Normative Texts Research Articles

Corporate social responsibility information disclosure objective or not

PurposeBased on the text mining tools, this paper aims to propose a new method to evaluate the subjectivity and objectivity of corporate social responsibility information disclosure.Design/methodology/approachThe authors build up a text subjectivity evaluation model of corporate social responsibility reports through meta-analysis; a text mining is conducted to all sample CSR reports released by Chinese listed companies untill March 2016[1]. Furthermore, the authors made an overall and quantitative analysis of the situation which contained changing state, characteristics and abnormal value on the subjectivity and objectivity of information disclosure.FindingsThe results show that the subjectivity scores of social responsibility reports of Chinese listed companies are generally in a normal distribution. The diagram turns out to be a rising trend over the years and increases linearly from 2011 to 2013. Also, the industry heterogeneity and policy control are the main reasons for the formation of the differences, which are significant between different industries and different years.Originality/valueThis paper provides not only an important empirical basis for the research of corporate social responsibility but also a new idea for the non-financial information disclosure as well as objective evaluation of normative text.

Living Hadits Oral, Lisan, dan Tulisan Jamaah Maiyah, Emha Ainun Najib, dan Gamelan Kyai Kanjeng

This article aims to discuss the unique Living Hadis which exists on Gamelan Kiai Kanjeng and explains how hadis understood by Emha Ainun Najib as a speaker in every event they held. Thus, this research finds that some of the event held by Kiai Kanjeng and Emha Ainun Najib is an exspression of sunnah due to Emha always invites all audiences to be independence and teaches them how to face and manage problem in their life. Also, Emha and Kiai Kanjeng are able to give good interpretations to Holy Qur’an and Sunnah that agree with the conditions of Indonesians wihich have multicultured and multireligious nations. Throught metodological study, the author find that Kiai Kanjeng is one of organisations that practice and deliver sunnah for all classes and grades of society, such as: moslem or non moslem, college students, workers, public staff, teachers and many others.
 There are explanations of performance of Emha Ainun Najib that can be considred as living of sunnah, for instance: Having shalawatan together, problem solving, social respons, political education, and interpreations of normative text of Holy Qur’an and Hadis which is able to support and advise Indonesian people. Emha Ainun Najib is not only a pious speaker who practices living sunnah orally but also a character who can do living sunnah in writing. Gamelan Kiai Kanjeng with Emha Ainun Najib is a group of musical instrument which colaborated with some other music toos such as Guitar, Piano, band, and others. It can stimulate suciety to worship by listening and saying shalawat together in happy conditions and is going to produce good character of human being.

A PETIÇÃO INICIAL E OS SEUS REQUISITOS NO NOVO CÓDIGO DE PROCESSO CIVIL

Este texto pretende reconstruir os requisitos da petição inicial a partir de alguns dos pilares do Novo CPC e de suas normas fundamentais, a fim de enfatizar algumas modificações não explícitas em seu texto normativo. Muito embora o texto dos artigos 319 e 106, inciso I, do Novo CPC seja similar ao texto dos artigos 282 e 39, inciso I, do CPC reformado, é possível enxergar mudanças significativas na compreensão da técnica de elaboração da petição inicial, mudanças essas não explícitas no Código. Tal fato decorre da circunstância de que o Novo CPC deve ser interpretado sistematicamente e considerado em sua unidade, não pode haver interpretações de dispositivos normativos ou institutos isolados.

‘Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof!’ Reading Leviticus 25:10 through the centuries

ABSTRACTThis paper follows the text of Leviticus 25:10 in the Hebrew Bible and in selected works of the exegetical tradition of both Rabbinic Judaism and Western Christianity, in order to provide a lens through which to assess the use of a biblical text which was instrumental during the early modern period in formulating ideas about the Republic and its use in the modern liberal state. The main argument of the paper is that over time the meaning of the text shifted from the socio-economic to the salvific to the political, depending on the context in which it was read. Further, all the authors cited here approached the text as an authoritative normative text, and did not look at the text as a textual artefact. While the move to re-introduce Jewish Sources into the debate in political theory is to be welcomed, it is argued that the results would be improved by balanced reading strategies and by interaction with critical academic biblical scholarship.

Beyond Professional Self-interest: Medical Ethics and the Disciplinary Function of the General Medical Council of the United Kingdom, 1858–1914

Traditional historiography tends to draw a negative picture of British doctors’ ethics during the long nineteenth century. The medical professional ethics of this period have been described as self-serving and as a tool to monopolise the health care market. In this paper I attempt to challenge this rather one-sided view by looking into evidence for the practice of medical ethics, not just its normative texts. Focusing on the disciplinary function of the General Medical Council and discussing a variety of its cases, from fraudulent registration, sexual misconduct and breach of confidence to negligence, covering unqualified assistants and advertising, I argue that nineteenth-century medical ethics aimed at supporting the interests of patients and of the public at large as well as the reputation of the profession.

Lenguas de signos en el estado español: estatus y territorialidad

El propósito de este artículo es presentar la situación de las lenguas de signos en el contexto de la política lin güística española, tanto en lo que se refiere al ámbito estatal como en el de las comunidades autónomas. Para ello se hace una revisión de las leyes que, en el ámbito estatal y autonómico, regulan en alguna medida el uso de estas lenguas. Trataremos de mostrar cómo el desarrollo normativo de las lenguas de signos (LS) se enfrenta en España a dos retos: el primero tiene que ver con el prejuicio de que las LS son adaptaciones para facilitar la accesibilidad a las personas sordas, y no lenguas naturales que se utilizan en un contexto social y cultural específico; el segundo proviene de la concepción territorial de los derechos lingüísticos. Solo la lengua de signos catalana y la lengua de signos española gozan de reconocimiento en el texto normativo de mayor rango, la primera en Cataluña y la segunda en el resto del estado, en tanto que las comunidades autónomas tienen la potestad de reconocer lenguas de signos propias de los respectivos territorios. En el caso gallego, una entrevista realizada al presidente de la Federación de Persoas Xordas de Galicia (FAXPG) nos ha permitido concluir que no está entre las prioridades de este órgano de representación la reivindicación de una lengua de signos gallega.

Scientific Knowledge and Legislative Drafting: Focus on Surrogacy Laws

This article discusses how sensitive bioethical issues are addressed in legislation, using as a starting point the analysis of a corpus of normative texts relating to Assisted Reproduction Technologies (ARTs), and in particular surrogacy, enacted in various English-speaking countries. In the investigation, special special attention is given to the re-elaboration and presentation of scientific knowledge in legal discourse with a view to detecting any possible slant or changes, and the reasons thereof. Another important object of investigation is the redefinition of certain well established categories of kinship because of the disruptive effects of biomediacal advances, and ARTs in particular, on family-based social relations. The analysis will focus on legal definitions, which are crucial in this domain considering that advances in the modern technosciences have brought about the need to categorize and name new medical practices and the situations they contribute to bringing about. The focus will be on how definitions are used in normative texts, functioning as initiators of a dynamic process generating discourses that acquire their meaning in the social and communicative contexts they are embedded in. Special attention will be devoted to the way in which specialised scientific, and especially medical, terminology and concepts, are dealt with in bioethically relevant legal discourse.

Strategies for the reinterpretation of normative texts within the Hebrew Bible

AbstractContemporary constitutional theory remains divided between competing approaches to the interpretation of normative texts: between originalism or original intent, on the one hand, and living constitution approaches, on the other. The purpose of this article is to complicate that problematic dichotomy by showing how cultures having a tradition of prestigious or authoritative texts addressed the problem of literary and legal innovation in antiquity. The study begins with cuneiform law from Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire, and then shows how ancient Israel’s development of the idea of divine revelation of law creates a cluster of constraints that would be expected to impede legal revision or amendment. The well-known Decalogue, or Ten Commandments, provides a valuable test-case, with its normative statement that God punishes sinners across generations (vicariously extending the punishment due them to three or four generations of their progeny). A series of inner-biblical and post-biblical responses to that rule demonstrates, however, that later writers were able to criticize, challenge, reject, and replace it with the alternative notion of individual accountability. The article will provide a series of close readings of the texts involved, drawing attention to their legal language and hermeneutical strategies. The conclusions stress the remarkable freedom to modify ostensibly normative statements available to ancient judicial interpreters, despite the expected constraints of a formative religious canon attributed to divine revelation.

Diretrizes de universidades públicas: estudo sobre regras e comportamento estudantil

Estatutos e regimentos são documentos utilizados pelas universidades públicas para estabelecer normas sobre o funcionamento do sistema acadêmico em vários âmbitos. Esta pesquisa tratou de identificar, descrever e analisar, no Estatuto e Regimento da Unesp, com referencial teórico da Análise do Comportamento, regras relacionadas ao ensino na graduação, utilizando a contingência de três termos como unidade de análise. A partir da seleção de termos, foram identificadas e analisadas 15 contingências. Dos resultados conclui-se que esse procedimento pode indicar como as regras (comportamentais), aplicadas à dimensão educacional, no planejamento do ensino superior na universidade estudada, poderiam ser mais claras, efetivas e mais democráticas em suas prescrições.

Working Methods of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute

The Assembly of States Parties, which has a key role to play in the Rome Statute system, in terms of providing oversight and support for the Court, as well as legislating in some cases, has developed its working methods over 15 years. This article seeks to provide an overview of the means by which the Assembly has sought to increase its efficiency bearing in mind the need to address the changing character of the challenges posed. In the first years the focus was on normative texts to supplement the Rome Statute, including until 2010 negotiations on the definition of the crime of aggression and the conditions for the exercise of the jurisdiction of the Court over such crime. In recent years the Assembly has dealt with matters related to operational issues such as tangible cooperation with the Court, non-cooperation and strengthening the role and credibility of the Court.

Criteria for 'Good' Justifications

Many institutions in a democratic society wield important power by virtue of the decisions they make. These decisions may concern individuals or have a more general impact on society. It goes without saying today that this exercise of power must be accounted for. A supreme court’s reasoning is given in its judgements. A central bank’s reasoning is given in the decision-making body’s minutes. In this paper, we develop criteria for what constitute good written justifications for a decision, not what makes a good decision per se. We look at the two institutions we know best: supreme courts and central banks. Of course, these are not the only institutions that exercise power on behalf of the state, and we also ask whether our criteria could be applied more generally. We assess a selection of supreme court judgements and monetary policy decisions in various countries qualitatively against our criteria, and find that practice largely conforms to the criteria. There are some common features between supreme courts and central banks. In recent years there has been a development in the way the judgments are written in the UK Supreme Court. Earlier, each judge wrote his votum. Now they are writing a common text. With individual writing, there were many different formulations of the normative text. It is easier for the public to relate to one legislative text. The UK Supreme Court, under the presidency of Lord Neuberger, has therefore gradually moved towards writing a joint text. John Roberts, the US Chief Justice, thought that judges should be worried when they are writing separately about the effect on the court as an institution. What about the minutes of the central banks? Professor Alan Blinder at Princeton argues that a central bank that speaks with a cacophony of voices has no voice at all. Professor Otmar Issing, the former Chief Economist and Member of the Board of the ECB, believes that there is a danger that individual minutes provide an incentive for individual members to put themselves ahead of the institution. We also test empirically whether the institutions’ decisions and the justifications for these decisions are communicated in clear language. Our analysis is inspired by Bank of England chief economist Andrew Haldane’s speech “A little more conversation, a little less action”, and by the report “Bankspeak: The Language of World Bank Reports 1946-2012” by Franco Moretti and Dominique Pestre at Stanford Literary Lab. We analyse more than 6,000 central bank and supreme court decisions from the past decade and find considerable differences in length and readability across countries and institutions. The grand chamber decisions of the European Court of Human Rights are by far the longest, while the European Court of Justice employs the most complex language. The Danish central bank keeps things briefest and uses the clearest language, but also has the simplest regime to explain. The Swedish central bank’s minutes stand out as both long and complex, while the Norwegian central bank is unusually concise. Moretti and Pestre analysed the text of all World Bank reports and found quantitative indications that the language of the reports had moved in the wrong direction in terms of readability. We perform the same tests on central banks and supreme courts and find that these institutions’ language has not moved in the same negative direction. Former Bank of England governor Mervyn King argued that the design of an institution “must reflect history and experience”, and there is no doubt that each institution’s way of writing is influenced by its own history. This is what economists refer to as “path dependence”. We wonder, however, whether there is rather too much path dependence in many cases, and whether the institutions in question might benefit from looking at trends and learning from other institutions both at home and abroad. In our work on this paper, we have been particularly wary of phrases along the lines of “based on a general assessment”. Alarm bells sound whenever we see them, especially with any frequency, as they are liable to conceal rather than illuminate the true rationale.

Marta či Marie - mezi životem aktivním a kontemplativním Pojetí práce u Bernarda z Clairvaux

This article analyses the concept of work of Bernard of Clairvaux and also deals with the relationship between physical and mental work in the monastic milieu (vita activa and vita contemplativa), practical activity and inner rest. The author first turns to the beginnings of monastic tradition and Augustine's treatise De opere monachorum, which established a positive evaluation of physical work in monasticism. She then presents an approach to these subjects in Benedictine Rule as the central and normative text of Western monasticism. After an evaluation of various treatises of Bernard of Clairvaux (especially his Apologia ad Guillelmum abbatem and sermons) she comes to the conclusion, that although Bernard primarily promotes the contemplative way of monastic life, he also places a substantial emphasis on physical work, and thus understands both ways as complementary and necessary in the monastic community.

Criteria for 'Good' Justifications

Many institutions in a democratic society wield important power by virtue of the decisions they make. These decisions may concern individuals or have a more general impact on society. It goes without saying today that this exercise of power be accounted for. supreme court's reasoning is given in its judgements. central bank's reasoning is given in the decision-making body's minutes. In this paper, we develop criteria for what constitute good written justifications for a decision, not what makes a good decision per se. We look at the two institutions we know best: supreme courts and central banks. Of course, these are not the only institutions that exercise power on behalf of the state, and we also ask whether our criteria could be applied more generally. We assess a selection of supreme court judgements and monetary policy decisions in various countries qualitatively against our criteria, and find that practice largely conforms to the criteria. There are some common features between supreme courts and central banks. In recent years there has been a development in the way the judgments are written in the UK Supreme Court. Earlier, each judge wrote his votum. Now they are writing a common text. With individual writing, there were many different formulations of the normative text. It is easier for the public to relate to one legislative text. The UK Supreme Court, under the presidency of Lord Neuberger, has therefore gradually moved towards writing a joint text. John Roberts, the US Chief Justice, thought that judges should be worried when they are writing separately about the effect on the court as an institution. What about the minutes of the central banks? Professor Alan Blinder at Princeton argues that a central bank that speaks with a cacophony of voices has no voice at all. Professor Otmar Issing, the former Chief Economist and Member of the Board of the ECB, believes that there is a danger that individual minutes provide an incentive for individual members to put themselves ahead of the institution We also test empirically whether the institutions' decisions and the justifications for these decisions are communicated in clear language. Our analysis is inspired by Bank of England chief economist Andrew Haldane's speech A little more conversation, a little less action, and by the report Bankspeak: The Language of World Bank Reports 1946-2012 by Franco Moretti and Dominique Pestre at Stanford Literary Lab. We analyse more than 6,000 central bank and supreme court decisions from the past decade and find considerable differences in length and readability across countries and institutions. The grand chamber decisions of the European Court of Human Rights are by far the longest, while the European Court of Justice employs the most complex language. The Danish central bank keeps things briefest and uses the clearest language, but also has the simplest regime to explain. The Swedish central bank's minutes stand out as both long and complex, while the Norwegian central bank is unusually concise. Moretti and Pestre analysed the text of all World Bank reports and found quantitative indications that the language of the reports had moved in the wrong direction in terms of readability. We perform the same tests on central banks and supreme courts and find that these institutions' language has not moved in the same negative direction. Former Bank of England governor Mervyn King argued that the design of an institution must reflect history and experience, and there is no doubt that each institution's way of writing is influenced by its own history. This is what economists refer to as dependence. We wonder, however, whether there is rather too much path dependence in many cases, and whether the institutions in question might benefit from looking at trends and learning from other institutions both at home and abroad. In our work on this paper, we have been particularly wary of phrases along the lines of based on a general assessment. Alarm bells sound whenever we see them, especially with any frequency, as they are liable to conceal rather than illuminate the true rationale.

Character-Based Machine Learning vs. Language Modeling for Diacritics Restoration

In this research we compare two approaches, in particular, character-based machine learning and language-modeling and offer the best solution for the diacritization problem solving. Parameters of tested approaches (i.e., a huge variety of feature types for the character-based method and a value n for the n-gram language-modeling method) were tuned to achieve the highest possible accuracy. Despite the main focus is on the Lithuanian language, we posit that obtained findings can also be applied to other, similar (Latvian or Slavic) languages. During experiments we measured the performance of approaches on 10 domains (including normative texts and non-normative Internet comments). The best results reaching ~99.5% and ~98.4% of the accuracy on characters and words, respectively, were achieved with the tri-gram language modeling method. It outperformed the character-based machine learning approach with an optimal composed feature set by ~1.4% and ~3.8% of the accuracy on characters and words, respectively.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.46.4.18066

Text collections for evaluation of Russian morphological taggers

Abstract The paper describes the preparation and development of the text collections within the framework of MorphoRuEval-2017 shared task, an evaluation campaign designed to stimulate development of the automatic morphological processing technologies for Russian. The main challenge for the organizers was to standardize all available Russian corpora with the manually verified high-quality tagging to a single format (Universal Dependencies CONLL-U). The sources of the data were the disambiguated subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus, SynTagRus, OpenCorpora.org data and GICR corpus with the resolved homonymy, all exhibiting different tagsets, rules for lemmatization, pipeline architecture, technical solutions and error systematicity. The collections includes both normative texts (the news and modern literature) and more informal discourse (social media and spoken data), the texts are available under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license.

“Clear as God's Words?”—Dealing with Ambiguities in the Bible

“Clear as God's Words?”—Dealing with Ambiguities in the Bible Manfred Oeming Between guidance and confusion—the discrepancy between expectation and reality When humans read the Bible, they look for clear guidance. “Teach me your way, O LORD” (Ps 27:11)—the authors of the Psalms consistently pray. In difficult life situations, on the margins, in ambiguity, they expect that God shows them which way to turn. “Make me understand the way of your tenets” (Ps 119:27). In our cultures, influenced by Jewish and Christian traditions, almost everyone might agree that the Bible serves as ethical guideline helping us making hard moral decisions. But how, exactly, does that work? Human artists create works that are ambiguous and cannot be reduced to one single and unambiguous meaning. We accept this in our daily lives. For instance, when several people look at a painting, they will associate different things—and this is perfectly acceptable. Even more so, art shouldn't be unambiguous but should produce a multitude of different interpretations and reactions. This has been accepted in hermeneutics and aesthetics at least since Umberto Eco's “Postscript to The Name of the Rose” (1984). But what happens if these multitudes of meaning happen in God's Word? If the Bible is ambiguous? What in secular art is seen as positive and enriching becomes problematic in the realm of the sacred. And even worse: how can we deal with discrepancies and conflicts in the Sacred Scriptures? What happens when normative texts provide different and even opposing guidelines to important questions? “The Rabbis say: “What happens when a hammer meets a rock? Sparks fly. Every spark is the result of the hammer hitting the rock but no spark is a singular result.” This is similar to the scriptures where one verse can convey many different teachings” (bSanhedrin 24). It seems that they do not have a serious problem with the plurality of interpretations. But Protestant Theology has continuously taught claritas scripturae. According to this dogma, there are four rules: (1) No dogma necessary for salvation can be unclear. (2) The Scriptures explain themselves; if something is unclear, it can be explained by other parts. (3) If the Scriptures seem to be unclear, the reason can be found in human sin and ignorance. (4) The Scriptures are unambiguous because God has authored them and God would never contradict himself. So far the Protestant dogma. However, reality looks very different. Since the development of the historic‐critical method in Biblical interpretation, it has become obvious that the teachings of the Bible are not unified and clear; rather, the Bible contains numerous points of view. Even key themes and key ethical guidelines are ambiguous as can be shown in numerous instances. I will present one example. How to deal with strangers within the framework of Old Testament (OT) ethics A search of all Biblical passages about the ethical approach to strangers will immediately reveal that the New Testament only offers very general advice. “So there is no difference between Jews and Gentiles, between slaves and free people, between men and women; you are all one in union with Christ Jesus” (Gal 3:28). This is a statement about the internationality of the interconnected church without hierarchy. It challenges us to invite all strangers in, which is seen as service to Christ himself (see also Matthew 25:35 “I was a stranger, and you invited me in”). It even becomes a cardinal virtue—”Remember to welcome strangers in your homes. There were some who did that and welcomed angels without knowing it.” (Hebrews 13:2) But our modern discussions about strangers are embedded in the idea of “the nation” and their competing markets. The question “How many foreigners can we accept into our country without endangering out inner peace?” is a complex one. For its answers, we rely on insights from ethics, the law, economics, and psychology. The OT offers some important insights here, since the distinction between oneself and the other, and the difficulty of living as stranger in an often hostile culture are—without exaggerationöthe key problems in the history of Israel and the theology and ethics of the OT. Three theological arguments...

Critères de non-qualification des donneurs des cellules souches hématopoïétiques : recommandations de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC)

The evolution of HLA typing and transplantation techniques makes it easier to identify a donor for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. This activity, strongly regulated by regulatory or normative texts, implies in addition biological, medical, para-medical and sometimes psychological evaluations. The benefit/risk discussion is complicated because it must take into account the benefit/risk ratio for the recipient, and the donor risk. No Evidence-Based Medicine data is available and serious events are very rare situations. Biovigilance declarations and their analysis are of fundamental importance. Certain obvious and definite contraindications could be detected very early in the process. It is important to assess whether a risk factor or pathology contributes to increasing the risk associated with collection. In case of recipient risk, the situation should be discussed with the patient team. These recommendations focus on adult peripheral blood HSC donors. They refer to donor information, confidentiality of exchanges, the impact of moral or material pressures, declarations of biovigilance, collegiality and traceability of difficult decisions, desirable experience and training for doctors in charge, use of expert advice informed by an explicit exchange on the possible risks, parsimony of therapeutic interventions and minimization of risks for the donor. We also recommend creation, availability and use by the community of tools and documents (registries, questionnaires, synthetic recommendations, feedback, and collegial qualification meetings) useful for practice.

El Arte Poética en Romance Castellano (1580) de Miguel Sánchez de Lima y la preceptiva poética castellana de influencia italiana de finales del siglo XVI

The first poetic principles that organized and fixed the new way of doing poetry in Spanish—both in their maxims and in their uses—did not appear in the Iberian Peninsula until almost the last two decades of the sixteenth century. However, this fact does not imply that the Spanish poets were not caught up in the new winds of change, which it started during the Thirties of the same century in Italy, just the opposite. Therefore, some normative texts, which seek to explain and systematize the new poetic regulation, just all in Spanish instead of in Latin, begin to diffidently appear from 1580. El Arte Poetica en Romance Castellano (1580), by the Portuguese poet Miguel Sanchez de Lima, is one of the first attempts that tries to justify and set up the new literary precepts of the moment, in contrast to the old medieval Spanish literary theories.

Were There Reforms in the Order of the Temple?

Were There Reforms in the Order of the Temple? The downfall of the Templars in the early fourteenth century has on occasion been explained as a consequence of the Order’s supposed inability to reform, particularly when compared to the Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights. However, a close reading of the Templars’ normative texts (rule and statutes) suggests that the Order implemented timely administrative and disciplinary reforms throughout its history. Secondly, the thirteenth- century papal registers indicate that the pontiffs viewed the Brothers as suitable reformers for ecclesiastical institutions deemed to be in need of both spiritual and temporal renewal, for example in Italy and Frankish Greece. Thirdly, according to the post-1307 records of the trial against the Order, particularly those from Cyprus and the British Isles where torture was not (or hardly ever) used during the respective proceedings, the Brothers rejected the accusations leveled against them, arguing that such errors, had they existed, would have been addressed by the Order, and emphasizing that their allegedly objectionable practices were, in fact, in full accordance with normative texts sanctioned by both the Order and the papal curia. Given the Templars’ near unequivocal deference to the pope and the latter’s historically proactive role in promoting the Order, the Brothers ultimately may have looked to the pontiff (albeit in vain) to bring about those reforms that he would have deemed necessary.

Are the Haves Getting Even More Ahead Than Ever? Reflections on the Political Choices Concerning Access to Justice in Brazil in the Search of a New Agenda

This paper has the intention of rescuing and re-signifying the agenda of access to justice from the perspective of the political choices that motivated important legal frameworks in Brazil, specifically the creation of the small claims courts, class action regulations, the Judiciary Reform and the promulgation of a New Civil Procedural code. The focus of this study is not only to look at who access justice and how they do it, but also to the political choices that have been made concerning access to justice in Brazil in recent years, having as premise that the blanket is short and access for all is an unfeasible goal. The purpose of this article is to analyze normative texts and legislative debates that preceded relevant legal frameworks to extract and reflect upon the (explicit or implicit) political choices that impact access to justice in Brazil. Considering that these political choices greatly impact the relationship and imbalance of powers between RPs and OSs in the litigation game, the paper analyzed the winning and defeated normative discourses behind the legal frameworks related to access to justice.