific recommendations to the government institutions and SMEs specializing in the tourism sector to be ready for the future challenge, even deep dives in the pandemic zone.JEL Classification:N 20, N3 E24, P23 J5 Doi: 10.28991/esj-2022-SPER-03 Full Text: PDF

Integrated lipidomics and network pharmacology analysis of the protective effects and mechanism of Yuanzhi San on rats with cognitive impairment

Cognitive impairment (CI) can seriously affect people's mental and physical health. Yuanzhi San (YZS) is a classic prescription for treating CI, but the mechanisms need further exploration. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of YZS on promoting the learning and memory ability of CI rats induced by d-galactose combined with aluminum chloride. Behavioral experiments had been used to comprehensively evaluate the established CI model. Brain histological morphology and the expressions of calcium ion signaling pathway related factors in serum were used to evaluate the effect of YZS against CI. Lipids in rat serum were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) and chemical pattern recognition methods. Network pharmacology was used to find potential chemical compounds, targets, and related signaling pathways against CI with treatment of YZS. The integrated lipidomics and network pharmacology analysis were conducted by Cytoscape software. The results showed that YZS could alleviate neurodegenerative impairment. It was verified that model rats had longer latency time, shorter exploration paths, lower new objects recognition indexes, and shorter exercise time and distances compared with the normal rats in behavioral experiments, indicating that the model rats were successfully established. Rats of YZS 6.67 had significant differences in retention time (p < 0.05), number of entrances (p < 0.01), new object recognition indexes (p < 0.05, p < 0.01), exercise time (p < 0.05), and content of Ca [2]+, CAM, APP, CREB (p < 0.01), CAMK2 (p < 0.05). Rats of YZS 6.67 had five cell layers in hippocampus histological morphology. Behavioral experiments results showed that YZS had an active effect on CI rats. From lipidomics analysis, 129 lipids were screened out by conditions of VIP > 1 and p < 0.05, and 17 lipid markers were identified from the databases, which were divided mainly into five types. Pathway analysis indicated that linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and glycerophospholipid metabolisms were potential target pathways closely involved in the mechanism YZS’s effects against CI. Network pharmacology focused on 84 chemical compounds, 130 intersection targets, and 10 hub genes of YZS’s effects against CI. Six hub genes and four lipid compounds had intrinsic contact with arachidonic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and linoleate metabolism. The study revealed that YZS could improve animal cognitive behaviors, the expression of factors associated with memory in serum and the histological morphology of hippocampus. Four lipid compounds, three metabolic pathways, and six hub genes of YZS could effectively modulated CI. These results collectively suggest that the main mechanism of YZS in improving CI involves lipid metabolism, which affects biological processes and targets of action in the body.

출입문 임시폐쇄에 따른 피난시간 변화에 관한 연구

This study analyzed the evacuation time of occupants before and after the temporary closing of the entrance to building among educational research facilities in order to understand time of occupants when the entrance of an existing building is temporarily closed for control purposes. The results are as follows. Firstly, the occupants evacuated through the adjacent door after vertical evacuation using the stairs and the three doors used were adjacent to the stairs before the temporary closing of the door. In particular, it was confirmed that the entrances located at both ends of the building were not used by occupants for evacuation because they were far apart from the stairs. Secondly, after the temporary closing of the door, the occupants start evacuation without recognizing the locked state of the door. As they evacuate again, the time required to complete the evacuation increases and the time required due to restrictions on the available doors is accumulated. Thirdly, it was confirmed that the difference in evacuation completion time between the occupants before and after the temporary closure of the entrance door was about 2.2 times. In particular, the number of evacuees per hour is up to ten simultaneously evacuating at the same time before the temporary closure, but up to three simultaneously evacuating at the same time after the temporary closure. Thus, the number of entrances has a significant impact on evacuation. Lastly, for the convenience of blocking the inflow of COVID-19, creating an electronic list for users and checking temperature, it is necessary to install devices such as “automatic opening and closing of entrances” to ensure the safety of occupants in emergencies such as fires.

Using a Real-Time Locating System to Evaluate the Impact of Telemedicine in an Emergency Department During COVID-19: Observational Study.

BackgroundTelemedicine has been deployed by health care systems in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to enable health care workers to provide remote care for both outpatients and inpatients. Although it is reasonable to suspect telemedicine visits limit unnecessary personal contact and thus decrease the risk of infection transmission, the impact of the use of such technology on clinician workflows in the emergency department is unknown.ObjectiveThis study aimed to use a real-time locating system (RTLS) to evaluate the impact of a new telemedicine platform, which permitted clinicians located outside patient rooms to interact with patients who were under isolation precautions in the emergency department, on in-person interaction between health care workers and patients.MethodsA pre-post analysis was conducted using a badge-based RTLS platform to collect movement data including entrances and duration of stay within patient rooms of the emergency department for nursing and physician staff. Movement data was captured between March 2, 2020, the date of the first patient screened for COVID-19 in the emergency department, and April 20, 2020. A new telemedicine platform was deployed on March 29, 2020. The number of entrances and duration of in-person interactions per patient encounter, adjusted for patient length of stay, were obtained for pre- and postimplementation phases and compared with t tests to determine statistical significance.ResultsThere were 15,741 RTLS events linked to 2662 encounters for patients screened for COVID-19. There was no significant change in the number of in-person interactions between the pre- and postimplementation phases for both nurses (5.7 vs 7.0 entrances per patient, P=.07) and physicians (1.3 vs 1.5 entrances per patient, P=.12). Total duration of in-person interactions did not change (56.4 vs 55.2 minutes per patient, P=.74) despite significant increases in telemedicine videoconference frequency (0.6 vs 1.3 videoconferences per patient, P<.001 for change in daily average) and duration (4.3 vs 12.3 minutes per patient, P<.001 for change in daily average).ConclusionsTelemedicine was rapidly adopted with the intent of minimizing pathogen exposure to health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet RTLS movement data did not reveal significant changes for in-person interactions between staff and patients under investigation for COVID-19 infection. Additional research is needed to better understand how telemedicine technology may be better incorporated into emergency departments to improve workflows for frontline health care clinicians.

Memantine and Riluzole Exacerbate, Rather Than Ameliorate Behavioral Deficits Induced by 8-OH-DPAT Sensitization in a Spatial Task.

Chronic sensitization to serotonin 1A and 7 receptors agonist 8-OH-DPAT induces compulsive checking and perseverative behavior. As such, it has been used to model obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)-like behavior in mice and rats. In this study, we tested spatial learning in the 8-OH-DPAT model of OCD and the effect of co-administration of memantine and riluzole—glutamate-modulating agents that have been shown to be effective in several clinical trials. Rats were tested in the active place avoidance task in the Carousel maze, where they learned to avoid the visually imperceptible shock sector. All rats were subcutaneously injected with 8-OH-DPAT (0.25 mg/kg) or saline (control group) during habituation. During acquisition, they were pretreated with riluzole (1 mg/kg), memantine (1 mg/kg), or saline solution 30 min before each session and injected with 8-OH-DPAT (“OH” groups) or saline (“saline” groups) right before the experiment. We found that repeated application of 8-OH-DPAT during both habituation and acquisition significantly increased locomotion, but it impaired the ability to avoid the shock sector. However, the application of 8-OH-DPAT in habituation had no impact on the learning process if discontinued in acquisition. Similarly, memantine and riluzole did not affect the measured parameters in the “saline” groups, but in the “OH” groups, they significantly increased locomotion. In addition, riluzole increased the number of entrances and decreased the maximum time avoided of the shock sector. We conclude that monotherapy with glutamate-modulating agents does not reduce but exacerbates cognitive symptoms in the animal model of OCD.

Research and Application of Intersection Clustering Algorithm Based on PCA Feature Extraction and K-Means

Traffic jam and traffic route design are important issues of people’s livelihood. In this paper, machine learning algorithm is used to cluster intersection features. Based on the collected traffic intersection data, PCA dimension reduction technology is used for feature extraction, and then K-Means clustering algorithm is used to sum up the number of entrances, and each intersection is clustered. Thus, a new intersection clustering algorithm is established, studied and applied. The algorithm can match similar intersections, which provides theoretical support for the transportation department and related technical personnel.

Pedestrian mobility in the entrance zones of the gated communities in Wrocław, Poland, during COVID-19 pandemic

In recent times the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains increased, especially with direct contact or reduced distance to the infected person. This paper outlines the case study of pedestrian mobility in one of the residential estates in Wrocław, Poland. The pedestrian mobility was examined in gated community, which counts several hundred apartments. The entrance to the estate is provided by two wickets. Observations of pedestrian traffic were conducted for four weeks (October–November 2020) when the government introduced restrictions to limit virus transmission. Our research revealed that the limited number of entrances and fencing give the inhabitants sense of security, however it poses a threat in a pandemic period.

EVALUATION STUDY ON WOODEN PILLAR MOSQUES BUILT IN ANATOLIA IN THE 13TH CENTURY

In this article, mosques that are carried on wooden poles, which have a very important place among Anatolian Seljuk and Principalities (Beyliks) Period mosques and covered with flat wooden roofs, are discussed. With the continuation of the wooden pillar mosque tradition in Central Asia, very important examples of this building type, which were brought to Anatolia by the Turks in the Anatolian Seljuk State Period, were revealed in the 13th century. In this study, Beyşehir Eşrefoğlu Mosque, Afyon Ulu Mosque, Ankara Arslanhane (Ahi Şerafettin Mosque) and Sivrihisar Ulu Mosque, which are the most magnificent examples of this building type, were investigated. After the archive and literature researches about these buildings were done, a catalog study of the buildings was made. Within the scope of this study, the formal features of the buildings such as plan, facade, construction technique, plan type, number of entrances, the presence of the last congregation and the presence of a gathered floor, the environmental relation, the spatial characteristics such as the carrier element and the architectural elements were examined. The aim of the article is to make a general inference on the wooden pillar mosques built in Anatolia in the 13th century in line with the data obtained from the studies and to determine the common aspects of wooden pillar mosques built in four different parts of Anatolia. In the light of the information obtained as a result of the catalog studies and archive scans, it has been observed that the structures have similar characteristics especially in terms of the materials and construction techniques used, but some of their features differ and take shape in line with the construction traditions of the places where they are located. Konya Sahipata Mosque, which was built in the 13th century, was excluded from the scope of the study, as its general characteristics were completely changed after the fire.