Moral Norms Research Articles

Future Lives and Deaths with Purpose: Perspectives on Capacity, Character, and Intent

Abstract The articles in this issue of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy explore emerging technologies, medical innovations, and shifting moral norms, expanding present discussions around topics in bioethics both old and new. Some question whether novel definitions of death and harm change the moral permissibility of killing, particularly at the hands of a physician. Others question how increased or decreased abilities affect responsibility and achievement. Another illustrates how rhetorical appeals to character have been used to justify otherwise morally illicit actions within the clinic. Together, these articles shed new light on topics in the field of bioethics.

Fenomena Sosial dalam Novel Ancika Karya Pidi Baiq

This problem is: Social phenomena, various social phenomena and various norms, factors of social phenomena, the impact of social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq?. The aim of this research is: To describe social phenomena, various social phenomena, factors of social phenomena, the impact of social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. The method in this research is a descriptive analysis method. The results of the research state as follows: 1) Social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. Based on data analysis, social phenomena were found in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. From the results of reading the novel, 90 data were collected containing social phenomena. Data analysis states that there are 9 social phenomena described by the author. 2) Various social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. Based on data analysis, various kinds of social phenomena were found in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. There were 6 types found, namely: 1) Habitual norms, 2) Moral norms, 3) Legal norms, 4) Narcotics abuse, 5) Corruption, 6) Religious norms. 3) Factors of social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. Based on data analysis, various kinds of social phenomena were found in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. There were 2 types of factors found, namely: 1) Structural factors, 2) Cultural factors. 4) The impact of social phenomena in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. Based on data analysis, various kinds of social phenomena were found in the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq. There were 2 types of impacts found on social phenomena, namely: 1) Positive impacts, 2) Negative impacts. The suggestions are as follows: 1) For readers, the author hopes that this research will increase readers' appreciation of literary works. 2) For literary researchers, this research can be the beginning of inspiration for researchers themselves to be able to make better research, especially in researching literary works. 3) For future researchers, future researchers should be able to conduct research more perfectly, both related to this research, and related to other problems in research with the object of the novel Ancika by Pidi Baiq.

Enhancing Public Healthcare Security: Integrating Cutting-Edge Technologies into Social Medical Systems

To reduce the negative effects of digitization, normative advice in international human rights legislation incorporates digital health into ethical and human rights frameworks. The use of digital health technology for universal health coverage (UHC) is acknowledged to have benefits, but its implementation must be based on respect for human rights, equity, and ethics, as well as upholding norms of acceptable quality, safety, and morality. The WHA acknowledged the necessity to use digital health technologies in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, but stressed that in doing so, they must "pay particular attention to digital inclusion, patient empowerment, data privacy and security, legal and ethical issues, and the protection of personal data." This paper's goal is to critically assess the proposed legislative framework and policy that regulate digital health technologies in India, as well as the implementation of digital health.

Extending the theory of planned behavior to predict the behavior of farmers in choosing low-water-intensive medicinal plants

Water scarcity has become a serious challenge in many parts of the world due to increasing demands and the impacts of climate change. The agriculture sector globally accounts for a major portion of water consumption, yet it also holds substantial potential for water conservation. Among the most effective ways to conserve water is to cultivate low-water-demanding crops, such as medicinal plants (MPs), instead of water-demanding crops (WDC). However, the voluntary participation of farmers, largely influenced by socio-psychological drivers, is crucial for successfully implementing most water conservation programs and needs to be addressed. Therefore, the main objectives of this paper were: (1) to identify the determinants that explain farmers' intention and behavior in cultivating MPs instead of WDC; and (2) to examine the effectiveness and performance of an extended version of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in predicting farmers' intention and behavior toward cultivating MPs by innovatively incorporating four new variables into the original TPB model: perceived barriers, moral norms, compatibility, and relative advantage. The applicability of the theoretical framework was evaluated in the Sojasroud Plain, Zanjan province, Iran. The results of the structural equation modeling revealed that: (1) farmers' intention to cultivate MPs instead of WDC is significantly influenced by perceived barriers, moral norms, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control (the strongest predictor); and (2) farmers’ behavior in cultivating MPs instead of WDC is predicted by relative advantage, compatibility, and intention (the most prominent determinant). The R2 values for predicting intention and behavior were 55% and 53%, respectively. Based on the results, some practical policies were proposed to increase the cultivation of MPs in the study area.

What the golden rule teaches us about ethics

AbstractThe Golden Rule is regularly used in ordinary life, across many different cultures, to acquire new moral knowledge. At the same time, the Golden Rule is widely ignored both in ethics and metaethics because it seems to be an implausible normative theory. Most philosophers who have paid it any attention have thought that, at best, it is an initially tempting thought whose appeal should be explained by the ultimately correct normative theory. My aim in this paper is to attend to an alternative possibility: the Golden Rule teaches us something about metaethics, in the form of moral epistemology, rather than normative ethics. I will argue that sentimentalism, the view that the emotions are an essential source of moral knowledge, provides a compelling explanation of the usefulness of the Golden Rule. Before giving the sentimentalist explanation, I explain why proposed alternative sources of moral knowledge provide less compelling explanations of its usefulness.

Rendering Frankenstein's monsters? The emergence and impacts of human digital twins

AbstractHuman digital twins (HDTs) are set to revolutionise human–system integration and improve human capacities, productivity, and well‐being by including human characteristics in system design. Reflecting real‐life behaviours and emotional reactions, HDTs render virtual data‐driven models of people. Their presence in many fields—including office work, education, and healthcare—showcases their ability to advance diagnoses, workforce training, and individualised learning. However, the general HDTs acceptance hypothesis calls for a critical analysis of their ethical ramifications and social influence. Emphasising the need of social adaptations to maintain stability, structural functionalism provides a suited framework to examine the roles of HDTs inside social systems. Despite their obvious advantages, HDTs raise ethical questions. While addressing concerns about user acceptance and ethical norms, engineers, designers and the legal regulators, but also the users—by means of ‘owners’—must consider the substantial consequences of HDTs and their customisation. HDTs' duality, like a double‐edged sword, calls for deliberate usage and considerable thought to negotiate the changing terrain of human–machine interaction.

Assessing the suitability of groundwater resources based on farmers’ predicted intentions and human–water feedbacks

In this study, a behavioral −hydrological simulation modeling framework is developed to explore the functioning of human-water systems. The main objective is to identify the psycho-social factors affecting water conservation intentions among farmers, and then realize the interactions and bidirectional feedback between humans and water resources. For this purpose, the agent-based modeling (ABM) and extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) is recruited to reflect on the agents’ behaviors. As the first step, the framework of the extended TPB together with the agent behavior was designed via field researches through the completion of 169 questionnaires upon proportional-to-size (PPS) random sampling. The partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is then implemented, at the second step, to analyze the data and obtain the weights of the extended TPB constructs. The results reveal that the constructs supplemented to the TPB, including moral norms (MNs) and perceived risk (PR), could have significant effects on water conservation intentions and behaviors among farmers. At the last step, the farmers and their decision-making as the dynamic elements by obtaining feedbacks of water resources were modeled using the ABM. To evaluate the proposed framework, the recorded data of groundwater fluctuations and cultivated areas in the Lenjanat plain is utilized and compared with the socio-hydrological simulation modeling outcomes using the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficient. Then, five scenarios are defined to shed light on the changes in the agent behavior on the aquifer suitability, including water consumption rate and groundwater levels in the aquifer. The results correspondingly demonstrated that merging the second and third scenarios in an effort to raise the prices of crops with low water need along with the increase in utility costs (here, water and electricity) could lead to a 75% increase of farmers’ income and a 21.5% reduction in the surface and groundwater uses in this region, implying the highest level of water conservation among other scenarios.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КОММУНИКАТИВНОЙ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ В РАМКАХ ДИСЦИПЛИН ГУМАНИТАРНОГО БЛОКА

The article examines the process of formation and improvement of one of the universal competencies - “communicative” (UC-4) at a technical university. Its main content, place and role in vocational education are determined. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the competence “Communication” is formed not by “assimilation” of certain theoretical knowledge, but by their regular application and integration into educational process general matrix, contributing to general professional and professional competencies communicative component formation. New academic discipline “Professional ethics and fundamentals of business communication” is of particular importance for engineering training. This discipline differs from “Psychology of professional communication”, “Business communication”, “Fundamentals of business communication” because communicative competence is formed here through the prism of moral and ethical norms of society and professional ethics Formation of full-fledged communication skills is impossible within the framework of only one academic discipline; therefore, it is recommended to include interdisciplinary connections and extracurricular activities potential. The results of the study confirmed humanitarian training relevance at a technical university and importance of UC-4 for future specialists. The study was conducted at the Kamyshin Technological Institute (branch) of Volgograd State Technical University (KTI VSTU).

Formulating Global Branding Strategies in the Context of Cultural Differences

The article examines how cultural differences impact the development of global branding strategies, which is critically important in the context of globalization and market integration. It emphasizes that the essence of this issue lies in the need to consider the cultural characteristics of various countries and regions when creating and implementing global branding strategies. The article explores how cultural differences affect brand perception. It notes that what is positively received in one culture may be misunderstood or even offensive in another. It is crucial for brands to adapt their messaging to align with the cultural norms and expectations of their target audience. It is argued that global branding strategies need to be adapted to local conditions, which includes adjusting advertising campaigns, product assortments, packaging, and pricing policies. The article highlights the importance of language barriers and communication, noting that language is a critical component of global branding. Not only can the text of advertising materials, but also brand names, slogans, and even colors carry different meanings across different languages. The article also discusses the significance of cultural norms and values, which can influence consumer reactions to a brand. It stresses the importance of considering legal and ethical norms that may vary between countries, including regulations regarding advertising, consumer rights, and cultural taboos. It is determined that companies have a choice between two main strategies: adaptation or standardization. Adaptation involves modifying branding to fit local cultural conditions, while standardization focuses on maintaining a consistent brand identity on a global scale. The choice between these strategies depends on market characteristics and the company’s business goals. The necessity of thorough market research and analysis of cultural specifics for the successful implementation of global branding strategies is emphasized. This helps in gathering crucial information about consumer preferences, competitors, and market trends, which aids in developing effective strategies. The overall conclusion of the article underscores that accounting for cultural differences is critically important for successful global branding, and companies that can adapt their strategies to the cultural characteristics of their markets gain a significant competitive advantage. The type of article is theoretical.

Академічна чесність та її важливість у вищій освіті: вплив інноваційних технологій

In the conditions of globalization and digital transformation of educational processes, compliance with the principles of academic honesty is becoming an increasingly urgent problem in the educational process. First of all, innovative technologies significantly expand access to educational resources, improving the quality of education and promoting inclusiveness in education. In addition, they create new risks and opportunities for students and faculty in the context of academic misconduct, such as plagiarism, manipulation of research results, and other forms of misconduct. However, alongside the everyday challenges, innovative technologies provide a wide range of tools to prevent academic misconduct. The development of anti-plagiarism systems, the integration of artificial intelligence for the analysis of works, and the introduction of digital platforms for monitoring the educational process allow not only the detection of violations but also the form of a responsible attitude toward academic honesty in students and teachers. It is important to emphasize that academic integrity in modern higher education is not only a matter of compliance with ethical norms but also a factor affecting the general image and reputation of educational institutions at the international level. Annotation. While writing the scientific article, the role of academic integrity was revealed in the context of its role in the formation of the educational and scientific environment, particularly in the conditions of active implementation of innovative technologies. Academic honesty is defined as ensuring the quality of education and scientific research through the formation of trust in the results of academic activity. Fundamental principles of academic integrity and its values, such as honesty, objectivity, commitment to scientific truth, and avoidance of plagiarism, are explored. Academic misconduct, such as plagiarism, fabrication, and data falsification, is increasingly challenging to detect due to the development of artificial intelligence and other innovative technologies. The advantages and disadvantages of disseminating innovative technologies in the educational process, which increase the inclusiveness and accessibility of education, are analyzed. It has been established that digitalizing educational processes expands the possibilities of access to knowledge and creates new challenges for ensuring academic integrity. Recommendations are offered to improve the methods of detecting and preventing academic violations, including the development of policies and standards regulating the use of artificial intelligence in education and regular training for teachers and students on the ethical use of technology. Keywords: academic integrity, innovative technologies, higher education, digitalization, artificial intelligence, educational process.

Церковная дипломатия и межправославные отношения в эпоху гонений: опыт святого Патриарха Тихона

Article on the views and actions of Patriarch Tikhon (Bellavin) of Moscow and All Russia in the field of Inter-Orthodox relations in 1917–1925. It is shown that this direction was not a priority for His Holiness Tikhon in the context of full-scale persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church, especially since he had minimal opportunities to maintain contacts with other Local Churches. Unlike the leaders of a number of other Churches (Constantinople, Romanian, etc.), St. Tikhon in his ministry was guided not by political or nationalist motives, but by spiritual, moral and pastoral ones, adhering to the evangelical and canonical norms of the Orthodox Church. He sought to resolve controversial issues peacefully and amicably (for example, in the case of Georgian autocephaly), but did not always meet with a reciprocal desire to act in the same way. He was alien to any kind of jurisdictional selfishness. The main thing for him was the preservation of loyalty to Orthodoxy on the part of the multinational flock of the Russian Church. This, in particular, determined his rejection of the idea of Polish autocephaly. The warmest relations under Patriarch Tikhon were with the Serbian and Antiochian Orthodox Churches. Most of all, problems arose in the Constantinople direction, due to the extreme politicization of the Fanar and its special tendency to trample on the moral and canonical norms of the Orthodox Church.

Beginning Psychologists: Entering The Profession, Professional Fears, Self-Concept

Introduction. The article is aimed at analyzing and summarizing the identified features of professional self-awareness of novice psychologists. The relevance of the study is explained by the increased interest in psychological services, which increases the demand for specialists in this field. In this regard, the graduation of young psychologists by educational institutions is also increasing and they may postpone starting work despite the education they have received. This can be explained by fears about the working process, which arise due to certain peculiar professional self-concepts.Objective. To analyze and generalize the data on the specificity of psychologists’ entry into the profession, which is expressed in the peculiarities of professional self-concept.The phenomenon of professional self-concept and its importance in the system of professional development of personality. The authors provide the main theoretical data regarding the phenomenon of self-concept of a person and its variety - professional self-concept of a person. Thus, professional self-concept is defined as a part of the general self-concept, which includes the attitudes of a person regarding his/her profession (its requirements, society’s expectations from it) and himself/herself in it (place, role, his/her professional qualities, personal qualities that are necessary for the profession), which are expressed in the cognitive, emotional and behavioral component of this phenomenon.Formation of professional self-concept and mature professional identity as a desired developmental outcome. The authors describe the main stages of development and changes in the professional self-concept of an individual, such as the stage of awakening, research, consolidation, preservation and retirement. As the main phenomenon reflecting professional self-consciousness, the authors single out professional identity, understood as an individual’s value orientation to a certain profession.Discussion. The authors’ ideas about the existence of specific features of professional self-concept in novice psychologists are confirmed by the data of other researchers. Fatalism, somewhat pessimistic views of the world and people around them, inflated standards for a specialist in psychology, and aspiration for professional development stand out among the peculiarities of young specialists’ professional self-concept. The author’s position is expressed in the position that these features can lead to the following fears of young professionals: fear of not helping or helping incorrectly, fear of violating moral norms, fear of snapping at the client, fear of remaining unrecognized, fear of revealing oneself, fear of setting a price for work, fear of change.

Enforcement of the Code of Ethics for 2024 Election Organizers in Indonesia: A Substantive Justice Perspective

This study employs a normative legal research approach focusing on conceptual and legislative analysis. Its aim is to examine the dynamics of the enforcement of the electoral organizers’ code of ethics by the Indonesian Election Supervisory Agency (DKPP) and to formulate a reconstruction of this enforcement aimed at achieving substantive justice. The findings assert that the enforcement dynamics of the electoral organizers’ code of ethics by DKPP inherently pose two main issues. Internally, the enforcement requires oversight and public participation to ensure DKPP’s credibility and integrity in upholding the code of ethics. Externally, issues arise regarding the final and binding nature of DKPP decisions, which have been undermined by Constitutional Court rulings, allowing for their annulment by judicial bodies such as the Administrative Court (PTUN). Reconstruction or reform efforts concerning the enforcement of the electoral code of ethics for electoral administrators, based on substantive justice, necessitate a clear affirmation of the independence of ethical norms, particularly those related to the conduct of electoral administrators. This includes ensuring that the enforcement of these ethical norms is immune from legal norms and external intervention. Additionally, there is a need for a revision of the electoral laws in Indonesia to enhance the appeal process for ethical judgments rendered by the Election Supervisory Board (DKPP), which are final and binding and cannot be overturned by the courts, especially the Administrative Court (PTUN).

Assistance in the Implementation of Character Education (Panca Adab) Based on Eastern Culture

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of management training in the implementation of character education (Panca Adab) based on eastern culture in junior high schools. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method, this research involves students, teachers, and the school as subjects. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation analysis, with data analysis carried out through reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawn. The findings of the study revealed that thoroughly and systematically implemented training succeeded in improving students' understanding of character values, involvement in school activities, and the application of ethical norms in daily life. The program showed positive results in motivating students and improving their academic and social performance, with an emphasis on adapting to feedback and changing needs. The implications of these results suggest that this character education program is effective in shaping students' character and strengthening their relationships within the school community, making it a potential model for similar programs in the future.

Scoring Individual Moral Inclination for the CNI Test

Item response theory (IRT) is a modern psychometric framework for estimating respondents’ latent traits (e.g., ability, attitude, and personality) based on their responses to a set of questions in psychological tests. The current study adopted an item response tree (IRTree) method, which combines the tree model with IRT models for handling the sequential process of responding to a test item, to score individual moral inclination for the CNI test—a broadly adopted model for examining humans’ moral decision-making with three parameters generated: sensitivity to moral norms, sensitivity to consequences, and inaction preference. Compared to previous models for the CNI test, the resulting EIRTree-CNI Model is able to generate individual scores without increasing the number of items (thus, less subject fatigue or compromised response quality) or employing a post hoc approach that is deemed statistically suboptimal. The model fits the data well, and the subsequent test also supported the concurrent validity and the predictive validity of the model. Limitations are discussed further.

Computer English Teaching in Summer Learning Programs As Foreign Language

Language is the mode of identity and recognition. Summer learning programs are essential in helping children and young people interact and develop solid ethical bonds in different communities. Current issues related to the linguistic and philosophical nature of socio-ethical vocabulary in terms of diachronic are discussed in the article. Based on the analysis of a large amount of historical and philosophical material, the authors present their interpretation of the formation stages of the vocabulary of ethics as an integral part of the general philosophical vocabulary. However, each time and in each country, the interpretation of ethical concepts and norms, and therefore terms, was of a concrete historical and purely national character. In view of the objectives of this article, we consider it necessary to give a brief overview of the ethics of antiquity and the Middle Ages in order to understand and consider the specific role of ethics in science and practice of later historical eras. The authors hope that adopting pre-communicative activities as a part of the teaching method will be more effective in learning English as a foreign language.

“We can't be too saintly”: Why members of parliament in the United Kingdom are reluctant to lead by example with low-carbon behaviour

Low-carbon behaviour change from individuals is both essential for meeting climate change targets and highly politically contentious. Shifting away from activities such as flying, driving and meat eating can greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, yet political leaders have avoided introducing policies to stimulate this for fear of alienating voters and confronting political orthodoxies. This article examines low-carbon behaviour change through the novel lens of individual leadership and leading by example. Applying threories of credibility enhancing displays (CREDs) and embodied leadership, we present evidence from 19 interviews with UK members of parliament (MPs), exploring how they think leading by example may affect their credibility as democratic representatives. We find that MPs believe leading by example is important as a general principle but is problematic when it comes to low-carbon behaviour. While some MPs do deliberately model sustainable behaviours to maintain credibility as climate advocates, they tend to do this quietly for fear of negative reactions from the media, political rivals, and constituents. MPs say modelling low-carbon behaviour may be perceived as a threat to individual freedoms, such as flying for holidays, and risks disapproval from local business interests related to high-carbon activities, such as car manufacturers or the airline industry. Even pro-climate MPs tend to frame low-carbon behaviour as “extreme”, and position themselves in contrast to this extreme, thus perpetuating social and moral norms of high-carbon behaviour. We discuss how individual politicians form part of a systemic resistance to low-carbon behaviour change.

Young customers’ intention to purchase organic food in South Africa: extending the theory of planned behaviour

Ethical consumption has become an increasing trend as young customers get increasingly aware of their environmental and ethical responsibilities. The study aimed to examine the determinants of organic food purchase intention and behaviour of young customers in South Africa by extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). The main objective of the study was to determine the effects of TPB constructs (attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control) on young consumers’ intention to purchase organic food. Also, the study investigated whether the extended TPB model would improve the predictive validity of the model. The TPB was modified by the addition of three value constructs (health, environmental and appearance consciousness) as antecedents of attitude and intention and two personal factors (moral norms and ethical self-identity) as predictors of purchase intention. In addition, the study examined the mediating effects of attitude towards organic food in the relationship between value and purchase intention. Furthermore, the study determined the effect of intention on actual organic food purchase behaviour of young consumers. The study adopted a quantitative research approach and data was collected through the cross-sectional survey method using self-administered questionnaires from four hundred and three respondents. The questionnaires were distributed to the respondents through mall intercept and the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS SEM) was used to test the hypotheses of the study. The findings confirmed that two constructs of the TPB (attitude towards organic food and perceived behavioural control) are predictors of purchase intention. In addition, health and environmental consciousness are antecedents of attitude and intention. Attitude mediates the relationship between health, environmental consciousness and intention. Furthermore, intention is a predictor of behaviour. Recommendations to improve the purchase of organic food focus on communication by marketers to consumers about the benefits of organic food. The study concludes that the extended TPB is an applicable theoretical framework to explain the purchase of organic food by young consumers.

Ethical Challenges in Information Disclosure and Decision-making in Prenatal Testing: A Focus Group Study of Chinese Health Professionals in Maternal and Child Health Services.

The international community has proposed a comprehensive strategy to prevent congenital abnormalities. And China, with a high incidence of congenital diseases, has implemented measures including prenatal screening and diagnosis to reduce the morbidity of congenital abnormalities. However, ethical challenges arise in the practice of prenatal screening and diagnosis among healthcare professionals. Five focus group discussions were conducted with twenty-four health professionals working in maternal and child health services in Hunan Province, China, to explore the ethical challenges they encountered in prenatal testing decision-making and information disclosure practices, as well as their views on these challenges. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, ensuring maximum demographic diversity. Three main themes were identified: 1) balancing between information disclosure and privacy protection; 2) patient-oriented decision-making and tensions within family-oriented decision-making; 3) the disparity between the limited help clinical ethics committees (CECs) can provide and professionals' need for CECs. Ethical norms for information disclosure and autonomous decision-making within prenatal screening and diagnostic institutions must be established. Utilizing CECs is crucial to guide professionals in delivering prenatal testing services while simultaneously focusing on targeted improvement of communication skills among these professionals.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF SUBJECTIVE CONTROL IN THE AREA OF ACHIEVEMENT AND FAILURE WITH PERSONALITY INDICATORS AS A SYSTEMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF THE REGULATORY SPHERE OF PERSONALITIES OF HIGH-CLASS ATHLETES

The article is devoted to the study of subjective qualities of high-class athletes as subjects of personality success in sports. The theoretical analysis of the role of subjective personality qualities in the regulative sphere of an athlete is carried out. The author performs a correlation analysis of the relationship between the Internality in the Field of Achievements scale of the Level of Subjective Control method by J. Rotter and the personality indicators of the 16-Factor Personality Questionnaire by R. B. Kettel, Ways of Coping Questionnaire by R. Lazarus and S. Folkman, Morphological Test of Life Values by V. F. Sopov and L. V. Karpushin, Moral Normativity by A. G. Maklakov and S. V. Chermyaninin, Moral and Ethical Responsibility of Personality by I. G. Tymoshchuk, Life Activity Standard by M. Y. Dvoretskaya, Friend-Advisor 2 by E. K. Veselova.