Normal Animal Tissues Research Articles

A comparison of enzymic fragments of ribonucleic acids from tissues of normal and irradiated animals

A comparison was made of the composition of fragments isolated from ribonuclease digests of RNA from liver tissue of normal and whole-body x-irradiated rats. Four hours after the end of irradiation the content of RNA was found to decrease up to 30% when compared with that of normal animals; at the same time the basic analytical characteristics remain essentially the same (the content of phosphorus, nitrogen, DNA, proteins, and amino acids, and the nucleotide composition and the absorption spectra). The qualitative composition of the enzymic digests is also identical. Marked differences between the two RNA's were found to lie in the amounts of some fractions (C, U, AAC, (GGA) U). Larger amounts of the latter were always contained in the hydrolyzate of RNA from the tissue of irradiated animals. In conclusion, the determined differences pertaining to the quantitative pattern of several fragments were discussed from the aspect of possible irradiation-induced changes in the inner arrangement of the polynucleotide chain of RNA.

The correlation between the active concentration of labeled amino acids by the cells, and their inclusion in the proteins of tumors and normal tissues of experimental animals in vitro

It is shown that the cells of sarcoma M-1, ascitic hepatoma of rats, and Ehrlich's ascitic cancer of mice actively concentrate glycine-C14, methionine-S35, tyrosine-C14, and lysine-C14. The uptake of amino acids by tumor cells is 2–8 times higher than the uptake by the liver cells.

The effect of cytochrome C on the oxygen consumption of tissues of normal and CO-poisoned animals.

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 152, Issue 3 p. 482-486 ArticleFree Access The effect of cytochrome C on the oxygen consumption of tissues of normal and CO-poisoned animals J. S. Dutkiewicz, J. S. DutkiewiczSearch for more papers by this authorB. Gwózdź, B. GwózdźSearch for more papers by this authorK. Spett, K. SpettSearch for more papers by this authorFr. M. Spioch, Fr. M. SpiochSearch for more papers by this author J. S. Dutkiewicz, J. S. DutkiewiczSearch for more papers by this authorB. Gwózdź, B. GwózdźSearch for more papers by this authorK. Spett, K. SpettSearch for more papers by this authorFr. M. Spioch, Fr. M. SpiochSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 1960 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1960.sp006503Citations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume152, Issue3July 1, 1960Pages 482-486 RelatedInformation

Metabolism and functions of phosphatides. Investigations on the phosphatides of some experimental tumours.

A study was made of the in vitro incorporation of radioactive phosphate into the phosphatides of the benzpyrene sarcoma of the rat, of the Brown-Pearce carcinoma of rabbits, Ehrlich mouse ascites carcinoma and of some normal tissues of tumour-bearing and comparable healthy animals. Whereas the phosphatide content of the studied tumours was relatively low, the incorporation of radioactive phosphate in the tumour phosphatides proved to be high. Paperchromatographic separation of the components, previously purified by column chromatography, and of the products obtained by hydrolysis of the extracted lipids demonstrated that during the in vitro incubation of benzpyrene and Brown-Pearce tumours the isotope was incorporated mainly into the lecithins. In Ehrlichascites cells the isotope was recovered in about equal amounts in the lecithin and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (cephalin) fractions. At the same time inositol was shown also to be one of the components of the tumour phosphatides. No evidence was obtained of the occurrence of a spermine containing phosphatide (“maligno-lipin”) in the studied tumours. A study of the various cell fractions demonstrated a high percentage of phosphatides to be present in the microsomal fractions of the tumour cells. This is also true for the normal rat liver. A structural function of the phosphatides in tumours is discussed.

Presence of Behenic Acid in Sphingomyelin from Horse Spinal Cord

IT is known that sphingomyelin from various animal tissues contains lignoceric, nervonic, stearic and palmitic acids as the component fatty acids. We have found a considerable amount of behenic acid together with nervonic, stearic and palmitic acid in sphingomyelin which was prepared from horse spinal cord. Cerebroside from spleen of Gaucher's disease was reported to have behenic acid as a constituent by Klenk1 and Rosenberg et al. 2, and sphingomyelin from brain to have a very small amount of the acid by Rennkamp3. The present study describes the presence of behenic acid as the essential constituent in sphingomyelin from normal animal tissue.

Small lymphocytes with atypical nuclei in the lymphoid tissues of normal animals.

Small lymphocytes with atypical nuclei in the lymphoid tissues of normal animals.

Existence of fatty acid peroxides in normal blood and tissues of man and animals.

1. Evidence is presented for presence of fatty acid peroxides in normal animal tissues and in blood. Total fatty acid fractions isolated from tissues yielded positive values with the thiobarbituric acid method and with indophenol dye and thiocyanate methods. Blood, which was not found to react positively by the 3 methods on isolated fatty acids, contained fatty acid peroxides from their ability to diminish induction period of the lipoxidase-linoleate system. 2. A modified method in presence of 1.2 × 10-4 M ferric chloride has been developed for thiobarbituric acid reaction, which apparently yields values for fatty acid peroxides in blood as well as in tissues.

Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. III. Long-term cultivation of euploid cells from human and animal subjects.

A methodology designed to eliminate mitotic inhibitor action and involving use of pretested fetal calf serum and careful pH and temperature control has been described by which cells from normal human and animal tissue can be maintained in active growth for long periods in vitro without development of aneuploidy. By means of this procedure, it is possible reliably to establish cell cultures from minute skin biopsies which can be taken from any individual. Clones of mammalian cells with chromosomal markers have been isolated by this means from x-irradiated non-irradiated cell cultures. Application of these techniques to chromosome delineation in large numbers of human subjects; determination of chromosomal sex in patients; spontaneuos and induced genetic changes in somatic mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro; comparison of metabolic differences between normal and cancerous cells and other problems have been indicated.

Plasma protein as a precursor of rat liver and hepatoma protein.

WHILE there is little evidence that one protein can be converted into another without complete degradation to amino-acids in the tissues of normal animals (see Askonas et al. 1), there is some evidence that such an interconversion of proteins can occur in tumour tissue. Thus Babson and Winnick2 showed that the Walker rat-carcinoma incorporated amino-acids from injected plasma protein without complete hydrolysis of the latter to free amino-acids. Recently, Busch and Greene3 have demonstrated a more rapid uptake of amino-acids derived from plasma protein by implanted tumour tissue than by normal tissue. In these experiments the uptake by the tissues of injected free amino-acids served as a control.

Quelques relations entre le phosphate de pyridoxal et la décarboxylation de l'acide cystéine-sulfinique par divers organes du rat normal ou du rat carencé en vitamine B 6

A systematic study has been made of the decarboxylation of cysteinesulphinic acid by liver and brain homogenates of both normal and B 6 deficient rats, with and without the addition of pyridoxal phosphate. The decarboxylase activities of normal animal tissues were compared using glutamic, cysteic and cysteinesulphinic acids as substrates. A striking difference was observed between the decarboxylation of cysteinesulphinic acid by the brain and liver: liver apodecarboxylase of normal or control animals appears to be saturated with coenzyme, whereas the brain apodecarboxylase of normal animals seems to be far from saturated by coenzyme. On the other hand, in the case of B 6 deficient animals all liver apodecarboxylase appears to have disappeared although that of the brain remains intact. We have observed that decarboxylation of cysteinesulphinic acid is always more than the decarboxylation of cysteic acid, and it is suggested that, in the rat, the precursor of taurine is hypotaurine rather than cysteic acid.

Distribution of P32 in tissues of normal animals.

SummaryThe distribution and the specific activity of P32 in the various organs of normal animals was studied at 1, 2, and 12 hours after intraperitoneal administration of the isotope. The P32 was rapidly taken up by the serum and distributed in the various organs. It appears that the distribution of P32 was not directly related to the amount of phosphorus present in the tissue but depended on the permeability of the cells to the phosphate ion.

Characterization of a fluorescent lipid fraction from cancer-bearing animals.

ConclusionsWhile the blue-fluorescing material first isolated by Penn from human livers has not been identified, several differences between it and methylcholanthrene have been demonstrated. The material occurs in the tissues of both normal and cancer-bearing animals, and its relationship to carcinogenesis is doubtful.

Lytic Effect of Bacterial Products on Lymphocytes of Tuberculous Animals

Introduction. Buffy coats or splenic explants from tuberculous guinea pigs1 or tuberculous rabbits2 are killed when grown in concentrations of tuberculin which are harmless for normal animal tissue explants. This phenomenon is not a manifestation of anaphylaxis, for tissue culture explants from animals sensitized to horse serum are not injured by horse serum added to the cultural fluid.3 The cytotoxic effect is disease specific, however for tuberculin will not injure tissue culture explants from guinea pigs infected with the streptococcus which causes chronic lymphoadenitis in the guinea pig, whereas a soluble protein derived from the homologous streptococcus will cause cell death in tissue culture explants from guinea pigs showing the delayed type of skin hypersensitivity to streptococcal protein.4 These studies have been done with explants composed of a variety of cell types and observations have been made after 18 hours in order to measure the degree of cellular migration as well as change in cell morp...

Hundert Jahre Zellforschung

BEFORE he can come near to understanding the complicated structures and immense variety of form encountered in the living world, the natural scientist has to reduce them to their simple ultimate components. These elementary units should be able to live by themselves, and also to combine with each other to produce more and more complex systems. The search for the fundamental unit of living matter was greatly influenced by the thought of Leibniz, while Brown, Bichat and Purkinje among others looked for such components. It was not, however, until Schleiden put forward his cell theory in 1839 that general agreement as to the nature of the elementary unit was reached. Schleiden's theory provided both a sound basis and a guiding principle for the study of the microscopic structure of plants, which were soon applied to normal animal tissue by Schwann, and to pathological material by Virchow. The cell theory thus gave a new and vigorous impetus to microscopic investigation, as well as leading to the development of specialized techniques. Hundert Jahre Zellforschung Von L. Aschoff E. Kuster W. J. Schmidt. (Protoplasma-Monographien, Band 17.) Pp. x + 285. (Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger, 1938.) 16 gold marks.

Influence of Walker Carcinosarcoma on Concentration of Ascorbic Acid in Various Endocrines and Organs

One of the aims of the biochemist is to produce through chemical means regression of human cancer without injury to adjacent normal tissues. Since regression of tumors involves oxidation-reduction as well as autolytic processes, any information concerning changes in reducing substances of endocrine glands or other organs of tumor-bearing animals may prove of interest. The reducing substances present in appreciable concentrations in animal tissues are ascorbic acid and glutathione. The only study on reducing substances in tissues of normal and tumor-bearing animals that has come to our attention is that of Woodward (1). She found no difference in the concentration of glutathione and ascorbic acid in the adrenals, liver, kidney, or spleen of albino rats implanted with Walker carcinosarcoma 256 as compared with control animals. The number of tumor-bearing animals, however, used in her studies is small. For instance, the observations on the spleen are based on only 4 tumor-bearing animals, while the adrenals and other organs were examined in only 7. We have studied the influence of the Walker tumor on concentration of ascorbic acid in the adrenals in 36 animals; in the thymus, thyroid, and pituitary in 19 animals; in the spleen in 29 animals; in the kidneys in 28 animals; in the liver in 48 animals; in the heart in 35 animals; and in the lungs in 12 animals. In addition, records have been kept of endocrine gland and spleen weights. For each of the experimental animals a control was maintained on the same diet and with the same restrictions as to intake of food. The results are summarized in Tables I-III. As far as we know, these are the first studies to be published on the ascorbic acid content of the heart, lung, thymus, thyroids, and pituitary in experimental cancer.

Contributions to Tissue Culture Technic

Preparation of Beef Plasma Beef plasma can be employed successfully for the growth in vitro of both normal and pathological human and animal tissues. It was introduced as early as 1929 (3) and has been used regularly since that time. It can be obtained in large quantities, is easily sterilized, and therefore can be employed on a scale hardly possible with plasma procured from the more common laboratory animals. Especially where mass cultivation of tissue is concerned, such plasma can be used to great advantage. Only the initial step has been taken in this direction, but there can be little doubt that mass cultivation of tissue will play an ever increasing role in the future development of tissue culture technic. A general description of the preparation of beef plasma was published ten years ago (3), at which time the plasma prepared from beef blood was sterilized by treatment with ultraviolet light. This method, utilized over a period of several years, was ultimately replaced by filtration through a porcelain candle, a process which is much simpler and by which large amounts of plasma can be sterilized easily. The technic herein described has been in use for a period of years in this laboratory and has given consistently good results.

The Effect on Roentgen Rays and Hydrogen Peroxide on Tissue Lipase

SINCE the chemical changes produced by roentgen and gamma rays in tissue are not well understood, it is of interest to study the effect of these types of radiation on tissue enzymes. Lipase is a suitable enzyme for such study, since Falk and his co-workers (1–7) have shown that the lipases of various tissues differ markedly in their relative actions on different esters, and that the lipase from certain malignant tumors shows similarities to that from embryonal tissue. Accordingly, we have studied the effect of roentgen rays on the lipolytic activity of extracts of Mouse Sarcoma 180 and of various normal animal tissues. We have also studied the effect of radiation on Mouse Sarcoma 180 in vivo. Method The method of Falk, Noyes, and Sugiura (1) was followed with some modifications. Since many of the lipase preparations employed in the present work were quite dilute, and consequently had only slight buffering action, the esters were neutralized prior to incubation with such dilute preparations. The effect of ...

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Effect of Rattlesnake Venom on Flexner-Jobling's Carcinoma in the White Rat (Mus Norvegicus Albinus.)

Since the venom of the rattlesnake is known to cause severe injury to normal animal tissues we were interested in determining its effect on the Flexner-Jobling carcinoma in the white rat. It was considered possible that intravenous injections of this venom would inhibit the development or possibly destroy the tumor in this animal. Therefore, the tumor was transplanted subcutaneously into 50 rats. Tumors subsequently developed in 29. Twelve of these were selected as controls, and 15 were selected for intravenous injections of the venom. The dose employed was 0.1 to 0.3 cc. of 2% crotalin, the average dose being about 0.2 cc. Larger doses proved fatal. The injections were made once a week for 6 successive weeks and measurements were taken at the time of the injection. The results were entirely negative. The tumors of the injected rats grew just as rapidly as the control tumors. It should be pointed out that the rat is highly refractive to the action of crotalin. A rat weighing 150 gm. is not killed by an injection of one-third of the usual lethal dose for a dog weighing 10 kg. A subcutaneous injection of crotalin into the white rat is not followed by sloughing which usually follows subcutaneous injections into dogs and rabbits.

Respiratory Metabolism of Excised Normal and Diabetic Tissue.

Studies were made of excised kidney and muscle tissue of normal and depancreatized dogs, in order to answer the following questions: (1) With normal animals what is the respiratory metabolism of these tissues when removed from the body? (2) In excised diabetic tissue (a) is the power to oxidize carbohydrate lost? (b) is the power to split carbohydrate into lactic acid lost? The main features of the technique were (1) the employment of the Barcroft-Warburg manometers in the study of micro-respiration, (2) the comparison of tissues of normal and diabetic animals, (3) parallel determinations of the metabolism of the tissues of the same animal, and (4) the development of a technique for obtaining relatively untraumatized mammalian muscle, by stripping the fasciculi lengthwise, instead of mincing. (1) The figures for oxygen consumption of kidney and muscle were remarkably constant. For instance in normal muscle the extreme variations in 24 consecutive determinations were from 2.3 to 3.1 cu. mm. per dry mg. per hour. These correspond to values obtained in both tissues by the method of analyzing arterial and venous blood simultaneously in the intact organ. The respiratory quotients were all within physiological limits and indicated that various mixtures of foodstuffs were oxidized. In 11 triplicate determinations the highest figure was 0.911. This cannot be reconciled with the widespread idea that only carbohydrate can be oxidized by muscle. (2b) Diabetic tissue retains the power of splitting carbohydrate into lactic acid. Therefore it is not a failure to glycolize which depresses the oxidation of carbohydrate in diabetes.