Non-spatial Data Research Articles

The application of geographic information system as an intelligent system towards emergency responses in road traffic accident in Ibadan

Background: The high influx of private and public vehicles within global cities (including Ibadan) has resulted in traffic congestion within the city centre. Ibadan North-East, an urban local government area (LGA) within the metropolitan land area of Ibadan, has been experiencing automobile accidents and traffic congestion which in turn limits emergency responders. Objectives: The broad objective of the study was to develop a digital road network database for emergency response to road traffic accident, Ibadan North East, Nigeria. Methods: This study made use of primary and secondary data to generate spatial and non-spatial data. ArcGIS 10.3 was used to create the database, analyse data and display the results. Spatial search and network analysis were carried out using a kernel density estimated tool to generate a black-spot area within Ibadan North-East. Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm in the ArcGIS Network Analysis was utilised to identify the closest health facility to the road traffic crash scene. Results: The most cost-effective haven introduced route impedance and is defined as the best route. Study findings show that dynamic distance varies from the best route to an alternative route. Also, kernel density estimation reveals that crashes widely occur in the northeastern and southwestern parts of Ibadan North-East (Iwo Road and Orita-Aperin). Incorporating live traffic data using GPS technology and traffic cameras was identified to enhance road traffic data documentation and safety. Conclusion: The study identifies GIS as a decision support system that is useful in the area of planning, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery for decision-making in road traffic-related emergency management and emergency planning services in Ibadan.

Разработка концепции подготовки кадров для геопространственной индустрии в рамках сквозных технологий цифровой экономики

The article describes the difficulties of training personnel for a dynamically developing geospatial industry (geoindustry). The authors analyzed the current state of the geoindustry based on scientific publications, industry reports, opinions of workers and industry leaders, highlighted its key technological elements, such as geographic information systems, remote sensing of the Earth, including laser scanning technologies and survey from UAVs, GNSS- and BIM technologies, sensor systems. It is noted that technological changes entail the transformation of the classical sections of cartography, which include thematic mapping. Consequently, it is necessary to improve the scientific and methodological foundations for a number of sections of cartography and to update the strategy of educational activities in the field of cartography and geoinformatics. New elements in the work of a specialist in the field of cartography and geoinformatics, associated with the use of geosciences, functions of geostatistics, artificial intelligence technologies, which appeared as a result of a significant increase in the volume and variety of available spatial and nonspatial data are highlighted. Based on the analysis of the ongoing technological changes, tasks that must be solved by specialists in the geospatial industry are formulated, a conclusion about the need for educational programs to correspond to the technological level of the geoindustry is drawn. The concept of education for the geospatial industry is proposed, which includes the development of professional standards, as well as bachelor and master programs. The experience of participation in the development of the professional standard “Specialist in cartography and geoinformatics” is presented. The elements of the developed educational programs for bachelor degree 05.03.03 “Cartography and geoinformatics” and master’s degree 05.04.03 “Cartography and geoinformatics” are presented, a list of professional competencies and logical structure of blocks of disciplines are presented.

GIS Assessment of Environmental Footprints of the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) on Nairobi National Park, Kenya

The purpose of this study was to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess the magnitude of the environmental problems caused by the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) project on Nairobi National Park (NNP) and hence model GIS aided solutions to the problems. People may know the impacts the SGR has or can have on the park. However, there is no research that has been done to unearth the magnitude of these impacts, hence a knowledge gap that needs to be filled. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of these impacts will open up a door for the formulation of the most appropriate solutions for the identified problems. Relevant spatial and non-spatial data, based on the objectives, were collected for processing and analysis using geospatial technologies to assess the environmental footprints before and after the planned SGR on the Nairobi National Park. The layers were overlaid to identify the most impacted areas and spatial statistical methods used to predict the expected continued impact over 5 years and 10 years. The results successfully demonstrated how the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) has and will cause negative environmental impacts on Nairobi National Park by use of the various GIS analysis tools. The SGR-I has indeed encroached on Nairobi National Park occupying an area of 87.29 Hectares and the proposed SGR-IIA will cut across the park caving out an area of 42 Hectares. Moreover, approximately 500.61 Hectares of vegetation cover will be lost to construction and operation of the SGR. Ultimately, the noise and air pollution produced due to the SGR construction and operation will fragment the wild animals, affect the herbivores vegetation, and personnel as well. SGR encroachment into the park particularly affects the wildlife migration routes negatively. Some of the recommendations of the study are wet-spraying of cement and wet drilling to reduce dust emissions during the construction of SGR-IIA; often investigations of the construction sites and recommendation of a suitability analysis of the best SGR route to be carried out using GIS.

Картографирование экологической сбалансированности байкальского региона по отдельным категориям земель

The article discusses the main methods of assessing the ecological balance of the territories of the Baikal region through a system of quantitative estimates and expert characteristics of the studied processes on the basis of statistical data. The ecological balance of the Baikal Natural Territory as a balanced ratio of natural and modified geo-systems depends on the integrity of the natural frame of the region. The natural framework consists directly of the oz ecosystem. Baikal, the hydrographic network of the lake basin, the natural mountain-taiga and other ecologically significant geosystems that form the natural infrastructure of the region, inextricably linked to the socio-economic infrastructure (socio-economic framework) consisting of a network of human settlements and infrastructure. Natural geosystems, which form the natural framework, are also a special resource for ecological stability (balanced). The electronic map layers of the «Environmental Atlas of the Baikal Region» were used as basic cartographic materials. An inventory was carried out and a database of spatial and non-spatial data on the main indicators of the ecological stability of the territory (natural security, territorial tension and anthropogenic load) was compiled. Attribute data is represented in the form of a set of MapInfo tables with which it is easy to carry out re-structuring operations (changing the structure and composition of tables) data and SQL-queries. Spatial data are presented as a vector topological data model. For the study of the ecological condition of the land of the region, the analysis of land cadastre data reflecting the current state of industrial, forestry, agriculture and other impacts on natural and natural anthropogenic geosystems was carried out. The land of the Baikal region, which is subject to varying degrees of anthropogenic pressure, has been classified. The relative and absolute intensity ratios of the territory have been calculated. The natural land protection factor and the anthropogenic load factor have been determined. The administrative regions are ranked according to the intensity of the ecological state of the lands of the Baikal region.

Geotechnical Maps for Angle of Internal Friction of An-Najaf Soil-Iraq Using GIS

The angle of internal friction value (φ) is used to describe the soil resistance to shear failure. It is estimated experimentally either from Direct Shear Test or Triaxial Stress Tests. Because of the high cost needed for conducting field tests, it has become essential to find alternative and practical methods to predict soil characteristics for non-spatial data areas. The objective of this study is to specify the best interpolation method to predict the angle of internal friction and use it to produce geotechnical maps for parts of An-Najaf province-Iraq; these parts are the city centre An-Najaf and Kufa city. Furthermore, the study describes the strength and type of soil strata. The results show that the Local Polynomial Interpolation (LPI) is the ultimate and the most significant method to interpolate the angle of internal friction. Moreover, the angle of internal friction φ values is ringing between (20-46) degrees, which represent medium to dense soil resistance to shear, while the mean values of φ ranged between 34.3 - 36.18 and represent good resistance to shear failure. This indicates that the Density of Sand is medium to dense, and N60 values range from 10-50. This kind of map would ease the engineers and decision-makers to decide the suitability of the construction site to carry loads, and the selection the foundation type. The benefits also extend to selecting urban expansion alternatives and for the delimitation of future trends for land-use-development processes in the metropolitan area of An-Najaf city, mainly at local and regional scales.

Vector-Based Realisation of Geographical Voronoi Treemaps With the ArcGIS Engine

In geographical field, the researches on spatial hierarchies are extensive, but there is a lack of effective method to generate and express hierarchical spatial structures. As a frequently-used visualising method, Voronoi Treemaps are able to represent hierarchical data, but limited to displaying non-spatial data. The approach of geographical Voronoi Treemaps is proposed to solve these problems by allowing for spatial division from point features with spatial coordinates and references. Additionally, this enables to create hierarchical layouts in the form of Voronoi Treemap in GIS environments with the ArcGIS Engine. The generated layouts are saved in a geodatabase, which is convenient for adding GIS enhancements such as colouring, edge sizes, legends, borders, scales, and compass. The approach aims to establish a kind of spatial data model to represent urban hierarchies, organisation structures and region differences and so on, which expands the application range of Voronoi Treemaps in the geographical field.

Analysis of Earthen Road Construction and Land Degradation in the Tankhuwakhola Watershed of Dhankuta District

Earthen road construction has resulted land degradation in the Tankhuwakhola watershed of Dhankuta district, eastern hills of Nepal. The community living near the highway has dramatically changed in their way of living with the adoption of commercial crops. As a result, the people who lived far from the access of roads have interested in the expansion of agricultural link roads to their community. The local government had prepared a District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) and identified 25 rural earthen road schemes in the Tankhuwakhola watershed. The local people have also given high priority to road construction for increasing access to markets, education, health services and other facilities. The analysis of both spatial and non-spatial data reveals that the watershed area losses 1.8 million cubic meter soils due to the cause of earthen road construction. As a result, the area is suffering from the problem of the landslide, soil erosion that ultimately result of land degradation. This paper concludes that the acceleration of land degradation has exerted to the sustainability of population-resource relation. The watershed area has been producing more profitable commercial crops for exporting outside from the hills since the construction of the Koshi highway. The watershed needs an integrated watershed management program to address human-induced vulnerability and sustainability of watershed resources.

WITHDRAWN: Research on 3D data modeling of virtual city environment based on GIS

Abstract Analyze the critical technology of the virtual city of 3D data modeling and GIS-based environment. Three-dimensional geographic information system, the recommendations of the three-dimensional geographic information system of the virtual urban environment, built-in three-dimensional geographic information systems, and 3D modeling data part demo support, the actual project. Conventional methods of computer-assisted equipment management system have been used in many fields, such as repair of such power facilities. However, most of these systems, they are the data management structure that has been dealing with only two-dimensional space, it has. Users to search for an interactive three-dimensional space can see the spatial view of the 3D environment. The three-dimensional graphics system would be beneficial for facility management. The describe the three-dimensional virtual city environment geographic information system that has been generated by the computer. Even if the virtual city is extensive, a prototype system and provide for interaction with a user, the system, and three-dimensional space information, not only the information of the geographic information system, can be processed. In this system, the user can get a perfect virtual environment for the geographic information system. Can derive the views needed to suit a particular purpose, called the geographic data, and stores the data from there. Spatial data and non-spatial data (attribute data); there are two types of geographic information data. Non-spatial data contains information about the function.

Land Use Management in Colombo Municipal Council Area

Colombo city is the commercial capital and the largest city in Sri Lanka. It is located on the west coast of the island and adjacent to the Greater Colombo area which includes Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte. It is the financial Centre of the island as well as a popular tourist destination. As the vast development in the city and the increase of the need of people, People used to gather in the city as well as around the city. So the land requirement of the city is being increased in various ways. So that monitoring the land use against the land use requirement is essential to identify the land use changing patterns in the city. The objective of this study is to detect the land use changes in the Colombo city Municipal Council area between years 2000 and 2016 using spatial data, non-spatial data of Colombo city and analysis data using GIS software.

Interactive Spatial Visualization of Aggregated Non-spatial Coronavirus Data

Abstract. The article describes the process of aggregation of media-based data about coronavirus pandemic in the Olomouc region, Czech Republic. Originally non-spatially located news from different sources and various platforms (government, social media, news portals) were automatically aggregated into a centralized database. The application “COVID-map” is an interactive web map solution which visualizes records from the database in a spatial way. COVID-map has been developed within Ad hoc online hackathon as an academic project at the Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic. Alongside spatially localized data, map application collects statistical data from official sources e.g. from the governmental crisis management office.Our approach focuses on cartographical aspects of COVID-map solution. It respects current trends in both development of cartographic oriented outputs and web-based interactive map application. It is fully responsive. Originally, nonspatial data were aggregated, verified, geo-located, and finally visualized in the map environment. The layout combines three main parts: interactive map with spatial data; information panel with updated statistical data; and a sidebar with a filterable list of verified and geo-located news. The main cartographic method used for the visualisation is the choropleth map. It shows the distribution of positively tested people per 10 000 inhabitants for each sub-region. In comparison with similar coronavirus visualisation made during the current pandemic, our solution respects fundamental cartographical rules.Following cartographical topics are discussed in the article: the correct choice of cartographic method and its implementation; determination of a colour scale; recalculation statistics data into relative units by choropleths map method; design of map symbols and legend; searching for a suitable visualization of spatial and non-spatial sources into map layout; discussion on the suitability of using a clustering method.The motivation for this project was both social responsibility and dissatisfaction with the wrong implementation of basic cartographic methods in a variety of alternative solutions. The impact was immediate. Within a few days after the launch, tens of thousands users per day visited the COVID-map. It has been published by regional and national media. The COVID-map solution could be considered as a suitable ad-hoc implementation of the correctly used cartographical method on the example of coronavirus pandemic. The application “COVID-map” is available online at URL: https://gis.upol.cz/covid/mapa/.

GEOGRAPHY OF TALENT FOR UNDERSTANDING REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN SPAIN

Tentative empirical evidence suggests that the agglomeration of talent contributes to regional development. However, given that talented people are not evenly distributed across regions, this paper seeks to determine the role of talent for furthering our understanding of regional disparities in Spain. Here, we empirically evaluate the effects of the distribution of talent on regional differences by means of a detailed analysis of the 17 Autonomous Communities of Spain between 1996 and 2004. The static and non-spatial panel data models are constructed. The unit of analysis is NUTS2. Our findings confirm that the economic performance indicators point to the significant positive impact of talent on regional economic activity. The concentration of talent plays a crucial role in accounting for regional differences. Based on a preliminary analysis of the dispersion in employment and production figures among the Autonomous Communities, the performance of Spain’s outperformers and underperformers is clearly not uniform.

A procedure for the resilience mapping in urban systems exposed to natural hazard: The Ischia Island (southern Italy) test area

A procedure to operationalize the environmental component of urban resilience in areas increasingly exposed to hazardous events, often intensified by climate changes, is here proposed. The procedure was implemented in a Geographic Information System framework named “Resilience and Disaster Risk Management” that manages spatial and non-spatial data through the implementation of workflows aimed at streamlining and standardizing all the steps. Indices and indicators are used to semi-quantitatively assess the environmental driver that, along with economic, social and institutional component, governs the direction of the urban system. The indicators/indices were here investigated and mapped at the census district scale. The procedure was tested at Ischia Island (Southern Italy) exposed to volcanic, seismic, landslide, flood and coastal erosion hazards. The spatial variability of environmental resilience is shown into 13 maps that discretize the island into high, medium and low resilience classes. They resulted valid tools to prepare the urban system to possible future hazardous events during the mitigation phase of disaster-risk management (long term) but also to illustrate the capacity of a system to respond/withstand and react in the response and recovery phases (short term). The mapping procedure can be applied to larger areas at risk keeping the censual districts as the minimum territorial reference units or using municipal, regional or national administrative units. The expected integration of resilience assessment in territorial planning (e.g. Regional Territorial Plan, Provincial Territorial Plan, and Municipality Territorial Plan) could greatly benefit from the outcomes of the present research for overcoming sectoral approaches in territorial management.

Urbanization and Increasing Flood Risk in the Northern Coast of Central Java—Indonesia: An Assessment towards Better Land Use Policy and Flood Management

This study explores urbanization and flood events in the northern coast of Central Java with river basin as its unit of analysis. Two types of analysis were applied (i.e., spatial data and non-spatial data analysis) at four river basin areas in Central Java—Indonesia. The spatial analysis is focused on the assessment of LULC change in 2009–2018 based on Landsat Imagery. The non-spatial data (i.e., rural-urban classification and flood events) were overlaid with results of spatial data analyses. Our findings show that urbanization, as indicated by the growth rate of built-up areas, is very significant. Notable exposure to flood has taken place in the urban and potentially urban areas. The emerging discussion indicates that river basins possess dual spatial identity in the urban system (policy- and land-use-related). Proper land use planning and control is an essential instrument to safeguard urban areas (such as the case study area) and the entire island of Java in Indonesia. More attention should be put upon the river basin areas in designing eco-based approach to tackle the urban flood crises. In this case, the role of governance in flood management is crucial.

Non-Spatial Data towards Spatially Located News about COVID-19: A Semi-Automated Aggregator of Pandemic Data from (Social) Media within the Olomouc Region, Czechia

The article describes the process of aggregation of media-based data about the coronavirus pandemic in the Olomouc region, the Czech Republic. Originally non-spatially located news from different sources and various platforms (government, social media, news portals) were automatically aggregated into a centralized database. The application “COVID-map” is an interactive web map solution which visualizes records from the database in a spatial way. The COVID-map has been developed within the Ad hoc online hackathon as an academic project at the Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic. Alongside spatially localized data, the map application collects statistical data from official sources e.g., from the governmental crisis management office. The impact of the application was immediate. Within a few days after the launch, tens of thousands users per day visited the COVID-map. It has been published by regional and national media. The COVID-map solution could be considered as a suitable implementation of the correctly used cartographical method for the example of the coronavirus pandemic.

SparkNN: A Distributed In-Memory Data Partitioning for KNN Queries on Big Spatial Data

The increase in GPS-enabled devices and proliferation of location-based applications have resulted in an abundance of geotagged (spatial) data. As a consequence, numerous applications have emerged that utilize the spatial data to provide different types of location-based services. However, the huge amount of available spatial data presents a challenge to the efficiency of these location-based services. Although the advent of big data frameworks like Apache Spark has enabled the processing of large amounts of data efficiently, they are designed for general (non-spatial) data. That is due to the build-in data partitioning mechanism that does not take into account the spatial proximity of the data. Therefore, these big data frameworks cannot be readily used for spatial analytics such as efficiently answering spatial queries. To fill this gap, this paper proposes SparkNN, an in-memory partitioning and indexing system for answering spatial queries, such as K-nearest neighbor, on big spatial data. SparkNN is implemented on top of Apache Spark and consists of three layers to facilitate efficient spatial queries. The first layer is a spatial-aware partitioning layer, which partitions the spatial data into several partitions ensuring that the load of the partitions is balanced and data objects with close proximity are placed in the same, or neighboring, partitions. The second layer is a local indexing layer, which provides a spatial index inside each partition to speed up the data search within the partition. The third layer is a global index, which is placed in the master node of Spark to route spatial queries to the relevant partitions. The efficiency of SparkNN was evaluated by extensive experiments with big spatial datasets. The results show SparkNN significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art Spark system when evaluated on the same set of queries.

Performance of spatial capture-recapture models with repurposed data: Assessing estimator robustness for retrospective applications.

Advancements in statistical ecology offer the opportunity to gain further inferences from existing data with minimal financial cost. Spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models extend traditional capture-recapture models to incorporate spatial position of capture and enable direct estimation of animal densities across a region of interest. The additional inferences provided are both ecologically interesting and valuable for decision making, which has resulted in traditional capture-recapture data being repurposed using SCR. Yet, many capture-recapture studies were not designed for SCR and the limitations of repurposing data from such studies are rarely assessed in practice. We used simulation to evaluate the robustness of SCR for retrospectively estimating large mammal densities over a variety of scenarios using repurposed capture-recapture data collected by an asymmetrical sampling grid and covering a broad spatial extent in a heterogenous landscape. We found performance of SCR models fit using repurposed data simulated from the existing grid was not robust, but instead bias and precision of density estimates varied considerably among simulations scenarios. For example, while the smallest relatives bias of density estimates was 3%, it ranged by 14 orders of magnitude among scenarios and was most strongly influenced by detection parameters. Our results caution against the casual repurposing of non-spatial capture-recapture data using SCR and demonstrate the importance of using simulation to assessing model performance during retrospective applications.

A fuzzy based MCDM–GIS framework to evaluate groundwater potential index for sustainable groundwater management - A case study in an urban-periurban ensemble, southern India

The study encompasses the application of fuzzy based multi-criteria decision making (MCDM)- geospatial framework (GIS-Fuzzy-AHP) for evaluating index based groundwater potential assessment in two differently urbanized clusters of Northern Kerala, Southern India. The framework presents a very powerful way of managing groundwater at a regional and global level due to its succinct performance. The study area is characterized by a coastal zone with a high rate of urban development and relying on groundwater supply to meet their basic needs. In the Fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process (Fuzzy-AHP), a three-level hierarchical model is built using 8 criteria and 34 subcriteria of groundwater controlling factors. Weights and ratios of these factors have been generated by pairwise comparisons of fuzzified values in Saaty's 9-point fundamental scale, taking relative importance into account. Finally, the integration of spatial and non-spatial data into the GIS platform created a groundwater potential zone map with a unique integer value known as the groundwater potential index (GWPI). The resulting groundwater potential map classified the study area into four zones using quantile method and has shown that the very good potential zone occupies 34% and 10% of the urban and peri-urban zones of the study area, respectively. Gentle slope gradient with coastal alluvium formation, sandy loam to sandy clay textured soil type with moderate to rapid permeability favours aquifer recharge in these zones, resulting in a very high potential zone. The consistency analysis using the Eigenvector method showed that the consistency was well within the tolerance limit and validation analysis using the average depth of water level data checked the statistical efficiency and reliability of results in the overall decision-making phase. A well-balanced fuzzy framework has allowed the rapid and reliable assessment of hydrological behaviour of two differently urbanized environments.

Incorporating stakeholder concerns in Land Information Systems for urban flood management

Urbanization increases urban flood. This urges hydrologically and economically planned land development decisions. When decision making, incorporation of hydrology model with GIS is a common practice due to the requirements of accuracy and efficiency. Nevertheless, GIS and hydrology incorporated tools (HydroGIS) should facilitate stakeholder concerns for practical implementation. But there were no single tool and developing such becomes a hard undertaking due to the absence of proper guidelines. Therefore, the present work is to identify the stakeholder concerns and incorporate those in a HydroGIS tool (Land Information System) for Urban Flood Management. For the purpose, it identified and verified the stakeholder concerns through a literature survey and stakeholder discussions. Then, incorporated those into the tool and evaluated the achievement. Present work identified and incorporated the stakeholder requirements; such as the requirement of an automated tool, User friendliness using novel GIS-GUI development guidelines, development of the software using a novel approach of development, security through novel security mechanism and, integrating the hydrology-GIS model using a suitable base software. The systematic incorporation of such requirements into the tool shows the growth in user satisfaction from 48% to 92%. The accurate recognition and incorporation of stakeholder requirements lead to the successful HydroGIS tool in urban flood management. • Dynamic Urban flood management tool was developed for Non-technical decision makers. • Demonstrate how to identify, evaluate, incorporate & verify stakeholder concerns. • Soft key to detect unauthorized spatial and non-spatial data alterations. • Improvement to existing GIS-GUI development guidelines. • PcD.UcT – stakeholder concerns integrating software development methodology.

SPATIAL PATTERN OF RESIDENTIAL BURGLARY. THE CASE STUDY: KUCHING, SARAWAK

Residents in Malaysia are mostly concentrated in urban areas. However, people do feel worried about residential burglary despite living in urban areas. Although burglary cases have recorded a decline, the fears of crime are still high among the people in Kuching, Sarawak. The objective of this study is to identify the spatial pattern of residential burglary in Kuching, Sarawak. This study is using Global Moran’s I method as it can evaluate the spatial autocorrelation of residential burglary in the global context. The spatial data consists of Kuching district boundary, road data, police station boundary and police sector boundary, while non-spatial data includes residential burglary from 2015-2017, time, addresses of the crime occurrences, latitude and longitude. The result revealed that the strong global spatial patterns were found for residential burglary in Kuching, Sarawak between 2015 and 2017. However, there was no global spatial pattern found for residential burglary in 2016.

Development of GIS Database for Infrastructure Management: Power Distribution Network System

Infrastructure management is an integral part of management in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). One of the important infrastructures is the power distribution network system. Integration of Geographical Information System (GIS) in the power distribution system provides an upgrade in method to collect, store, and handle the data more professionally. Web-GIS application platform allows online data sharing for authorizing the users to get access to spatial and non-spatial data of the power system. Interactive online mapping provides three important modules that are viewing the module, statistical module and query module. These three proposed module is to help the user become more understanding of the related data. This paper describes how the process starting from data collection until the production of Web-GIS for online data sharing in the electrical distribution network system in UKM. The proposed online application integrates all the spatial data with complete power distribution information. This Geospatial system is able to enhance the management quality for a better sustainable campus.