Nonprofit Nongovernmental Organizations Research Articles

Modern Problems and Ways of Development of Public Customs Control in Russia

Annotation. The article is devoted to the analysis of modern problems and ways of development of public customs control in Russia. The role and importance of the institution of public control in the system of legal guarantees for the implementation, protection and defense of the system of constitutional principles, the system of human and civil rights and freedoms, as well as the rights and legitimate interests of public associations and other non-governmental non-profit organizations is substantiated. The analysis of points of view in scientific and educational literature on the possibility of public customs control in Russia, its grounds and limits is carried out. The possibility and necessity of functioning of public control in the customs sphere are substantiated, the author's definition of the concept of “public customs control” is given. The modern problems hindering the implementation of public customs control in Russia are formalized and analyzed: the lack of formalization of this institution of civil society in the Constitution of the country; the failure to consolidate the institution of public customs control in customs legislation; the removal from the subject of Federal Law dated of 21.02.2014 № 212-FL “On the Basics of Public Control in the Russian Federation” of objects related to the field of law enforcement agencies (including customs); the lack of development in the Russian scientific legal doctrine of specific forms, methods and types of measures of public customs control; weak powers of its subjects; weak material and technical database of subjects; weak use of positive foreign experience of civil society control in the customs sphere in their work. The resolution of these problems will require, in particular: the incorporation of the institution of public control into the Basic Law of the country, and its varieties in the customs sphere into the legislation on public control; the expansion of the powers of subjects of public customs control and the development of the material and technical base of their activities, taking into account the positive foreign experience of civil society control in the customs sphere; the organization by the Public Chamber of the country of scientific- practical research on the development of specific forms, methods and types of public customs control measures.

Public Control as a Tool for Combating Crime

The article is devoted to the analysis of the place and role of the institution of public control in the system of tools to combat crime. This institution of civil society is analyzed as the most important legal guarantee for the implementation, protection and defense of the system of constitutional principles in Russia, as well as the system of human and civil rights and freedoms, the rights and legitimate interests of numerous public associations and other non-governmental non-profit organizations. The authors substantiate the importance of the institution of public control in the Russian Federation as a tool for the prevention and suppression of crimes. At the same time, the role of this institution of civil society is particularly highlighted as a tool in the fight against corruption and other crimes committed by officials of public authorities, state and municipal organizations, and other bodies and organizations that exercise certain public powers on the basis of federal laws. The article formalizes and explores the main problems that impede the use of the institution of public control in the fight against crime in the Russian Federation, in particular due to: the lack of mention of this institution of civil society in the Basic Law of Russia; imperfect legislation on public control; weak powers of its subjects; removing from the scope of the Federal Law of dated of 21.06.2014 № 212-FL “On the Fundamentals of Public Control in the Russian Federation” the activities, acts and decisions of the majority of Russian law enforcement agencies, as well as types of public relations where there is a high crime rate; weak funding from the budgets of all levels of activities of subjects of public control; weak use of positive foreign experience of civil society institutions in the fight against crime; insufficient use of modern information and communication technologies. The authors have developed and justified a system of measures to resolve these problems, including by: incorporating public control into the Constitution of Russia; developing a system of federal laws devoted to the organization and implementation of public control in relation to the activities, acts and decisions of the country's law enforcement agencies; expanding the powers of subjects of public control; active use of foreign positive experience of civil society participation in the fight against crime; development of a system of federal programs for organizational, legal, financial, technical support for the institution of public control in Russia.

The Influence of The Institution of Public Control on The Economic Development of The State

The article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of the institution of public control on the economic development of the state. The role and place of this institution of civil society in the system of legal guarantees for the implementation, protection and defense of both constitutional principles and the system of human and civil rights and freedoms, the rights and legitimate interests of public associations and other non-governmental non-profit organizations is substantiated. The system of factors influencing the economic development of the state is investigated. The place of public control in this system of factors is analyzed. The main directions of the impact of this institution of civil society on the economic development of Russia are being studied. The main problems that hinder the optimization of the processes of the impact of public control on the economic development of Russia are formalized and analyzed, in particular: the lack of formalization of this institution of civil society in the Constitution of the country; failure to include among the principles, goals and objectives of public control those aimed at ensuring the economic development of Russia; on the development in the Russian scientific doctrine of public control of forms, methods and types of public control measures aimed at ensuring, on the one hand, the implementation of the economic rights and freedoms of citizens, economic rights and legitimate interests of legal entities, and on the other hand, the economic development of the country as a whole ; lack of real powers among subjects of public control; their weak economic base; weak use in their work of positive foreign experience in the functioning of civil society institutions in the sphere of control over the apparatus of public power. The authors have developed and justified a system of measures to resolve these problems, including by: formalizing public control in the Russian Constitution; development and consolidation in the legislation on public control of the principles, goals and objectives of public control aimed at ensuring the economic development of the country; organization by the Civic Chamber of Russia of scientific and practical research on the forms, methods and types of public control measures aimed at ensuring the implementation of economic rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities, as well as the economic development of the country; expanding the powers of subjects of public control; strengthening their economic base; development of legislation on public control based on positive foreign experience in this area.

PECULIARITIES OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN NON-GOVERNMENTAL NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS IN JIZZAKH REGION

In this article, specific characteristics of women's employment in non-governmental non-profit organizations in Jizzakh province, as well as the activities of women in non-governmental non-profit organizations and the conditions created for them are analyzed in detail.

Activities in the field of trade and consumer services as a promising object of public control in Russia: modern problems and ways of improvement (public law analysis)

The article is devoted to the public law analysis of activities in the field of trade and consumer services as a promising object of public control in Russia. The authors explore the role and place of the public control in the system of legal guarantees for the implementation and protection of both the constitutional principles of democracy and the participation of citizens in the management of affairs, the entire system of human and civil rights and freedoms, as well as the rights and legitimate interests of public associations and other non-governmental non-profit organizations. The organization and implementation of public control are associated with numerous problems, one of which is the determination of the optimal list of objects of public control. The purpose of the study is to formalize and analyze the main problems associated with the organization and implementation of public control over activities in the field of trade and consumer services, as well as the development and justification of a system of measures to resolve these problems. A number of scientific research methods are used in the work, including: formal-logical; comparative-legal; historical-legal; statistical; sociological; method of analyzing specific legal situations. Among the above-mentioned problems, in particular, the following are investigated: the lack of formalization of this institution of civil society in the Constitution of Russia; unjustified, in the opinion of the authors, the removal from the subject of legislation on public control of activities, acts and decisions of a significant part of legal entities affecting the rights and freedoms of citizens; the lack of real powers for the subjects of public control to control activities in the field of trade and consumer services; insufficient use of positive foreign and Soviet experience in this field in the development of the institute of public control; weak financing of the activities of subjects of public control from budgets of all levels; their lack of practice in applying modern technologies in the field of control over new forms of trade and consumer services (for example, electronic trade in goods, works, services, cryptocurrency turnover, cross-border trade).

Assessment of menstrual cycle self-observation skills using the double-check symptom-thermal method based on chart evaluation

Abstract : Meticulous and systematic observation of the menstrual cycle allows a woman to monitor her procreative health, which has great diagnostic value. It gives the opportunity to learn about the natural rhythm of fertility and, in the case of observing abnormalities, reduces the time until the first medical consultation. Reliable learning of observation takes time and is carried out through a certified teacher of a particular method of fertility awarness.. Therefore, this skill from the area of prevention and diagnosis should occupy an important place in the teaching of both health care workers and the education of women themselves. In Poland, there are several non-governmental non-profit organizations that provide professional teaching support in the field of health-promoting education and natural family planning. Method: I and III of self- cycle observation chart were studied. The total number of analyzed charts was 74. The study was based upon the SPSS Statistics package version 25. The p < 0.05 level was considered statistically significant. Results: The majority of women with high self-observation skills in menstrual cycle charting using the double-check symptom-thermal method were single , with a university degree (53.65%, n=22), learning the method at the Lublin branch of Polish Association of Natural Family Planning Teachers (51.21%, n=21), motivated to learn charting for procreative health monitor (75.60%, n=31), with no support from a husband/fiancé/partner (60.96%, n=25). Conclusions: : The study group of women was homogeneous in terms of the eligibility criteria applied, i.e. they were all at reproductive age, had typical cycles and did not use contraception methods. The women's high skills in cycles self-observation are the result of the excellent quality of the NFP teacher work with the client, the ability to communicate and convey the principles of self-observation skills as well as the user's motivation to keep charting their cycles. The main goal of the women learning the method was to monitor their own procreative health.

Repositioning Environmental NGOs: Either as non-Governmental or Private Sector Organizations

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are an organization supported by an independent community, a voluntary and non-profit association. Their activities involve voicing the community and being a third party between the government and the private sector. With environmental issues starting to change and being damaged due to inappropriate government policies, environmental NGOs play an essential role in balancing this condition. This article will discuss the position of NGOs during environmental issues that hit Indonesia observed by two environmental organizations, WALHI and KruHA, taking official information published on their websites and social media. The analysis uses discourse text analysis, deconstruction of meaning or communication messages on official information. This paper argues that not all non-profit organizations act of WALHI and KruHA are NGOs in non-profit organizations. They are outside the government and private sector, the so-called “third sector” that plays a role in the right to water and environmental sustainability. Though they are the same as non-profit NGOs, their movement mechanism is different.

Social Entrepreneurial Orientation of Non-Governmental Non-Profit Organizations

Social Entrepreneurial Orientation of Non-Governmental Non-Profit Organizations

Development Factors of Non-Governmental Organizations as Institutions of Civil Society

This article provides a scientific theoretical analysis of the need to support non-governmental non-profit organizations and other institutions of civil society, the factors of creating convenience, guaranteeing their freedom, and strengthening social partnership between state bodies, as well as the basics of improving the legal framework regulating this field, as well as the essence of the development of non-governmental non-profit organizations, political parties, which are considered the most important institutions of civil society in Uzbekistan in recent years.

Public tax control in Russia: to the problem statement

This article is devoted to the analysis of public tax control in the Russian Federation. The paper substantiates the role and place of the institute of public control as the most important legal guarantee for the implementation and protection of not only constitutional principles (first of all, the principles of democracy and participation of Russian citizens in the management of state affairs), but also the entire system of human and civil rights and freedoms, as well as the rights and legitimate interests of public associations and other non-governmental non-profit organizations. The authors analyze various points of view in domestic and foreign educational and scientific literature on the concept, content and limits of public tax control in Russia. The article formalizes and substantiates the authors' definition of the concept of "public tax control". The article uses a number of scientific research methods: formal-logical; comparative-legal; historical-legal; statistical; sociological; financial analysis; method of analyzing specific legal situations. The organization and implementation of public tax control in the Russian Federation are associated with numerous problems: the lack of consolidation of the institution of public tax control in the country's Constitution and current legislation; insufficient elaboration in the Russian scientific legal doctrine of the concept, content, limits of public tax control, a list of specific forms, methods and types of its activities; lack of subjects of public control (including subjects of public tax control) real powers; insufficient level of development of financial, property, organizational and legal base of subjects of public control; lack of specialized subjects of public tax control; weak use of foreign positive experience in organizing and implementing tax control of civil society institutions; lack of consolidation in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation of measures of increased legal responsibility for countering legitimate activities of representatives of subjects of public tax control. The article develops and substantiates a system of measures to resolve these problems.

Organizational legal basis of cooperation of civil society institutions in the Republic of Uzbekistan

In the Republic of Uzbekistan, institutions of civil society, including public associations and other non-governmental non-profit organizations, self-government bodies of citizens, and mass media form a basis of civil society. Political parties are a separate institution of civil society and are voluntary associations of citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan formed on the basis of common views, interests, and goals, striving to realize the political will of a certain part of society in the formation of state authorities, and participating in the management of state and public affairs through their representatives. Religious organizations are voluntary associations of citizens registered in accordance with the established procedure, organized for the purpose of religious belief, worship, and performing religious rituals and ceremonies, which do not make a profit as the main goal of their activities and do not distribute the received income among their participants. The charters of political parties state the following goals of their activities: preservation and enrichment of spiritual values, customs, and traditions, rich historical heritage, increasing the sense of national identity among citizens, creating favorable conditions for the formation and strengthening of national pride, loyalty and love for the Motherland, inter-ethnic strengthening of relations, development of friendship and solidarity, fighting against all aspects of nationalism, religious extremism, terrorism, promoting inter-religious tolerance, peace, and stability, inter-ethnic harmony. The charter of mosques under the jurisdiction of the Muslim Board of Uzbekistan stipulates that the following objectives and tasks should be fulfilled: following the principles of mutual respect and harmony between all Muslims, those who believe in other religions or those who do not believe in any religion, and all nationalities, while explaining religious rules to citizens, patriotism, nationalism, faith-believing, spiritual and moral purity, education in the spirit of respect for national-spiritual values. The article discusses the possibilities of cooperation in social issues of public associations with mutually compatible goals and tasks.

Emergency Management and Possibilities of Involvement of Non-Governmental Organizations

The study focuses on the issue of extraordinary events such as disruptions in society and the involvement of non-governmental non-profit organizations. The goal is to describe the possibility of involving non-governmental non-profit organizations in dealing with extraordinary events and crisis situations. Rescue and security forces are established in the Czech Republic to deal with emergencies, whose priority mission is to save life, health, property and the environment. In addition to the state-guaranteed components, non-state nonprofit organizations are also involved in the preparation and solution of extraordinary events. The rules of cooperation and coordination according to the Act on the Integrated Rescue System, as amended, apply primarily to their coordination during emergencies. Nongovernmental non-profit organizations, which prepare for longer and systematically and are involved in the solution of extraordinary events, create platforms for cooperation and coordination focused on follow-up activities after rescue work, e.g. monitoring of the affected area, humanitarian, psychosocial, material and financial assistance, consulting and other professional assistance.

The market of social services in Ukraine and factors of competitiveness of non-profit non-governmental organizations producing social services

Introduction. The liberalization of the social services market creates the possibility of organizing competitive interaction between business entities of all organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership in the process of meeting the basic needs of modern society, and also initiates a dynamic expansion of the range of social services offered to consumers. Over the last decade, non-profit non-governmental organizations (hereinafter referred to as NGOs) have demonstrated steady growth and high efficiency in the social services market. In the current economic environment, the success of NGOs in the social services market is largely determined by the level of their competitiveness. The formation of conditions for a competitive environment and the development of mechanisms for managing competitiveness in the social sphere of Ukraine are extremely important for economic entities in the context of the evolutionary transition to new economic relations in the production and consumption of social protection services, educational, medical and cultural services. Creating the preconditions for increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian NGOs providing social services in the context of competition in the relevant markets is a key factor in the formation of human capital, and thus the competitiveness of the country's economy as a whole. The purpose of the article is to study the social services market in Ukraine and the factors of competitiveness of non-profit non-governmental organizations participating in this market. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is based on the works of foreign and Ukrainian scholars, theories of competitiveness, socio-economic statistics, as well as applied research on this issue, publications in the periodicals, and materials of scientific and practical conferences. The research was conducted using general scientific methods of abstraction, analysis, synthesis, comparison and analogy, systematization and modeling. System, factor and functional analysis were used as research tools. Results. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the market for social services has certain specifics, which are largely due to the peculiarities of the services traded in this market, which determine the boundaries of the market, its subject composition and the qualitative content of economic relations. The market for social services is characterized by a more pronounced segmentation compared to the market for all other services, depending on income, prices, subjective assessment of the importance of the service by the consumer, and lifestyle. It is proved that NGOs are subjects of competition, and their competitiveness is influenced by certain facts.

Forms of state support for non-governmental non-profit organizations

Forms of state support for non-governmental non-profit organizations

Social and financial performance of microfinance institutions and its drivers: Evidence from MENA region

AbstractThe paper examines the determinants of social and financial performance of microfinance institutions using a database obtained from the MIX, consisting of 79 MFIs from the MENA region. The results reveal the existence of a possible trade‐off between profitability and outreach since MFI, oriented toward female borrowers, are likely to be less profitable than others. Another interesting finding is that non‐profit non‐governmental organizations (NGO) perform better in operational self‐sufficiency than MFIs with a different legal status. Overall, the specific institutional variables and macroeconomic factors appear to be critical determinants of the social and financial performance of MFIs.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE: REGIONAL ASPECT

The globalisation processes are expanding, making all the subjects of the global functioning system interdependent on each other. One of the pros of globalisation is the possibility to exchange goods and services between the subjects either on the global or regional levels. Such an exchange of goods and services is considered international trade. International trade is carried out in the forms of exports and imports. International trade influences any region’s economic functioning, including dynamics and volatility of economic growth as well as labour market performance. Public administration includes state governance (executed by the state authorities), regional and local governance (executed by the regional and local bodies of state power) and public governance (carried out by the non-state entities, NGOs, etc). The subject of international trade public administration to be paid attention at in this research is the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ukraine, which is a non-governmental non-profit self-governing organization that unites legal entities and citizens of Ukraine registered as entrepreneurs, as well as their associations, on a voluntary basis. The regional structure of chambers of commerce includes the central Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ukraine and 25 regional Chambers. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ukraine a member of the International Chamber of Commerce and the World Federation of Chambers as well as the Association of European Chambers of Commerce and Industry. The public administration of international trade effectiveness has been evaluated through its indirect impact on the regional performance in general. The amounts of Gross Regional Product for the regions of Ukraine and their shares of the Gross Regional Product have been visualised, analysed and compared. The subjects to use the research itself and its results have been defined and the prospects as well as the further research development limitations have been stated.

Opportunities for non-governmental non-profit organizations and volunteering in dealing with pandemic covid-19 and emergencies in the South Bohemia Region

A pandemic is often simply perceived as a health problem, or as a health problem that needs to be overcome with the help of mathematical and statistical principles. The community dimension of coping with a pandemic, that is, achieving the necessary level of information and trust in the network of social relations in the society, is less perceived.In the first half of 2020, we could observe elements of such a community-based approach towards coping with a pandemic. People sewed masks for others, maintained social distance, and supported each other’s daily living needs. Conversely, in the second half of 2020 and in 2021, we can observe a deep crisis of trust in the state which, like an infection, is transmitted to the network of social ties and relationships throughout the society. This atmosphere is formed in the spirit of slogans such as ‘no one trusts anyone’, ‘no one can rely on anyone’, and ‘everyone cares only for himself’. Community work is one of the methods of social work which, on the contrary, seeks to overcome social problems by strengthening social capital in a community and society. This includes community and society awareness as well as generalised trust in a community and society. Contributions to this issue of Caritas et Veritas should therefore focus on the problem of information and communication in society, trust within society, and the role of helping professions in overcoming the pandemic and restoring both social ties and trust within society.

Vaccinating The Invisibles, the COVID-19 vaccination of irregular migrants in Rome

Abstract Background The death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic has been hugely downsized by the advent of the currently available vaccines, at least in high-income countries. Nevertheless, there is a huge gap between countries and within countries with respect to vaccination access and coverage. In June 2021, several non-governmental non-profit organizations responded to a call issued by Regione Lazio to help organize and enrol for vaccination vulnerable people such as irregular migrants and migrants living in temporary or informal settlements. Through a huge effort, non-profit voluntary organizations Nonna Roma and Intersos enabled the vaccination of thousands of immigrants from different countries, age and residence status. Methods We obtained a dataset regarding part of the people these NGOs facilitated in accessing the vaccination booking. We had information regarding age, sex, country of origin, nationality and type of document. Results These populations were from different ethnic backgrounds, in majority males and below 50 years old on average. We found an association between the continent of origin and holding any document and between age and holding any document, both at a significant level (p < 0.05). Coming from Asia, as opposed to coming to any other continent, and being younger, i.e. under 25 years of age, were associated with holding any type of document. Conclusions We reflect on the need of rethinking the services for this population, having in mind article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but also, more practically, that often these people work in our elderly homes as caregivers or as cleaners in our offices. Therefore, making it easier to access health services would be in any country’s interest, especially during a pandemic. Policy efforts directed at facilitating migrant access to health services would ultimately help create a safer community for both migrants and residents, for whom migrants often work as strategic employees. Key messages • Irregular migrants have not been included in national vaccination plans everywhere, despite WHO and other entities recommendations. • An integrated national plan for irregular migrants vaccination would be useful for protecting other vulnerable populations such as elderly.

Peran Pemerintah dan Swata Dalam Perekonomian

Government is a system for exercising authority and power in regulating the social, economic and political life of a country or its parts. Another definition of government is a group of people who jointly assume limited responsibility for exercising power. Government can also be interpreted as the ruler of a country or the highest body that governs a country. Basically the government sector can be categorized into the public sector. The public sector is an organization of state economic entities to carry out their duties as controllers of society towards prosperity. This control is in the form of providing useful services to the public. Institutionally, the public domain includes government non-profit organizations and non-governmental non-profit organizations. Government agencies such as the central government, regional governments, and other government work units, are forms of government organizations. While the forms of non-profit non-governmental organizations are volunteer organizations, private hospitals, private high schools and universities, foundations, NGOs, BUMN/BUMD, religious organizations, political organizations, and so on. Qualitative descriptive. that the role of the government and the private sector is seen to be very important in supporting the economy. In addition, the center of economic development is the development of supporting and adequate infrastructure. With limited funds as well as APBN or APBD owned by the government, the role of the private sector in the involvement of infrastructure development is very much needed. The private sector can contribute to the development and financing of infrastructure that has been planned by the government. However, this does not mean that the private sector takes a full role in infrastructure financing, but that the role of the government as a regulator is indispensable in controlling and overseeing infrastructure so that it can be used with the community as well as possible.

Analysis of the menstrual chart observation characteristics, meeting the typical cycle criteria among women of procreation age according to the symptom-thermal double-check method

Background: Knowledge concerning value of menstrual cycle observation and its use to monitor procreative health is underestimated and limited in women's health promotion, education and health care. Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Adolescence and , American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends starting to observe the forming cycle as early as puberty in order to pre-screen girls , from groups at risk of fertility disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome. In view of the numerous reports on the increase in fertility problems, such a simple tool as self-observation of the menstrual cycle becomes particularly useful to learn about the natural rhythm of fertility and in the case of abnormalities, i.e. deviation from the typical course shortens the time to the first medical consultation. In Poland there are several non-governmental non-profit organizations, which through certified teachers of fertility awareness methods can professionally support the teaching of adolescents, adults and interested people working in the health service in the field of fertility awareness, health education and natural family planning.
 Aim of the presented study was to analyze 105 menstrual cycle observation charts among polish women not using contraception according to the principles of the symptom-thermal double-check method.
 Method: The study was performed using the method of documentation analysis, 105 menstrual cycle observation charts using the statistical package SPSS Statistica version 25. The level of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
 Results: The average age of the women studied was 29 years. The majority of the women , i.e. more than 58%, were unmarried and childless (79.1%). The average length of the menstrual cycle was: 28.6 days. The average duration of the luteal phase was almost 13 days. The average length of days of highly fertile mucus was nearly 4 days. The average length of cycles of women over 35 years of age was: 28.88 days, while for women under 35 years of age. 28.48 days. The age of onset of the first menstrual period of the women studied varied between 10 and 17 years of age.
 Conclusions: The studied group of women was homogeneous in terms of the adopted eligibility criteria, i.e. they had typical cycles and did not use contraceptive methods. The examined parameters of the menstrual cycle, i.e.: the average length of the cycle , the course of the luteal phase and the average length of the occurrence of highly fertile mucus met the criteria for a normal cycle according to the symptom-thermal double-check method.