Nose Morphology Research Articles

Evaluation Of Nose Morphology In Different Skeletal Patterns In Patients Reporting To Tertiary Care Hospital At Peshawar, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Evaluation Of Nose Morphology In Different Skeletal Patterns In Patients Reporting To Tertiary Care Hospital At Peshawar, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Shape analysis of the nasal complex among South African groups from CBCT scans

Three-dimensional (3D) anatomical extraction techniques could help the forensic anthropologist in a precise and inclusive assessment of biological phenotypes for the development of facial reconstruction methods. In this research, the nose morphology and the underlying hard tissue of two South African populations were studied. To this end, a 3D computer-assisted approach based on an automated landmarking workflow was used to generate relevant 3D anatomical components, and shape discrepancies were investigated using a data set of 200 cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) scans. The anatomical landmarks were placed on the external nose and the mid-facial skeleton (the nasal bones, the anterior nasal aperture, the zygoma, and the maxilla). Shape differences related to population affinity, sex, age, and size were statistically evaluated and visualised using geometric morphometric methods. Population affinity, sexual dimorphism, age, and size affect the nasal complex morphology. Shape variation in the mid-facial region was significantly influenced by population affinity, emphasising that shape variability was specific to the two population groups, along with the expression of sexual dimorphism and the effect of ageing. In addition, nasal complex shape and correlations vary greatly between white and black South Africans, highlighting a need for reliable population-specific 3D statistical nose prediction algorithms.

Correction of nasal tip deformity using an island flap of nasal dorsum

Bifid nose is a rare congenital malformation, and few cases have been reported due to its low incidence. Herein, we report a new surgical procedure to treat patients with excess dorsal nasal tissue and an underfilled tip.A total of 22 patients with bifid nose deformities underwent surgery at our institution between 2012 and 2022. They were characterized by broad nasal dorsum and a missing or underdeveloped nasal tip. We designed an innovative island flap of nasal dorsum as a new surgical method for treating this type of bifid nose deformities. Nasal length, tip projection and photographs of nose morphology were obtained before and after the surgery. Outcomes, complications, indications and patient’s satisfaction were analyzed and interviewed.The follow-up time ranges from 6 to 33 months (8.7±5.5 months). The deformity was successfully corrected with improved nasal appearance. Nasal length increased from initially 4.2±0.3mm to 4.6±0.3mm. Tip projection reached to 19.9±4.0mm, which was 15.7±2.9mm before surgery. No serious complications were observed except poor venous reflux within postoperative 72hours in 4 cases. Six patients (27.3%) got moderate healing and acceptable scar, and 14 patients (63.6%) got good healing. Most patients were very satisfied with the outcome (93.9%).The newly designed nasal dorsum island flap is a safe and effective technical approach to correct nose deformity featured by broad nasal dorsum and a missing or underdeveloped nasal tip.

The Morphological and Functional Effects of the Endoscope-Assisted One-Stage Approach for Crooked Nose.

A crooked nose is an external nose deformity predominantly caused by congenital aplasia or acquired secondary to trauma or surgery, often accompanied by a deviated nasal septum. Patients with crooked nose have dual needs to improve both esthetic and functional problems. The clinical and photographic information of 48 patients diagnosed with a crooked nose and nasal septum deviation treated from January 2018 to January 2022 was acquired. The morphology and functional effects were investigated by evaluating the general condition of the operation, measuring the esthetic indexes of the nose, and subjectively scoring. For both morphology and function, endoscopy-assisted one-stage correction showed positive results in this study. The external nose deviation distance postoperatively measured 1.28 (0.85, 1.97) mm, which significantly decreased from the preoperative value of 3.96 (3.31, 5.29) mm. The scores of doctors and irrelevant medical students on nose morphology increased significantly from 4.75±1.88 and 3.84±0.76 to 6.48±1.21 and 7.21±0.67, respectively. The rhinoplasty outcome evaluation score and the "nasal obstruction symptom evaluation "score of patients were both significantly improved ( t = -7.508 and t =6.310, respectively, P < 0.001). Endoscope-assisted one-stage correction of the crooked nose can restore nasal morphology, improve the symptoms of nasal obstruction, and achieve patient satisfaction. It is a minimally invasive, safe, effective, and fast recovery approach for patients who need to solve both esthetic and functional problems.

Clinical Efficacy Analysis of Functional Rhinoplasty Assisted by Nasal Endoscopy.

To analyze the clinical effect of endoscopy-assisted functional rhinoplasty. Endoscopy-assisted functional rhinoplasty was performed in all patients. Deviated nasal septum was corrected, nasal septum cartilage graft was prepared through open access under the assistance of endoscopy, the nasal frame structure was adjusted with the endoscopy-assisted rhinoplasty combined with middle and inferior turbinoplasty, and the patient's nasal ventilation function and external nose cosmetology were restored. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE), nasal acoustic reflex, and nasal resistance were examined preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE), nasal appearance deviation value, and morphological measurement of the external nose were used to assess the external nasal appearance. Finally, postoperative satisfaction was used for overall evaluation. In terms of nasal ventilation evaluation, the VAS and NOSE scores of nasal obstruction decreased significantly at 6 months after the operation compared with that before the operation (1.96 ± 0.84 vs 6.68 ± 1.28, 4.25 ± 1.80 vs 12.25 ± 2.50; P < .05). Among the objective indexes, MCA1, MCA2 and NV5 were significantly increased whereas RT, MCA1a/MCA1b, MCA2a/MCA2b, MD1a/MD1b, and MD2a/MD2b were significantly decreased compared with those before the operation (P < .05). The MD1 and MD2 levels before and after operation had no significant differences (P > .05). In the evaluation of external nose morphology, postoperative ROE was significantly increased, and the deviation value of nasal appearance was significantly decreased [(16.93 ± 2.61 vs 10.64 ± 3.01), (1.46 ± 1.11 mm vs 5.72 ± 2.30 mm), P < .05]. In terms of postoperative patient satisfaction: 26 cases (92.9%) were very satisfied with nasal ventilation function, 2 cases (7.1%) were satisfied with nasal ventilation function, 24 cases (85.7%) were very satisfied with nasal appearance, and 4 cases (14.3%) were satisfied with nasal appearance. Nasal endoscopy-assisted functional rhinoplasty can improve the nasal ventilation function and external nasal morphology at the same time. Moreover, its clinical effect is good, and the patient satisfaction is high.

Preliminary study on three-dimensional morphological reconstruction method for external nose defect based on three-dimensional face template

Objective: To provide a new solution for the digital design of nasal prostheses, this study explores the three-dimensional (3D) facial morphology completion method for external nasal defects based on the non-rigid registration process of 3D face template. Methods: A total of 20 male patients with tooth defect and dentition defect who visited the Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from June to December 2022 were selected, age 18-45 years old. The original 3D facial data of patients were collected, and the 3D facial data of the external nose defect was constructed in Geomagic Wrap 2021 software. Using the structured 3D face template data constructed in the previous research of the research group, the 3D face template was deformed and registered to the 3D facial data of external nose defect (based on the morphology of non-defective area) by non-rigid registration algorithm (MeshMonk program), and the personalized deformed data of the 3D face template was obtained, as the complemented facial 3D data. Based on the defect boundary of the 3D facial data of the external nose defect, the complemented external nose 3D data can be cut out from the complemented facial 3D data. Then the nasofacial angle and nasolabial angle of the complemented facial 3D data and the original 3D facial data was compared and analyzed, the ratio between the nose length and mid-face height, nose width and medial canthal distance of the complemented facial 3D data was measured, the edge fit between the edge curve of the complemented external nose 3D data and the defect edge curve of the 3D facial data of external nose defect was evaluated, and the morphological difference of the nose between the complemented external nose 3D data and the original 3D facial data was analyzed. Results: There was no significant statistically difference (t=-0.23, P=0.823; Z=-1.72, P=0.086) in the nasofacial angle (28.2°±2.9°, 28.4°±3.5° respectively) and nasolabial angle [95.4°(19.2°), 99.9°(9.5°) respectively] between the 20 original 3D facial data and the complemented facial 3D data. The value of the ratio of nose length to mid-face height in the complemented facial 3D data was 0.63±0.03, and the value of the ratio of nose width to medial canthal distance was 1.07±0.08. The curve deviation (root mean square value) between the edge curve of the complemented external nose 3D data and the defect edge curve of the 3D facial data of external nose defect was (0.37±0.09) mm, the maximum deviation was (1.14±0.32) mm, and the proportion of the curve deviation value within±1 mm was (97±3)%. The distance of corresponding nose landmarks between the complemented facial 3D data and the original 3D facial data were respectively, Nasion: [1.52(1.92)] mm; Pronasale: (3.27±1.21) mm; Subnasale: (1.99±1.09) mm; Right Alare: (2.64±1.34) mm; Left Alare: (2.42± 1.38) mm. Conclusions: The method of 3D facial morphology completion of external nose defect proposed in this study has good feasibility. The constructed complemented external nose 3D data has good facial coordination and edge fit, and the morphology is close to the nose morphology of the original 3D facial data.

Thread Lifting of the Nose: Fully Comprehensive Approach to the Technique.

A total of 553 patients underwent nose reshaping using poly-L-lactic/poly-caprolactone threads. Of the procedures, 471 were primary treatment, and 82 were secondary treatment after a previous rhinoplasty. The mean follow-up period was carried out through patient photographs and lasted 33.4 months (range 2-60 months). Clinical examinations and patient satisfaction surveys were done at 6 months and 1 year from thread lifting. The Freiburg questionnaire survey (subjective Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale) allowed the authors to confirm a 95% satisfaction rate after 6 months, and 62% at 1 year after treatment. A flow chart based on the recorded results is presented to support operators in selecting the proper correction method to adopt, based on the different listed indications. Nose reshaping techniques with poly-L-lactic/poly-caprolactone threads are presented together with patients' treatment satisfaction. Standardization is based upon the authors' experience. Contraindications and encountered complications are discussed, so as to provide the readers with a complete "state-of-the art" presentation of these techniques. In the authors' experience, this is a reliable and safe approach to obtain temporary amelioration of selected nose defects via a nonsurgical and minimally invasive method.

Clinical efficacy analysis of functional rhinoplasty assisted by nasal endoscopy

Objective: To analyse the clinical effect of endoscopy-assisted functional rhinoplasty. Methods: Twenty-one patients with congenital or traumatic deviated nose with nasal obstruction admitted to Qilu Hospital (Qingdao) from January 2018 to December 2021, including 8 males and 13 females, aged 22 to 46 years, were retrospectively analysed. Endoscopy-assisted functional rhinoplasty was performed in all patients. Deviated nasal septum was corrected, nasal septum cartilage graft was prepared through open approach assisted by endoscopy, the nasal frame structure was adjusted with the endoscopy-assisted rhinoplasty combined with middle and inferior turbinoplasty, and the patient's nasal ventilation function and external nose cosmetology were restored. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE), nasal acoustic reflex and nasal resistance were examined preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. The minimum cross-sectional area of the first two nasal cavities (MCA) MCA1 and MCA2 and their distance between nostrils to the minimum cross-sectional area (MD) MD1 and MD2 were recorded, and the ratio of both sides (expressed in a/b) was calculated. The nasal volume of 5 cm depth from nostril (NV5) and nasal resistance total (RT) were recorded to evaluate the nasal ventilation function to analyse the clinical effect of functional rhinoplasty assisted by nasal endoscope. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: At 6 months after the operation, for nasal ventilation evaluation, the VAS and NOSE scores of nasal obstruction decreased significantly than those before the operation ((1.81±0.81) points vs (6.71±1.38) points, (4.19±2.06) points vs (12.05±2.67) points, all P<0.05). In the objective indexes, MCA1, MCA2 and NV5 were significantly increased whereas RT, MCA1a/MCA1b, MCA2a/MCA2b, MD1a/MD1b and MD2a/MD2b were significantly decreased compared with those before the operation (all P<0.05). The MD1 and MD2 levels before and after operation had no significant differences (all P>0.05). In the evaluation of external nose morphology, postoperative ROE was significantly increased, and the deviation value of nasal appearance was significantly decreased ((16.19±2.56) points vs (10.24±3.24) points, (1.55±1.16) mm vs (5.63±2.41) mm, all P<0.05). In terms of postoperative patient satisfaction, 19 cases (90.5%) were very satisfied with nasal ventilation function, 2 cases (9.5%) were satisfied with nasal ventilation function; 15 cases (71.4%) were very satisfied with nasal appearance, and 6 cases (28.6%) were satisfied with nasal appearance. Conclusions: Nasal endoscopy-assisted functional rhinoplasty can improve the nasal ventilation function and external nasal morphology at the same time, with good clinical effect and high patient satisfaction.

Application of 3-Dimensional White-Light Scanning to Observe the Lip and Nose Morphology of Chinese Children.

To establish a database and study the growth and development of Chinese children's nasolabial units by 3-dimensional (3D) white-light scanning technology. From January 2018 to January 2019, 528 patients were selected preoperatively in our hospital, without cranial or maxillofacial deformities. The patients were placed in supine positions in a state of sedation, and the authors used a 3D white-light scanner to scan the children's faces to measure the 3D morphological structure of their nasolabial areas. The results were presented with Graphpad Prism 8.0.2 to explore correlations and analyze trends. The selected Chinese children consisted of 356 males (67.4%) and 172 females (32.6%). All nasolabial subunits grew fastest at 0 to 2 years old and at a slower rate from 2 to 15 years old, whereas the relevant growth of different sex was similar among contemporaries. Three-dimensional white-light scanning can quickly and accurately gain 3D imaging of nasolabial soft tissue to build a normal morphology database. Furthermore, every nasolabial subunit grows fastest at the age of 0 to 2 years.

Nasal molding prevents relapse of nasal deformity after primary rhinoplasty in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip: An outcomes-based comparative study of palatal plate alone versus nasoalveolar molding.

ObjectivesIn recent years, many studies have reported that the presurgical nasoalveolar molding method improves the nose morphology; however, the reason for its effectiveness after surgery has never been understood. We evaluated the effect of nasoalveolar molding by comparing it with a passive orthopedic method without a nasal stent and focusing on the nostril morphology after primary cheiloplasty using various measurement methods. We then analyzed the essential factors.Materials and methodsThe patients involved were 31 infants with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate treated with primary cheiloplasty at the University of Tsukuba Hospital from 2004 to 2011. Of the 31 infants, 16 received nasoalveolar molding treatment and 15 received passive orthopedic treatment as controls. Photographic facial measurements were performed for all patients immediately and 7 months after primary cheiloplasty. The esthetics of the nostrils were assessed according to the left–right nostril symmetry, as measured by the Hausdorff distance, area ratio, perimeter ratio, and aspect a/u (the aspect ratio of the affected side)/(the aspect ratio of the unaffected side) ratio. In addition, the inclination of the nasal ridge was assessed using anthropometric measurements (Grc‐Grn∠midline and midline∠columellar axis).ResultsThe area ratio, perimeter ratio, and Grc‐Grn∠midline were significantly greater in the nasoalveolar molding group immediately after surgery (p = 0.00062, 0.016, and 0.048, respectively) than in the control group. However, the Hausdorff distance and aspect a/u ratio were more favorable (p = 0.0018 and 0.0039, respectively) in the nasoalveolar molding group after 7 months.ConclusionsThe results of our study suggested that using nasoalveolar molding as a presurgical orthopedic treatment could improve the shape of the nasal cartilage with surgeon's corrections.

Endoscopy-Assisted 1-Stage Correction of the Crooked Nose Airway Function and Aesthetic Morphology.

The aims of the study were to explore the application of endoscopy in the correction of septal deviation and nasal skeletal deviation in crooked nose deformity and, using multiple evaluation methods, to investigate the effect of endoscopy-assisted 1-stage surgery in restoring crooked nose airway function and aesthetic morphology. From March 2015 to March 2018, 45 patients with nasal septum and skeletal deviation were treated with endoscopy-assisted septoplasty simultaneously with rhinoplasty. The follow-up period was at least 8 months. Treatment effects were evaluated both objectively and subjectively using various methods. All cases showed certain degree of airway function and nose morphology improvement. In patients with abnormal nasal ventilation, the volume and minimal cross-sectional area increased significantly after the surgery (t = 2.470 and 3.134, respectively, P < 0.05). External nose deviation distance measured on 3-dimensional models decreased significantly from 3.230 ± 1.661 mm to 1.997 ± 1.037 mm after the surgery (t = 3.772, P < 0.05). Patients visual analog scale score of nasal patency and nose morphology were significantly improved (t = 5.795 and 7.187, respectively, P < 0.05). Overall patient satisfaction was 100%, and no complication (nasal septal perforation, nasal cavity synechia, etc) was reported. Septal deviation combined with external nose deflection can be corrected by endoscopy-assisted rhinoplasty and septoplasty simultaneously, to achieve 1-stage improvement of crooked nose morphology and nasal airway function. This approach has the advantages of minimal invasion, clear surgery vision, less pain, and shorter recover time. It has fewer complication and better outcomes and worth clinical promotion and application.

Follow‐up study of nasal deformity in cleft lip and palate patients: Morphological changes and image analysis with growth

AbstractPurposeThere are no long‐term reports on morphologic changes of nasal deformity in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP). This retrospective study was conducted to clarify changes in the nose morphology of patients with CLP.Materials and MethodsWe investigated 47 patients in our department. The evaluation time was as follows: T1 (before or after attending elementary school), T2 (after puberty growth), and T3 (after rhinoplasty). We evaluated the dorsal nose deviation angle, the nasal tip angle, and the nasolabial angle with standardized facial photographs, and nasal septum with computed tomography (CT) images. Computer software ImageJ was used for measurements. For statistical analysis, the Mann‐Whitney U test was used (significance level; P &lt; 0.05).ResultsAnalysis showed that in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), twisted nose and reduction of the nasolabial angle became more prominent after puberty. In patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), the nasal tip was larger than in patients with UCLP and tended to be directed upward. The nasolabial angle in BCLP was more obtuse than the general mean value, but that in UCLP tended to be more acute. CT showed that in UCLP patients, the nasal septum was displaced toward the affected side, and the inferior nasal turbinate on the unaffected side was thickened. Nasal septum deviation was less severe in BCLP patients.ConclusionsUCLP and BCLP patients showed different nasal morphology at T1 and they grew differently from T1 to T2.

Three-dimensional prediction of nose morphology in Chinese young adults: a pilot study combining cone-beam computed tomography and 3dMD photogrammetry system.

The nose is the most prominent part of the face and is a crucial factor for facial esthetics as well as facial reconstruction. Although some studies have explored the features of external nose and predicted the relationships between skeletal structures and soft tissues in the nasal region, the reliability and applicability of methods used in previous studies have not been reproduced. In addition, the majority of previous studies have focused on the sagittal direction, whereas the thickness of the soft tissues was rarely analyzed in three dimensions. A few studies have explained the specific characteristics of the nose of Chinese individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the hard nasal structures and soft external nose in three dimensions and to predict the morphology of the nose based on hard-tissue measurements. To eliminate the influence of low resolution of CBCT and increase the accuracy of measurement, three-dimensional (3D) images captured by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and 3dMD photogrammetry system were used in this study. Twenty-six measurements (15 measurements for hard tissue and 11 measurements for soft tissue) based on 5 craniometric and 5 capulometric landmarks of the nose of 120 males and 120 females were obtained. All of the subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group (180 subjects consisting of 90 males and 90 females) and a test group (60 subjects consisting of 30 males and 30 females). Correlation coefficients between hard- and soft-tissue measurements were analyzed, and regression equations were obtained based on the experimental group and served as predictors to estimate nasal morphology in the test group. Most hard- and soft-tissue measurements appeared significantly different between genders. The strongest correlation was found between basis nasi protrusion and nasospinale protrusion (0.499) in males, and nasal height and nTr-nsTr (0.593) in females. For the regression equations, the highest value of R2 was observed in the nasal bridge length in males (0.257) and nasal tip protrusion in females (0.389). The proportion of subjects with predicted errors < 10% was over 86.7% in males and 70.0% in females. Our study proved that a combined CBCT and 3dMD photogrammetry system is a reliable method for nasal morphology estimation. Further research should investigate other influencing factors such as age, skeletal types, facial proportions, or population variance in nasal morphology estimation.

Role of ecology in shaping external nasal morphology in bats and implications for olfactory tracking.

Many animals display morphological adaptations of the nose that improve their ability to detect and track odors. Bilateral odor sampling improves an animals’ ability to navigate using olfaction and increased separation of the nostrils facilitates olfactory source localization. Many bats use odors to find food and mates and bats display an elaborate diversity of facial features. Prior studies have quantified how variations in facial features correlate with echolocation and feeding ecology, but surprisingly none have asked whether bat noses might be adapted for olfactory tracking in flight. We predicted that bat species that rely upon odor cues while foraging would have greater nostril separation in support of olfactory tropotaxis. Using museum specimens, we measured the external nose and cranial morphology of 40 New World bat species. Diet had a significant effect on external nose morphology, but contrary to our predictions, insectivorous bats had the largest relative separation of nostrils, while nectar feeding species had the narrowest nostril widths. Furthermore, nasal echolocating bats had significantly narrower nostrils than oral emitting bats, reflecting a potential trade-off between sonar pulse emission and stereo-olfaction in those species. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the evolutionary interactions between olfaction and echolocation in shaping the external morphology of a facial feature using modern phylogenetic comparative methods. Future work pairing olfactory morphology with tracking behavior will provide more insight into how animals such as bats integrate olfactory information while foraging.

Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance

Historical records and genetic analyses indicate that Latin Americans trace their ancestry mainly to the intermixing (admixture) of Native Americans, Europeans and Sub-Saharan Africans. Using novel haplotype-based methods, here we infer sub-continental ancestry in over 6,500 Latin Americans and evaluate the impact of regional ancestry variation on physical appearance. We find that Native American ancestry components in Latin Americans correspond geographically to the present-day genetic structure of Native groups, and that sources of non-Native ancestry, and admixture timings, match documented migratory flows. We also detect South/East Mediterranean ancestry across Latin America, probably stemming mostly from the clandestine colonial migration of Christian converts of non-European origin (Conversos). Furthermore, we find that ancestry related to highland (Central Andean) versus lowland (Mapuche) Natives is associated with variation in facial features, particularly nose morphology, and detect significant differences in allele frequencies between these groups at loci previously associated with nose morphology in this sample.

Do Aesthetic Average Nasal Parameters Matter For Rhinoplasty in India?

Nose morphology and facial features depend on ethnicity, gender and environmental conditions. Nasal parameters for rhinoplasty are well defined in the European and American population. Though rhinoplasty is a common cosmetic surgery in India, till now, there is no dedicated study delineating the parameters for the Indian Rhinoplasty. The aim of this study is to determine and delineate the anthropometric measurements of the Indian male and female noses and to propose the nasal parameters for Indian rhinoplasty. To determine the aesthetically pleasing nasal anthropometric parameters in Indian males and females and to put forth the parameters for Indian Rhinoplasty. This anthropometric study included a volunteer sample of 221 young, good-looking Indian males and females aged 18-25years with Indian parents and no history of previous surgery or trauma to the nose. Standardized frontal, lateral and basal photographs of the noses along with the reference scale were taken, and 11 standard anthropometric measurements of the nose were determined. The sample size selected was such that it included representative population from the north south east and west zones of India. All the nasal measurements for the Indian women and men were found to be significantly different from the other European standards. In our study, we measured the nasal average values of the good looking, young Indian males and females and compared with the results of the nasal parameters of the other populations found in the literature. This study is the first one to propose the aesthetic average nasal parameters for corrective rhinoplasty in Indian population. Level of Evidence IV.

Forensic Facial Reconstruction: Relationship Between the Alar Cartilage and Piriform Aperture.

During forensic facial reconstruction, facial features may be predicted based on the parameters of the skull. This study evaluated the relationships between alar cartilage and piriform aperture and nose morphology and facial typology. Ninety-six cone beam computed tomography images of Brazilian subjects (49 males and 47 females) were used in this study. OsiriX software was used to perform the following measurements: nasal width, distance between alar base insertion points, lower width of the piriform aperture, and upper width of the piriform aperture. Nasal width was associated with the lower width of the piriform aperture, sex, skeletal vertical pattern of the face, and age. The current study contributes to the improvement of forensic facial guides by identifying the relationships between the alar cartilages and characteristics of the biological profile of members of a population that has been little studied thus far.

An Anthropometric Study of some Basic Nasal Parameters of Three Major Ethnic Groups in Kogi State, Nigeria

Nasal anthropometry can be employed in identification of the race and sex of individuals whose identity is unknown, since normal nose morphology is dependent on gender, ethnic and environmental influences. Nasal index is an ethnic sensitive anthropometrical tool and also exhibits sexual differences. This study is aimed at providing anthropometric data on the basic nasal parameters (nasal height, nasal width and nasal index) of three major ethnic groups (Okun, Igala and Ebira) in Kogi State, Nigeria. The study sample comprised 302 subjects aged 17-45 years; 109 Okun subjects comprising of 57 males and 52 females, 107 Igala subjects comprising of 55 males and 52 females and 86 Ebira subjects comprising of 55 males and 31 females. The nasal height and nasal width were measured using a sliding vernier calliper and the nasal index was calculated. Test for significance was done using independent t-test and ANOVA. The result from this study showed that the mean nasal index for Okun males and females were 97.23±7.89 and 93.64±8.22 respectively; the mean nasal index for Igala males and females were 97.21±8.88 and 93.48±8.72 and the mean nasal index for Ebira males and females were 96.93±8.66 and 92.99±7.62 respectively. Sexual dimorphism was noted in the nasal parameters of males and females in each ethnic group at P<0.05 but there was no significant difference in the nasal parameters between the ethnic groups considered at p<0.05. Okun, Igala and Ebira fall under the platyrrhine nose type. The result of this study will be relevant in forensic medicine, physical anthropology and clinical practice.

Nasal Morphology in Filipino Samples With Class I, II, and III Jaw Skeletal Relationships

Background: Facial morphology of Asians differs from those of whites and blacks. However, none of the available studies had assessed nasal morphology in Asians with different skeletal malocclusions. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare cephalometric nose morphology among Filipino female and male adults with skeletal class I, II and III relationship. Patients and Methods: All patients were of Filipino background and had a lateral cephalogram as part of orthodontic records. Upper and lower facial height, nose height, nose length, nose tip projection, were measured in cephalograms. Results: Facial height did not differ significantly in genders and malocclusions. There was not any statistically significant differences in linear measurement of the nose among various malocclusion, while, nose length and height were greater in males and nose tip projection was larger in females. Conclusions: Filipino males have longer nose with less prominent tip in comparison with females. Angular measurements of nose are larger in class II malocclusion in comparison with class I and class III.

Sexual Dimorphism in Nasal Morphology as seen at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria

Background: The nose morphology is unique to individual and so, the nose form that will portray an individual sex and beauty is desirable in surgical reconstructions, beauty competition and in forensic medicine for sexual identification of unknown persons. Aim: To determine sexual dimorphism among Nigerians using nasal morphology. Methodology: Eight hundred and ninety three volunteers (428 males and 465 females) within the age range of 18 to 35 years were recruited for the study. Data were obtained from them using standard anthropometric methods and were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS Version 17.0) computer soft ware. Values were expressed as mean standard deviation (SD) and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Male to female ratio was 1:1.1, mean age for male was 26.48± 4.86 and female was 26.31±4.85. Mean BMI was 22.37± 1.73kgm2 for males and 22.21±1.71 for females. All nasal parameters obtained were found higher in males than in females. Conclusion: Sexual dimorphism exist in nasal morphology and so, Otolaryngologist and Plastic Surgeons should take this into consideration when planning for cosmetic rhinoplasty.