Non-ruminant Animals Research Articles

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine sulfate produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum KFCC 11043 as a feed additive for all animal species.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l‐lysine sulfate produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum KFCC 11043 when used as a nutritional additive in feed for all animal species. The active substance is l‐lysine. The production strain qualifies for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment and was not detected in the final product. l‐Lysine sulfate produced using C. glutamicum KFCC 11043 does not pose any safety concern associated with the production strain. l‐Lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum KFCC 11043 is considered safe for the target species. When using l‐lysine sulfate, the background sulfur/sulfate content in the compound feed should be taken into account. l‐Lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum KFCC 11043 is safe for the consumer and for the environment. From the results of studies on the safety for the user of l‐lysine sulfate produced by a different production strain, it was possible to conclude on the safety for the user of the product under assessment. l‐Lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum KFCC 11043 is considered non‐toxic by inhalation, non‐irritant to skin or eyes and it is not a skin sensitiser. l‐lysine sulfate is considered as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l‐lysine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Compositional Analysis of the Transgenic Potato with High-level Phytase Expression

Phosphorus in the phytate form is undigestible by non-ruminant animals, causing environmental problems. The transgenic potato line 2-1 was generated with high phytase expression, and it could be a potential feed to improve phytate-P digestibility in non-ruminant animals. Compositional characteristics of genetically modified crops are one of key steps in safety assessment. To evaluate the feed safety of the transgenic potato line 2-1, the comparative analysis of compositions between the transgenic line 2-1 and the conventional line CK potato tubers for two consequent years was conducted. Only proline and zinc contents were shown to be significantly lower in both years, but within the database range. Trypsin inhibitors, lectins, and glycoalkaloids, including α-chaconines, and α-solanines, were also analyzed, and the contents had no significant differences between the two potato lines. The results suggested that the composition of the transgenic potato line 2-1 is substantially equivalent to that of the conventional line CK.

Distinct DNA Metabolism and Anti-proliferative Effects of Goat Urine Metabolites: An Explanation for Xeno-tumor Heterogeneity

Background: The tumor microenvironment, including microbiome populations in the local niche of several types of solid tumors like mammary and colorectal cancer are distinct. The occurrence of one type of cancer over another varies from animals to human individuals. Further, clinical data suggest that specific cancer types such as mammary and colorectal cancer are rare in ruminants like goat. Methods: Fresh urine samples were collected from healthy ruminants (cow, goat, buffalo, ox), non-ruminant animals (horse, jenny) and human. Further, these urine samples were subjected to fractionation by drying, vortexing, centrifugation and sterile filtration in DMSO extraction solvent. Collected urine DMSO fraction (UDF) samples from all sources were subjected to DNA metabolizing assay with plasmid DNA pBR322 and genomic DNA of MCF-7 cells. Next, based on the discernible DNA metabolizing effects of goat UDF among other sources, goat UDF was tested for anti-proliferative effects upon HCT-116 and MCF-7 cells using Trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Results: This paper reports that goat UDF possesses very clear DNA metabolizing effects (up to 95%) upon plasmid and genomic DNA compared to other ruminants, non-ruminants and human UDF samples. Interestingly, autoclaving of goat UDF and other sample results in the significant loss of DNA metabolizing effects. In this way, data potentially indicate that the goat UDF sample contains metabolite or similar organic compounds. Further, in vitro treatment of the goat, UDF sample shows clear anti-proliferative effects upon HCT-116 (up to 75%) and MCF-7 (up to 40%). Conclusion: This study signifies the clear differences in DNA metabolizing effects of goat UDF over other selected animal sources. Furthermore, the observed DNA metabolizing effects of goat UDF well correlate with anti-proliferative effects upon HCT-116 and MCF-7 cells. This study is a first report to show the comparison of urine metabolites among various animals. Interestingly, findings propose an indirect link that may support the possible reasons behind xeno-tumor heterogeneity in the form of rare occurrences of colorectal and mammary cancer in goat over other ruminants, non-ruminants and human.

Chemical composition, protein quality and nutritive value of commercial soybean meals produced from beans from different countries: A meta-analytical study

Soya bean meal (SBM) is the most important source of protein and indispensable amino acids in non-ruminant diets worldwide. The chemical composition, protein quality and nutritive value of commercial SBM depend on numerous factors, including seed variety, environmental conditions during growing, harvesting and storage of the beans and the procedure used for oil extraction. A meta-analytical approach was conducted to quantify the relation between the country of origin of the beans [Argentina (ARG), Brazil (BRA), USA and India (IND)] and the chemical composition, protein quality and nutritive value of the SBM. The data set used was obtained from 18 published papers from 2002 to 2018 with a total of 1944 samples of SBM. The data were analyzed using a mixed model with country of origin of the beans as a fixed effect and the study as a random effect. Origin of the beans had consistent and significant effects on most of the chemical variables of the corresponding SBM. The BRA SBM had more crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber, raffinose and iron but less sucrose, stachyose and K contents than the USA or the ARG SBM (P < 0.05). Per unit of protein, Lys, Met, Thr and Cys concentrations were greater for the USA and ARG meals than for the BRA and IND meals (P < 0.05). Protein dispersibility index (PDI), KOH solubility (KOH) and trypsin inhibitor activity were lower for the BRA and ARG meals than for the USA and IND meals (P < 0.05). Trypsin inhibitor activity was positively related with PDI (r = 0.712; P < 0.001) and KOH (r = 0.886; P < 0.001). Also, a significant relation was observed between PDI and KOH (r = 0.614; P = 0.001). Urease activity, however, was not related to any of the protein quality traits studied. Within the range of CP values (418–500 g/kg) studied a decrease in crude fiber increased (P < 0.01) the CP content of the SBM. In summary, the country of origin of the beans affected the chemical composition and nutritive value of the SBM. Consequently, matrices with different nutrient composition should be used for SBM of different origins in the formulation of diets for non-ruminant animals.

Identification of C9-C11 unsaturated aldehydes as prediction markers of growth and feed intake for non-ruminant animals fed oxidized soybean oil

BackgroundThe benefits of using the oxidized oils from rendering and recycling as an economic source of lipids and energy in animal feed always coexist with the concerns that diverse degradation products in these oxidized oils can negatively affect animal health and performance. Therefore, the quality markers that predict growth performance could be useful when feeding oxidized oils to non-ruminants. However, the correlations between growth performance and chemical profiles of oxidized oils have not been well examined. In this study, six thermally oxidized soybean oils (OSOs) with a wide range of quality measures were prepared under different processing temperatures and processing durations, including 45 °C-336 h; 67.5 °C-168 h; 90 °C-84 h; 135 °C-42 h; 180 °C-21 h; and 225 °C-10.5 h. Broilers and nursery pigs were randomly assigned to diets containing either unheated control soybean oil or one of six OSOs. Animal performance was determined by measuring body weight gain, feed intake, and gain to feed ratio. The chemical profiles of OSOs were first evaluated by common indicative tests, including peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, p-anisidine value, free fatty acids, oxidized fatty acids, unsaponifiable matter, insoluble impurities, and moisture, and then analyzed by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based chemometric analysis.ResultsAmong common quality indicators, p-anisidine value (AnV), which reflects the level of carbonyl compounds, had the greatest inverse correlation with the growth performance of both broilers and pigs, followed by free fatty acids and oxidized fatty acids. Among the 17 aldehydes identified in OSOs, C9-C11 alkenals, especially 2-decenal and 2-undecenal, had stronger inverse correlations (r < − 0.8) with animal performance compared to C5-C8 saturated alkanals, suggesting that chain length and unsaturation level affect the toxicity of aldehydes.ConclusionsAs the major lipid oxidation products contributing to the AnV, individual C9-C11 unsaturated aldehydes in heavily-oxidized oils could function as effective prediction markers of growth and feed intake in feeding non-ruminants.

Characterization of Bronze age pottery from the Grotte di Pertosa-Auletta (Italy): Results from the first analysis of organic lipid residues

The “Grotte di Pertosa-Auletta” are a karst cavity complex located in Pertosa (Salerno, Italy), that opens in the Tanagro valley with a large entrance, about 15 m wide and 17 m high, oriented towards the west. The caves are a very important prehistoric site because they preserve the remains of a pile-dwelling village dating back to the II millennium BC.Different types of ceramic finds, coming from the so-called “antegrotta”, have been selected and submitted to chemical investigations, with the aim of verifying the possible presence of organic residues and identifying their nature. Both Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) and the Gas Chromatography/Combustion/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) have been used to identify lipids absorbed by the ceramics and to formulate hypotheses about artefact uses and functions. Most of the finds have shown the presence of lipids of animal origin: these are mixtures of lipids of ruminant and non-ruminant animals, while in a single sample the isotopic analyses have identified the presence of dairy/milk products. Data shed light on the use and the human activities of the cavity of the “Grotte di Pertosa-Auletta” during the Bronze Age, and they constitute one of the few examples in Italy of chemical analysis applied to the ceramic residues of similar archaeological contexts.

Organic residue analysis shows sub-regional patterns in the use of pottery by Northern European hunter-gatherers.

The introduction of pottery vessels to Europe has long been seen as closely linked with the spread of agriculture and pastoralism from the Near East. The adoption of pottery technology by hunter–gatherers in Northern and Eastern Europe does not fit this paradigm, and its role within these communities is so far unresolved. To investigate the motivations for hunter–gatherer pottery use, here, we present the systematic analysis of the contents of 528 early vessels from the Baltic Sea region, mostly dating to the late 6th–5th millennium cal BC, using molecular and isotopic characterization techniques. The results demonstrate clear sub-regional trends in the use of ceramics by hunter–gatherers; aquatic resources in the Eastern Baltic, non-ruminant animal fats in the Southeastern Baltic, and a more variable use, including ruminant animal products, in the Western Baltic, potentially including dairy. We found surprisingly little evidence for the use of ceramics for non-culinary activities, such as the production of resins. We attribute the emergence of these sub-regional cuisines to the diffusion of new culinary ideas afforded by the adoption of pottery, e.g. cooking and combining foods, but culturally contextualized and influenced by traditional practices.

Evaluation of selected categories of pet treats using in vitro assay and texture analysis.

Treats are important contributors to the economics of the U.S. pet product industry. Not only do pet owners use them to build an emotional bond or interact with their pets, but treats also can deliver functional or health benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestion and safety of selected commercial treats by measuring their in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD) using the modified in vitro method of Boisen and Eggum, which was developed to simulate in vivo digestibility of nonruminant animals. Twenty-five commercial treats were classified into six categories based on their appearance, size, and functionality. These categories included biscuit, chew, dental, meat product, rawhide, and cat treat. Each commercial product was analyzed in triplicate and in vitro DMD was calculated after enzymatic digestion and incubation. A wide variation in DMD was observed among and within different treat categories in both gastric and gastric + small intestinal phases of digestion. For the gastric phase, DMD ranged from 8.40% to 92.20%, whereas intestinal phase digestion had a DMD range of 35.10–100% (P < 0.05). In general, treats from meat products, dental, chew, biscuit, and cat treat categories had a high DMD (>85%) after the intestinal phase, whereas DMD of rawhide treats varied from 35.10% to 95.70%. Principal component analysis, in addition, has visually shown that rawhide treats displayed the largest portion of variation from the other treats. A low DMD at gastric phase is a concern because it may pose a risk for gastrointestinal blockage and intolerance, particularly for treats of large size that remained intact during this phase. In vitro DMD results can be used as a potential predictor of in vivo digestibility, facilitate recommendations about pet treat safety for professionals and manufacturers in the pet industry, and assist pet owners in the treat selection process and with treat purchasing decisions.

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 32932 for all animal species.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l‐lysine monohydrochloride produced by fermentation with the genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 32932. Neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA were detected in the final product. The additive does not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. l‐Lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum DSM 32932 is considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. l‐Lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum DSM 32932 is not toxic by inhalation; it is not irritant to skin and not a skin sensitiser. The additive is not corrosive to eyes but it should be considered as an eye irritant. In general, l‐lysine HCl is considered as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l‐lysine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Analysis production of laying hens by applying supply chain management on the laying hens industry in Banda Aceh

This research is related to the awareness of the people who realize that it will be increasingly important to consume eggs so that it becomes an opportunity for livestock companies to fulfill the people’s demand for chicken eggs. The UPTD of the Non-Ruminant Animal Husbandry as a laying hens industry is very influential on the quality of quality for businesses in producing commercial eggs to be consumed by the people. The UPTD of the Non-Ruminant Animal Husbandry Office continues to improve efficiency in the chain of business activities. The research conducted at the UPTD of the Non-Ruminant Animal Husbandry aims to analyze the supply chain management mechanism in the laying hens’ industry, to analyze supply chain productivity of laying hens commodities, and to examine the benefits and obstacles in applying supply chain management in the laying hens’ industry. The method used to measure productivity is Supply Chain Management. The productivity measurement is based on input identification data, the process of transforming inputs into chicken egg products and the process of sending and distributing chicken eggs. The research produced a supply chain activity flow that occurred in the UPTD of the Non-Ruminant Animal Husbandry went well, consisting of 14 main processes divided into 3 parts, which is identifying source consisting of 4 parts, identifying the make of 5 parts, identifying deliver of 5 parts. The supply chain productivity levels at the UPTD of Non-Ruminant Animal Husbandry are quite good, which are on 73,33 percent and broken eggs 0,44 percent.

Engineering and optimization of phosphate-responsive phytase expression in Pichia pastoris yeast for phytate hydrolysis

Phytate is the major storage form of phosphorus in plants. It is present in cereals and raw materials of vegetable origin used in animal and human diets. However, non-ruminant animals have little phytase activity in their guts and, therefore, cannot digest phytate. As a result, almost all dietary phytate is discharged into the environment, causing phosphorus pollution. Phytate is also considered as an “antinutrient” for its ability to form insoluble and stable complexes with metal ions, thus reducing dietary absorption of essential minerals. It is a dire need to develop sustainable approaches for environmentally-friendly utilization for this valuable and abundant natural resource. To this end, we engineered Pichia pastoris to express and secrete phytase in a “made-to-order” fashion in response to external level of inorganic phosphate (Pi). Responsiveness to external Pi level was achieved by generating a Pi-responsive promoter library using directed evolution. The resultant yeast strains were proven to liberate Pi from wheat-based meal in a simulated in vitro digestion model. These yeast-based whole cell biocatalysts may serve as platform hosts with potential applications in food processing industry and animal waste treatment.

Safety and efficacy of l-isoleucine produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80189 for all animal species.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of l‐isoleucine produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80189 when used as a nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The production strain is not genetically modified. Viable cells of the production strain were not detected in the final additive. The additive does not give rise to any safety concern regarding the production strain. l‐Isoleucine produced using C. glutamicum KCCM 80189 is considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. l‐Isoleucine produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80189 is considered not toxic by inhalation, not irritant to skin or eyes and not a dermal sensitiser. Regarding the use in water, the FEEDAP Panel reiterates its concerns over the safety of l‐isoleucine administered simultaneously via water for drinking and feed owing to the risk of nutritional imbalances and hygienic reasons. l‐Isoleucine produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80189 is considered as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l‐isoleucine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐isoleucine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of l-isoleucine produced by Escherichia coli FERM ABP-10641 as a nutritional additive, its extension of use in water for drinking and a new use as flavouring additive for all animal species.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l‐isoleucine produced by Escherichia coli FERM ABP‐10641 (i) to renew the authorisation and to extend the use of the additive in water for drinking when used as a nutritional additive for all animal species and (ii) to evaluate a new use as a flavouring additive for all animal species. The applicant has provided evidence that the additive currently in the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. l‐Isoleucine does not give rise to any safety concern regarding the production strain and its genetic modification. Considering that the production process has not been substantially modified and that no adverse effects have been reported in the literature search, the FEEDAP Panel considers that there is no evidence to reconsider the conclusions reached in previous assessments. Therefore, the Panel considers that the additive l‐isoleucine produced by E. coli FERM ABP‐10641 remains safe for the target species, consumer and for the environment when used as a nutritional additive in feed. The Panel extends these conclusions to the use of the additive as a flavouring compound. Regarding the use in water, the FEEDAP Panel reiterates its concerns over the safety for the target species of l‐isoleucine administered simultaneously via water for drinking and feed owing to the risk of nutritional imbalances and hygienic reasons. l‐Isoleucine is not irritant to skin and eyes and is not a dermal sensitiser but is hazardous by inhalation. The Panel confirms the previous conclusions that the additive is considered as a source of available isoleucine for non‐ruminant animal species when used as a nutritional additive. It requires protection against degradation in the rumen to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species. The Panel considers the use of the additive in water for drinking to be equally effective than the use in feed when used as a nutritional additive. Since l‐isoleucine is used in food as a flavouring compound, and its function in feed is essentially the same as that in food no further demonstration of efficacy is necessary.

Low phytic acid Crops: Observations Based On Four Decades of Research.

The low phytic acid (lpa), or “low-phytate” seed trait can provide numerous potential benefits to the nutritional quality of foods and feeds and to the sustainability of agricultural production. Major benefits include enhanced phosphorus (P) management contributing to enhanced sustainability in non-ruminant (poultry, swine, and fish) production; reduced environmental impact due to reduced waste P in non-ruminant production; enhanced “global” bioavailability of minerals (iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium) for both humans and non-ruminant animals; enhancement of animal health, productivity and the quality of animal products; development of “low seed total P” crops which also can enhance management of P in agricultural production and contribute to its sustainability. Evaluations of this trait by industry and by advocates of biofortification via breeding for enhanced mineral density have been too short term and too narrowly focused. Arguments against breeding for the low-phytate trait overstate the negatives such as potentially reduced yields and field performance or possible reductions in phytic acid’s health benefits. Progress in breeding or genetically-engineering high-yielding stress-tolerant low-phytate crops continues. Perhaps due to the potential benefits of the low-phytate trait, the challenge of developing high-yielding, stress-tolerant low-phytate crops has become something of a holy grail for crop genetic engineering. While there are widely available and efficacious alternative approaches to deal with the problems posed by seed-derived dietary phytic acid, such as use of the enzyme phytase as a feed additive, or biofortification breeding, if there were an interest in developing low-phytate crops with good field performance and good seed quality, it could be accomplished given adequate time and support. Even with a moderate reduction in yield, in light of the numerous benefits of low-phytate types as human foods or animal feeds, should one not grow a nutritionally-enhanced crop variant that perhaps has 5% to 10% less yield than a standard variant but one that is substantially more nutritious? Such crops would be a benefit to human nutrition especially in populations at risk for iron and zinc deficiency, and a benefit to the sustainability of agricultural production.

Própolis e pólen apícola na nutrição de animais não ruminantes

O pólen apícola é um produto natural constituído de vários nutrientes, rico em aminoácidos livres e com baixo teor de gordura, além de propriedades profiláticas e terapêuticas, enquanto que a própolis é um produto natural utilizado de diversas formas como apiterápico na medicina popular e agente anti-inflamatório. Pesquisas estão sendo realizadas visando à utilização de ingredientes alternativos na produção animal com o intuito de promover um melhor desempenho zootécnico e melhorar a higidez dos animais que estão submetidos a condições estressantes na produção. Neste sentido, os produtos de origem apícola estão sendo utilizados como aditivos alimentares terapêuticos e estão mostrando benefícios aos animais em diversos estudos. Contudo, há uma grande divergência nos resultados encontrados na literatura quanto ao uso correto destes aditivos apícolas e aos reais benefícios quando empregados na nutrição animal, tornando a compilação destes dados e debate dos mesmos relevantes. Tendo em vista a composição nutricional e efeitos terapêuticos destes dois produtos apícolas e os possíveis benefícios que os mesmos podem trazer para os animais de produção. Assim, esta revisão bibliográfica foi realizada com o objetivo de debater sobre as principais propriedades terapêuticas e utilização do pólen e da própolis apícola na nutrição de animais não ruminantes.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ РЕГРЕССИОННОГО АНАЛИЗА В ЗАДАЧАХ ПРОГНОЗА

Based on official statistics on the number, of representatives of the family of non-ruminant cloven-hoofed animals (Artiodactyl) on the territory of the Russian Federation. Using the example of two species: domestic pigs and wild boars, the dynamics of the indicator for the long term is analyzed. Multidirectional trends were revealed for each species. Mathematical models of the dynamics of the livestock were obtained using the methods of regression analysis and applied software. Statistical estimates of the quality of animal population models were obtained. The short-term forecast for 2020 has been fulfilled.

Potency of several local phytogenic feed additives as antioxidant and antimicrobial sources for non-ruminant animals

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potency of several local phytogenic (Vernonia amygdalina Del., Calotropis gigantean, Syzygium oleana, Syzygium cumini, L) as antioxidant and antimicrobial sources in feed additives for non-ruminant animals. Antibiotic as feed additive has been banned since 2006 due to harmful effect of antibiotic not only for animals but for consumers. Phytogenic as suitable natural alternatives has been intensively studied and had positively effect on animal health and productivity. Five extract phytogenic that massively grow in Aceh were extracted by using maceration method with the comparison of material and ethanol solvent 1:4. Antioxidant testing by using DPPH method and antimicrobial pathogen testing (Salmonella and E. coli) by using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with gradient doses of extract (250 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 750 mg/mL), chloramphenicol as positive control and aquadest as negative control. The results of study indicated that Syzygium cumini, was the best phytogenic feed additives compared with the others feed additives. Syzygium cumini, L had antioxidant activity (IC50 19.91) and inhibition zone diameter of 4.80 and 12.78 for E.coli and Salmonella respectively with the dose of 750 mg/mL. In conclusion, all phytogenic feed additives can be utilized as feed additives for non-ruminant animals with S. cumini, L as the best phytogenic feed additives.

TILLING by Sequencing: A Successful Approach to Identify Rare Alleles in Soybean Populations.

Soybean seeds produce valuable protein that is a major component of livestock feed. However, soybean seeds also contain the anti-nutritional raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) raffinose and stachyose, which are not digestible by non-ruminant animals. This requires the proportion of soybean meal in the feed to be limited, or risk affecting animal growth rate or overall health. While reducing RFOs in soybean seed has been a goal of soybean breeding, efforts are constrained by low genetic variability for carbohydrate traits and the difficulty in identifying these within the soybean germplasm. We used reverse genetics Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING)-by-sequencing approach to identify a damaging polymorphism that results in a missense mutation in a conserved region of the RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE3 gene. We demonstrate that this mutation, when combined as a double mutant with a previously characterized mutation in the RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE2 gene, eliminates nearly 90% of the RFOs in soybean seed as a proportion of the total seeds carbohydrates, and results in increased levels of sucrose. This represents a proof of concept for TILLING by sequencing in soybean.

Production of a Protein Concentrate Based on Maggots of Domestic Flies for the Feeding of Non-ruminant Animals (Burkina Faso)

The objective of the study was to develop a process for the production of a protein concentrate based on maggots (MC) of domestic fly larvae that can be used in the diet of non- ruminants’ animals as pigs and poultry. Maggots were first produced from 3 substrates called S1, S2 and S3. They were then harvested and separated from the substrates using a mesh screen box. Live maggots then incorporated at a rate of 79.15% by weight in a preconcentrate (20.85%) composed by 64.80% of cotton cake and 35.20% of wheat bran. The resulting MC was then heated in a pan for 5-10 minutes to neutralize the maggots and dried for 24 hours. The results show that the productivity of the S3 substrate (4.91g of maggots / 100g of substrate) was significantly lower than the substrates S1 (6.60g / 100g) and S2 (5.35g / 100g) (p &lt;0.05). The DM content of the MC was 92.56%. Its nutritional values were 37.69% CP, 5.12% FAT and 11.04% CB. The estimated value in digestible energy was 2238 kcal / kg DM. The production cost of 01kgDM of MC of 160FCFA was lower than 240FCFA of the selling price of fishmeal and soya cake (400FCFA) in the local market. MC is an alternative to make low cost protein sources more available. Further studies would evaluate the essential amino acid content of the concentrate and the effectiveness of diets incorporating it into poultry and pigs’ production.Â

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum strains NRRL-B-67439 or NRRL B-67535 for all animal species.

The European Commission asked EFSA for an opinion on the safety for the target animals, consumer, user and the environment and on the efficacy of a l‐lysine monohydrochloride (HCl, minimum 98.5%) and of a concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base, minimum 50%) produced by genetically modified strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum (NRRL‐B‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535). They are intended to be used in feed or water for drinking for all animal species and categories. Neither viable cells of the production strains C. glutamicum strains NRRLB‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535; nor their recombinant DNA were detected in the final products. Therefore, those products do not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strains. l‐Lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) produced by C. glutamicum strains NRRLB‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535 are considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. l‐Lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum strains NRRL B‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535 is considered not irritant to skin or eyes and not a skin sensitiser. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential toxicity by inhalation of l‐lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum strains NRRL B‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535. Concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) produced by C. glutamicum strains NRRL B‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535, due to its high pH (10.7 and 10.9, respectively) is anticipated to be corrosive to skin and eyes and poses a risk by inhalation. l‐Lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) produced by C. glutamicum strains NRRLB‐67439 or NRRL B‐67535 are considered as efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l‐lysine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.