Non-standard Situations Research Articles

Эргономические факторы и работоспособность операторов высокотехнологичных производств

Increasing labor productivity is the most important task of modern production. Approved methods of psychological (staff motivation) and economic (wage increase) nature increased productivity within 2–3 %. At the same time, improving the ergonomic characteristics of the workplace can increase productivity by almost 15 %. The material is presented on the search for ways to increase labor productivity based on the assessment of the performance and ergonomic components of the workplace of operators of high-tech industries. The ergonomic characteristics of workplaces are analyzed in detail, in the forced «sitting» position, a discrepancy with the anthropometric parameters of employees is revealed almost everywhere. The conducted studies showed that the monotony of the production environment and the work performed lead to the development of monotony syndrome among operators, which creates conditions for the erroneous actions and the risk of non-standard situations in production. Significant loads on the operator visual analyzer during the 12-hour shift are created by observing information on the 6–8 screens of monitors located on the wall in the observation area near each workplace. A material on the study of the state of body reactions during work shifts is presented. An assessment of the state of the physiological functions of employees showed that these features of the labor activity of operators create excessive loads on the body, but, including volitional efforts, activating attention, concentration, operators adequately perform work on managing the process, thereby increasing the physiological price of production activities. Prophylactic measures are substantiated to improve the workplaces of operators, organize intra-shift rest, protect the visual analyzer and prevent fatigue.

Professionally Significant Personality Traits and Soft Power Skills Development in Esp Teaching

Miscommunication in pilots’ and air traffic controllers’ radio exchange has always been a deep concern in aviation. Standard phraseology provides pilots and air traffic controllers with special phrases to minimize the risk of miscommunication in a multilingual environment. It is designed to facilitate unambiguous and concise radio exchange. In non-standard situations, which are not covered by standard phraseology, the ability to use plain language is a must. The language training aims to ensure that language activity does not distract pilots’ and air traffic controllers’ attention and saves time to make the right decisions. The authors believe that improvement of professionally significant personality traits such as motivation, emotional stability, the accuracy of reaction, thinking elasticity, logical reasoning as well as the ability to process information quickly, select reasonable hypotheses, picture flight environment, predict the development of the situation, and anticipate the result of the activity can be a highly efficient way to reach this goal. The authors also consider soft power skills as an indispensable part of pilots’ skill sets and distinguish the most significant of them. The problem is that the points mentioned above are not included in the pilots’ and air traffic controllers’ language training. Therefore, the research aims to identify a set of professionally significant personality traits and develop ways of their improvement. The most efficient digital resources are distinguished. The research outcomes will significantly contribute to flight safety.

RESEARCH OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF COLLISIONS AT REGULATED INTERSECTIONS WITH LIMITED VISIBILITY OF ESCORTED COLUMNS OF VEHICLES WITH OTHER VEHICLES

The article analyzes the requirements of the current Traffic Rules of Ukraine regarding the conditions for the movement of motorcades and aspects of the occurrence of traffic accidents at controlled intersections with limited visibility with the participation of a column of cars accompanied by another vehicle. The options for expert studies to establish the causes of traffic accidents in non-standard situations were studied and recommendations were proposed for including additions to the Traffic Rules of Ukraine regarding the installation of special light and sound signals and devices on the cars accompanied by the convoy, as well as to unify the terminological concepts of «immediate proximity» and «safe distance» when the column is moving. The authors consider it appropriate: – to consider the possibility of introducing additions by the relevant authorities to Article 25 of the Traffic Rules of Ukraine regarding the installation of special light and sound signals and devices on the cars of the accompanied column of vehicles, as an additional factor in attracting the attention of other road users and avoiding dangerous moments at regulated intersections when passing the accompanied columns cars; – during the briefing, provide for the obligations of the drivers of the convoy of cars in case of division of cars into groups while driving, to comply with the requirements of the Traffic Rules of Ukraine, based on the current conditions for the passage of cars at regulated intersections; – to coordinate in the articles of the Rules the terminological concepts «immediate proximity» and «safe distance», which are used in the current requirements of the Traffic Rules of Ukraine.

A Postsecular Reading of Nonsensical Caring in Ali Smith’s Fiction

ABSTRACT Caring is the theme Ali Smith pursues consistently throughout her fiction. She seems particularly concerned with all kinds of nonstandard caring situations, care that apparently cannot make any difference included. In Like Kate offers her orange kangaroo to the dead girl living in the drain, in Hotel World Clare tries to intensely experience life for the sake of her dead sister, in How to Be Both George resolves to watch each day a porn movie for the sake of the actress presumably abused in its production. The paper suggests that such nonsensical − predictably ineffective − caring can be read as a typically metamodernist whole-hearted commitment to a cause that is doomed to failure (cf. Vermeulen and van den Akker’s “Notes on Metamodernism,” 2010). However, the caring in question also can be interpreted as a hopeful cooperation with intimated spiritual forces on the assumption of postsecularism (cf. McClure’s Partial Faiths, 2007). The paper argues that such postsecular interpretation of Smith is justifiable focusing in the analysis on How to Be Both. In all, the paper aims to contribute to research on ethical considerations in Smith’s fiction.

Формирование образа пространственного положения с учетом ускорений при тренажерной подготовке пилотов

The article discusses objective assessment of the readiness and reliability of forecasting the success of the pilots’ activities at a real object, which is caused by the inevitable difference between the simulated conditions and the real ones. Expanding the range and detailing various partial assessments that characterise the pilot’s activity and forming integral assessments based on private ones are most often analysed by the performance characteristics for pilots’ tasks and a set of physiological parameters. The full and adequate reality of the control modes and tasks brings the pilot closer to the spectrum of standard and especially non-standard, not-foreseen situations that are possible for objects of this class. For the pilots’ activity and their preparedness, the characteristic moments are simulator model limitations, strict requirements for the adaptation period on a real object, a variety of non-standard situations in a real flight, that is, precisely those moments that exacerbate the problem of assessing preparedness and the problem of forming pilots’ ability to quickly restructure activities in a changed environment

THE ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF THE COMPETITIVENESS OF A MATHEMATICS TEACHER IN THE CONTEXT OF PORTER'S «FIVE FORCES» THEORY OF COMPETITION

Addressing the topic of competitiveness in the educational industry is due to the society needa and the New Ukrainian School for teachers with a new style of pedagogical thinking, with creative approaches to solving educational problems, adequately responding to non-standard learning situations, capable to effectively organize professional and pedagogical activities. The article purpose: to research the essence and components of mathematics teacher's competitiveness through the lens of M.Porter's «five forces» model of competition. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, systematization (to clarify key research concepts), generalization (for the purpose of forming author's conclusions). It is substantiated that the problem of competitiveness is extremely relevant for mathematics teachers today. The results of the international PISA research, the annual reports of the independent higher education institutions in mathematics testify not only to the insufficient level of mathematical literacy of Ukrainian students, but also lead to the identification of a number of factors that cause such educational results. Among others (imperfectness of educational programs, textbooks, lack of motivation of students to study mathematics, unpreparedness of teachers and students for blended learning, insufficient level of teacher qualifications, etc.), the low level of competitiveness of domestic teachers in both the domestic and international educational space is also highlighted. Mathematics teacher competitiveness is a professionally significant quality that ensures demand in the educational market. It is characterized by the desire to compete with others and the ability to realize the pedagogical potential due to a high level of formation of general and professional competencies (mathematical, pedagogical, methodical knowledge and skills, personal traits), determined by the competitive environment. By M.Porter's «five forces» model, five components of the competitiveness of mathematics teachers are identified, which determine the formation of the following components: «Competition in the field» – mathematical knowledge, skills and abilities, personally significant traits; «Threat of new participants» – professional focus, digital literacy, multicultural competence, leadership skills; «The threat of changing services» – professional mobility, creativity, research skills, pedagogical reflection; «Suppliers» – high level of education, ability to make decisions, work in a team, continuous learning, entrepreneurship; «Buyers» – the formation of humanistic values, readiness to use productive forms and methods in working with students and parents.

USING MODERN INNOVATIVE METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING SWIMMING TO CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE

In the last decade, many comprehensive programs for physical education of children in preschool institutions have been approved in Ukraine, but they do not take into account the great potential of modern innovative methods and technologies. Therefore, their research opens up new opportunities for practical improvement of the process of teaching preschoolers to swim. The purpose of the article is to outline modern innovative methods and technologies for teaching swimming to preschool children, which can be gradually introduced into the process of physical education in preschool educational institutions of Ukraine. During the study of the problem, the authors used the methods of analysis of scientific sources, specification, comparison, and pedagogical observation. According to the results of the research, taking into account the personnel and material and technical capabilities of preschool educational institutions, it is recommended to introduce swimming lessons using general developmental and dance music-rhythmic exercises from the arsenal of artistic gymnastics, synchronized swimming, aquastep. The authors draw attention to swimming lessons with elements of aquaaerobics, hydroaerobics, hydroplastics, funk aerobics, children's yoga in a playful form, as well as classes in applied swimming. The article points to the experience of studying the possibility of multi-phase swimming training in deep water conditions. Music-rhythmic exercises in water have already partially entered the practice of teaching children, but all their possibilities are not only not used, but even not thoroughly studied. With preschoolers who have already mastered the basic swimming skills, figure-swimming lessons can be held, where complexes of choreographic elements are performed using gymnastic and acrobatic combinations. Applied swimming lessons are designed to form skills in children that allow them to perform various actions in water in non-standard situations of everyday life. Children's yoga in the water helps to form a correct posture, strengthen muscular corset, promotes concentration of attention, coordination of breathing and development of all physical qualities, especially flexibility and strength. Innovative methods and technologies of teaching older preschoolers to swim can be used in lessons held in the conditions of a deep swimming pool. On the lessons, not only standard, but also modular equipment should be used. In the process of introducing innovative technologies into the process of teaching swimming to children of preschool age, it is necessary to adhere to such technological criteria as scientific, systematic, structured, procedural, and efficient.

Elective disciplines – an important component in the formation of professinal competences of future doctors – pediatric dentists

The article investigates actual issues of introduction of elective disciplines to the educational process of dental students. According to the changes in the political, economic and social spheres of our country, the labor market requires the training of highly skilled specialists who have a high level of knowledge, skills and competences in a particular industry, could make decision in standard and non-standard situations, bear responsibility for them in the professional activity. That is why the importance issue of the development and formation of today’s education is the use of a competence approach. Elective disciplines have an important role in the formation of the professional competences of future doctors and dentists.
 The purpose of the study was to reveal the expediency of teaching elective disciplines to students of the Faculty of Dentistry using the example of an elective discipline “Modern technologies in pediatric dentistry” for students of 5th student year.
 The blocks of elective disciplines that form a variable component of the Educational and Professional program of Dentistry are characterized. The content of the elective discipline “Modern technologies in pediatric dentistry” for students of the 5th year of the Faculty of Dentistry of Bogomolets National Medical University is analyzed. Thematic plans of lectures and practical lessons in the discipline are presented. It is emphasized, that the purpose of studying this elective discipline is the formation of professional competences necessary for high-quality dental treatment of children, including under general anesthesia. The elective discipline “Modern technologies in pediatric dentistry” was introduced into the educational process in 2022/23 acadrmic year and received favorable reviews from students. Further research involves an anonymous survey of students and teachers, interviews with graduates and employers with the aim of improving the content of electives disciplines and the level of their teaching at the departments

When the Norwegian ‘politeness marker’ vennligst becomes impolite

Abstract This corpus-based study contributes to the ongoing discussion on conventional politeness markers, such as please, by being the first to examine how the corresponding Norwegian lexical item vennligst ‘please’ is used. The study investigates the use of vennligst in data from two Norwegian corpora in standard situations, where the relationship between the interlocutors is clear, and non-standard situations, where the relationship between the interlocutors is less clear. The results show that although Norwegian dictionaries describe the pragmatic function of vennligst as being that of a polite request, most instances were found in standard situations where vennligst indicates a ritual frame that goes unmarked. The results also show that in non-standard situations, vennligst is not only used as a politeness device but more often strengthens the requestive force into a command. Therefore, we caution against using vennligst in non-standard situations due to the likelihood of being interpreted as impolite. Depending on the situation type, the various interpretations may explain why some Norwegians interpret vennligst as polite, whereas others deem it impolite. By illustrating how vennligst may be interpreted differently, we hope to draw attention to the situational influences on such markers and the dangers of relying on their conventional meanings.

Cochlear implantation: features and complications

Aim: The most effective method of treatment for patients with severe hearing loss is cochlear implantation (CI), in which various non-standard surgical situations can occur, as well as early or late complications. Purpose: to conduct an analysis of complications and non-standard surgical situations during CI and develop recommendations for their avoidance. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of 138 disease histories of adults (7) and children (131) with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and deafness, who underwent CI between 2006 and 2021, was conducted. Medel (112) and Neurelec (26) implants were installed. Results: After CI surgery, there were 9 patients with "minor" complications who were successfully treated with traditional methods. Also, 4 cases of "major" complications were noted: in a 4-year-old child, the failure of the device was observed due to trauma and damage to the reference electrode, in three cases, obliteration of the cochlea progressed in patients after meningitis, which led to hearing impairment. Complications during the operation occurred in 3 patients who had concomitant pathology (previous meningitis, chronic otitis). Conclusions: Cochlear implantation is generally a safe and effective treatment for severe hearing loss, but there are potential complications that both doctors and patients should be aware of. These complications can occur during surgery or in the postoperative period and manifest themselves from minor changes, such as separation of sutures, tinnitus, dizziness, to more serious problems - failure of the device, obliteration of the cochlea, or even damage to the facial nerve. To reduce the likelihood of complications, it is necessary to strictly follow the existing protocols of preoperative examination of the patient, especially in patients with concomitant pathology.

The Use of Situational Tasks in Chemistry Lessons as a Means of Forming Universal Educational Actions of Students

When situational tasks in chemistry are used in the educational process, universal educational action is formed – the ability to conduct research work. Each situational task compiled by a student can be considered as a mini research project. When drawing up such tasks, students learn to set goals and outline ways to implement them (regulatory universal educational actions). When working with situational tasks, school students learn to apply subject knowledge in non-standard situations close to real life. Therefore, an increase in the level of success in working with situational tasks leads to an increase in the level of formation of this universal educational action. The analysis of the results of the ascertaining stage of the study indicates the predominance of reproductive and partially search levels of students' ability to work with information (information competence), as well as a low level of success in working with situational tasks and, accordingly, a low level of formation of communicative competence. The analysis of the results obtained by us in the control and experimental groups at the ascertaining and formative stages of experimental work allows us to conclude that the formation of universal educational actions of students proceeds more effectively when implementing a structural and functional model of the formation of universal educational actions of students through the use of situational tasks in chemistry in the educational process.

Robust claim frequency modeling through phase-type mixture-of-experts regression

This paper addresses the problem of modeling loss frequency using regression when the counts have a non-standard distribution. We propose a novel approach based on mixture-of-experts specifications on discrete-phase type distributions. Compared to continuous phase-type counterparts, our approach offers fast estimation via expectation-maximization, making it more feasible for use in real-life scenarios. Our model is both robust and interpretable in terms of risk classes, and can be naturally extended to the multivariate case through two different constructions. This avoids the need for ad-hoc multivariate claim count modeling. Overall, our approach provides a more effective solution for modeling loss frequency in non-standard situations.

Study of the Cognitive Initiative Formation of the Primary School Students

The article shows various theoretical approaches to the issue of considering the problem of formation of cognitive initiative of younger schoolchildren, defines the concept of “cognitive initiative” of younger schoolchildren, highlights its essential characteristics; among the characteristics are: active and independent striving for practical educational and cognitive activity, readiness for suprasituativity, the ability to make an informed choice. Such a free choice is given to the child in order to determine a motivational and volitional action — the ability to make a personal choice in a non-standard given situation, as well as the defining of a personally significant activity for the child. The younger student appears as a subject of the educational process, a full participant in social relations. Empirical results of identifying the actual level of formation of cognitive initiative in primary grades are presented on the basis of conducted research methods, namely expert assessment of teachers, not included observation and psychological and pedagogical experiment in the author's interpretation “Make your choice”, thanks to specially organized conditions where students can make a free and independent choice in favor of preferred significant practical activity. The results obtained during the interviewing of class teachers helped to determine significant parameters of the manifestation of the cognitive initiative of younger students in the course of educational activities, which are significant characteristics of the very concept of “cognitive initiative” and namely: initiative to answer a given question, difference in intellectual independence in work, initiative and search in the performance of creative tasks, knowledge of logical thinking techniques, perseverance in the performance of difficult tasks, dissatisfaction if forced to interrupt work, return to the verification of the completion of the task, passion in the execution of educational tasks, expressing the joy for their successes, readiness to solve complex problems.

Pedagogical Aspects of the Formation of Ecological Competence of Specialists of the Maritime Branch

The negative anthropogenic impact on the biosphere has caused the deterioration of the ecological situation throughout the world. In Ukraine, this process was aggravated by the consequences of Russian aggression. The modern post-industrial society needs highly qualified specialists who are able to think critically, act quickly and decisively in non-standard situations associated with damage to the natural environment.
 Our study is devoted to various aspects of improving the methods of using modern pedagogical technologies aimed at developing environmental competence among future specialists in navigation and management of marine vessels.
 Based on the results of our study, the pedagogical conditions that have the greatest impact on the formation of environmental competence of future specialists of the maritime branch were identified and characterized. To such conditions, we attributed the increase in the motivation of applicants for environmental protection and careful use of the environment in the process of carrying out future professional activities; introduction of modern forms of education (environmental trainings, project method) to enhance the educational process; increased attention to problem solving and decision-making in stressful situations, taking timing into account.
 It should be noted that future specialists have significantly increased level of environmental competence, which primarily affected the quality of solving practical problems of an environmental nature and the speed of decision-making.
 The results obtained in our study were used in the development of curricula and educational and methodological support in order to improve the environmental preparation of applicants for education for their practical professional activities in matters related to ensuring environmental safety, environmental conservation, etc.
 Our practical research has had a positive impact on the formation of environmental competence of applicants for education of ships in the process of professional training through the introduction of modern forms of education and the implementation of the pedagogical conditions we have defined.

Features of developing the skills of correcting the technique of performing movement actions in volleyball in students

The article reveals the peculiarities of students' ability to correct the technique of performing movement actions in volleyball. In the course of the study, the need for highly qualified specialists in physical culture and sports and the insufficient level of readiness of graduates of physical culture institutions to carry out professional activities were revealed. The article presents the algorithm of practical actions of students of higher education institutions in the process of correcting the technique of motor actions. The most significant and complex skills in correcting volleyball technique have been identified. It was determined that the process of forming skills in correcting the technique of performing motor actions in volleyball is carried out on the basis of the use of temporary pedagogical learning technologies. Based on this, the modern education system faces new tasks of training highly qualified specialists who are able to master the latest technologies, which have high mobility and adaptation to changing industrial and social requirements. In addition, in the conditions of renewal of all spheres of life, a modern specialist needs not only deep and solid knowledge and developed thinking, but also the ability to apply them in a changed or non-standard situation, the ability to creatively approach problem solving.
 The modern level of development of physical culture and sports makes high demands on the professional training of future specialists in this field.

РАЗВИТИЕ ТВОРЧЕСКОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ БУДУЩИХ ДИЗАЙНЕРОВ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ОСВОЕНИЯ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ ГРАФИКИ

We reviewed the experience of developing creative thinking of students studying in the “Design” major. A team of teachers included “technical graphics” into the already existing integrative model of professional training for designers. For this purpose, graphic tasks were specially developed that build readiness to act in non-standard situations by using the creative potential of each student. The experimental work was carried out in three stages. At the first stage, a system of graphic tasks was developed that would allow the academic discipline “Technical Graphics” to be included in the general block of professional competencies of the integrated model of designer training. The traditional course included tasks to transform the shape of an object, as well as a group of creative tasks, among which tasks with design elements turned out to be especially significant. The experiment was carried out over 10 years. At the beginning of each academic year, a control sample of the components of students’ creative thinking was carried out when solving the simplest type of problems. At the second stage, during the year, the theoretical and practical fundamentals of drawing were mastered. At the same time, students’ abilities for abstract thinking, mastery of logical operations of analysis and synthesis developed, and the ability to think variably, systematically, rationally, and originally was developed. At the same time, spatial concepts were formed, which largely determine the level of professional training of any designer. At the end of the year, the same components of creative thinking were tested, but when solving problems of increased complexity. The work carried out showed that technical graphics can successfully develop the creative thinking abilities of students. This increases students’ readiness for self-development and self-realization in professional design activities.Keywords: creative thinking, design training, technical graphics.

Управління креативністю персоналу в закладах індустрії гостинності

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of personnel creativity in the hospitality industry in today's conditions, the analysis of the characteristics of creativity in the literary sources of domestic and foreign scientists, the determination of the key conditions for the success of the management of personnel creativity, and the development of practical modern approaches to the management of personnel creativity in the hospitality industry. Based on the scientific goals of this research, creativity is considered as creative abilities, as a sign of giftedness, as a creative potential inherent in every person, which includes cognitive needs, thresholds for responding to novelty and non-standard situations. Selected examples of practical application of creative thinking skills, among which it is worth paying attention to the fact that, firstly, solving complex, unexpected problems requires a creative approach; secondly, creativity in analytical thinking helps to extract meaning from sets of raw data; third, if a manager has excellent leadership skills based on creative ideas and vision, he can unite team members and motivate them to work together to achieve the ultimate goal. It has been studied that motivation is one of the most important components of creativity because it comes from the desire to do something that has never been done before. It is proposed to highlight creativity as an integral quality from the "soft skills" of hospitality workers, because a person with non-standard thinking and unique ideas can be successful in this field and help their employers improve their business. It is highlighted that the key conditions for the success of managing the creativity of personnel in hospitality industry establishments are knowledge; creative and critical thinking; employee motivation for creative, intellectual activity. Modern practical approaches to managing the creativity of personnel in hospitality industry establishments are proposed, among which innovative, marketing and "startup" approaches are highlighted.

СИНЕКТИЧНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

Within the last few years, the security situation in the area of activity of Ukrainian enterprises can be considered extremely difficult, which is largely due not only to the significant impact of COVID-19 and military actions, but in general to the rapid dynamics of internal processes and changes in the operating environment. The effectiveness of previously developed protocols regarding the actions of security subjects is significantly reduced due to the increase in the share of non-standard situations, when an initiative and creative approach is required. The need for the formation of new tools in security activities is also determined by the tasks set in the conditions of Ukrainian enterprises, which are no longer limited to business protection, but involve the search for reserves and more effective use of every opportunity, which allows to improve the competitive position. The purpose of the study was to justify the methodological principles of implementing the synectic approach in the process of intellectualization of ensuring the economic security of the enterprise. In order to form the methodological principles of applying the synectic approach to the intellectualization of the economic security of the enterprise, the following methods were applied: induction and deduction, comparison and systematization – in the study of the essential characteristics of the term «synectics»; synthesis and analysis – to outline the characteristics, components and conditions of application of the synectic approach; morphological analysis – to determine the stages of implementation of the synectic group in the security activities of the enterprise; abstract-logical – for theoretical generalizations and research conclusions. Today there are known examples of the successful application of the synectic approach to the activation of innovative activities of enterprises. The study of the available experience, taking into account the real conditions of the implementation of security activities, made it possible to form the necessary methodological basis for the intellectualization of the provision of economic security of the enterprise. The main stages of the application of the synectic approach, consisting in the creation of a synectic group, training and its implantation in the security activities of the enterprise, are considered. It is proven that the creation of a synergistic group should contribute to the solution of complex and previously unknown problems based on a collective creative search for atypical options for the actions of security subjects.

СТРУКТУРА ОСОБИСТОСТІ НЕПОВНОЛІТНЬОЇ ЖЕРТВИ КРИМІНАЛЬНОГО ПРАВОПОРУШЕННЯ

The article examines the peculiarities of the structure of a minor victim of a criminal offense. It is indicated that the personality structure of a minor victim of a criminal offense should be understood as a set of objective and subjective factors and factors that affect the index of the probability of a teenager falling into a criminally illegal situation, which is caused by the presence of enabling conditions. It is noted that any victim is a hostage of his own behavior and ability to react to non-standard situations. The determination of victim behavior does not depend on the severity of the criminal offense, it is primarily related to the degree of the actual role of the victim in the mechanism of criminal illegal behavior and its interaction with the subject of the offense. It is summarized that the structure of the personality of a minor victim of a criminal offense should include: 1) demographic characteristics - human characteristics that characterize him as a biological, intelligent being endowed with certain elementary role functions (gender, age, family status, etc.); 2) social and domestic – human characteristics acquired as a result of growing up, which determine the quality of upbringing in the family, educational institutions, etc. Social and household characteristics determine the general idea of a minor about basic things; 3) civic-role – features of a person that shape him as a citizen of the country (observance of constitutional duties); 4) moral and value – a minor's idea of spirituality, self-reflection, understanding of the highest value of human existence and all related matters; 5) psychological and medical - features that are caused by deviations in the child's health, which contributes to victimization; 6) criminological - interaction with a criminal offender and all related objective and subjective factors of victimization. The proposed structure determines the appropriate typology of minor victims of criminal offenses.

Визначення принципів упорядкування навчальних консультацій у закладах вищої освіти

The article considers the issue of improving the efficiency of educational information acquisition by future electrical engineering students. Several methods for forming the timetable of tutorials are analyzed, which ensure the increase of fundamental and practical knowledge levels, the ability to work with technical equipment, and solve non-standard situations that might happen in working conditions. Streamlining of tutorials timetable was proved by the main principle of optimization of this process. The research was carried out on the example of teaching technical subjects of study to students during the academic semester. Subjects of the study were taught cyclically within two weeks. Processing of the results was carried out by methods of mathematical modeling and harmonic analysis. The obtained results were verified using a cybernetic model of the learning process by introducing the proposed optimal timetable of tutorials into the general timetable of classes. The survey proved the efficiency of educational information acquisition by electrical engineering students. As criteria for evaluating the efficiency of educational information acquisition, it is proposed to consider the mathematical expectation and dispersion of acquisition on the cycle interval. Based on the optimization approach and using the methods of harmonic analysis and mathematical modeling, the principle of increasing the efficiency of assimilation of educational information by electrical students, i.e. placing different forms of organization of training in a stable schedule, is determined. It has been proven that the introduction of additional consultations into the schedule according to the developed principle allows to even out the discreteness of information delivery, which increases the mathematical expectation of learning by 50% and reduces the variance by 1.8 times, significantly increasing the level of student training. Key words: human and machine systems, information acquisition, information presentation schedule, dispersion, cybernetic model.