Non-professional Group Research Articles

WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION IN NORWAY

The main subject of the paper is workplace discrimination in Norway, a topic of high relevance for employers and employees alike. In this paper the authors strive to present an overview of the relevant legal framework regard- ing workplace discrimination. In addition, the authors present the prior and cur- rent topicality of the issue. They also strive to present examples on the use of the legal framework to deepen ones understanding. The paper is written in English to make the information readily available for academic professionals as well as non-professional groups such as foreign based HR-representatives, business own- ers or representatives from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).

“…stories behind History”

The role played by national museums within the broad field of public history has not been fully addressed. Traditionally national museums have been a privileged stage for shaping and boosting national identity through the exhibition of significant objects and for disseminating official and deeply rooted views of national history. Using the National Historical Museum in Athens as a case study, this paper analyses what happens when a national museum allows its permanent exhibits to be scrutinized by a nonprofessional group whose members then present their own reading of them in the very halls of the museum.

Research on Inheritance of Intangible Cultural Heritage between Professional and Non-Professional Groups: A Case Study of China’s Kunqu Opera

Non-professional groups, consisting of members gathering together out of the same hobby, have long been deemed as auxiliary power in the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage (ICH). Being widely considered as less important than professional groups, non-professional ones seem to mostly function like governments, IGOs, NGOs, among other things, to indirectly help professionals inherit ICH almost by practicing this heritage as a way of dissemination to build a better social environment friendly towards ICH to live well. However, their role in the direct and faithful inheritance of ICH can be underestimated, or even ignored. In this paper, China’s Kunqu Opera is taken as an example, one professional group (Shanghai Kunqu Opera Troupe) and one non-professional group (Shanghai Kunqu Study Society) are chosen to do some comparative analyses in pronunciation, melody, literary form of lyrics, and performing scenes of this art. It is concluded that even though not living off this art, non-professional groups could inherit some traditional factors of Kunqu Opera to a larger degree than professional ones, especially in pronunciation and melody. And one major reason can be summarized that non-professional groups, who cherish the art’s tradition heavily, don’t need to cater to the mass-market and most modern audience, who are highly influenced by modernization and globalization so that they can preserve these traditional factors carefully by studying, practicing as well as imparting them to other amateurs seriously. Thus, paying more attention to their role in the inheritance of ICH is not only sensible but also essential.

Determination and comparison of flavor (retronasal) threshold values of 19 flavor compounds in Baijiu.

Nineteen compounds, including ten esters, six acids, and three alcohols, were characterized and considered as significant tastants and aromas in Baijiu (Chinese Liquor). The flavor (retronasal) threshold values (FTVs) of these 19 compounds were determined by the 10 samples test method in hydroalcoholic solutions (46%v/v in ethanol). The FTVs of the compounds were calculated based on the best estimate threshold method. All the FTVs determined by the professional Chinese Baijiu tasters were lower than those by the nonprofessional tasters. For instance, the detection (2.31mg/kg)andrecognition(11.74mg/kg)valuesofethyl hexanoate determined by the nonprofessional group were higher than the respectively corresponding values 0.44 and 3.80mg/kg determined by the professional group. All of the odor activity values (OAVs) of ethyl valerate (OAV: 1176.00 to 2321.17), ethyl octanoate (OAV: 6841.20 to 7851.60), and 1-butanol (OAV: 26.78 to 39.72) in Gujinggong Baijiu were more than 10-fold larger than their dose-over-threshold values (DoTs), for which the DoTs of ethyl valerate, ethyl octanoate, and 1-butanol were 92.84 to 183.25, 180.03 to 206.62, 1.18 to 1.75, respectively. On the contrary, the OAVs of ethyl heptanoate (OAV: 3.60 to 5.70) and isoamyl alcohol (OAV: 1.18 to 1.57) were lower than their corresponding DoTs at 152.62 to 241.63 and 12.26 to 16.41. The results demonstrated that it is necessary to consider and compare their DoTs and OAVs simultaneously on evaluating the contribution of flavor compounds in Baijiu. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Sensory evaluation of threshold values of various flavor compounds could be significantly affected by their existing matrix. Most of the published results of the flavor threshold value of compounds were determined from the matrix such as beer, whiskey, red wine, rather than Chinese Baijiu. The results of this work not only could provide valuable information for flavor studies of Chinese Baijiu but also give useful information for the Baijiu industry to quality control.

Vocal Fold Steroid Injection for Benign Vocal Lesions in Professional Voice Users

Current treatments for benign vocal lesions consist mainly voice therapy and phonomicrosurgery. However, these options are not always suitable for professional voice users because of their tight performance schedule and limited time for voice rest. This study investigated vocal fold steroid injection (VFSI) as an alternative treatment. Matched case series. We retrospectively enrolled 28 professional voice users (i.e., singers, actors and news anchors) who received VFSI for vocal nodules and polyps in an office setting of a tertiary teaching hospital. Outcomes were evaluated using videolaryngostroboscopy (VLS), the 10-item Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10), maximum phonation time, and acoustic and perceptual analyses before and 1 month after VFSI. Study results were compared with 56 patients of nonprofessional voice users (i.e., routine or high occupational vocal demands), matched in a 1:2 ratio by age, sex, and treatment date. After VFSI, VLS revealed substantial lesion resolution in 82% professional voice users. One professional voice user developed a self-limited vocal fold hematoma after VFSI. VHI-10 scores in the professional group decreased from 21 to 14 points, compared with 23 to 16 points in the non-professional group, demonstrating a significant within-group effect (P < 0.01, GEE) and a nonsignificant between-group effect (P=0.86). Other outcomes also improved significantly after VFSI (P < 0.05), without significant differences between the two groups. VFSI can be an effective and safe alternative treatment for professional voice users with benign vocal lesions.

Smile preferences of orthodontists, general dentists, patients, and the general public in three-quarter and lateral views

This study aimed to analyze differences in esthetic smile preferences between Thai dentists and the general population and determine factors that affect smile perception. For the analysis, in addition to the frontal smile view, the three-quarter and lateral smile views were considered. A computer-based questionnaire was used that comprised a demographic survey and multiple photographs of smiles. In total, 61 orthodontists, 180 general dentists, 378 orthodontic patients, and 421 laypersons were asked to select the most preferred digitally altered smile for each variable in the frontal, three-quarter, and lateral views. Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests with post-hoc tests were used for comparing groups. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influence of demographic factors on smile esthetics. Significance was set at P<0.05. Chi-square tests revealed significant differences in preference between men and women and between the professional and nonprofessional groups for almost all variables. Demographic factors influenced smile esthetics in the nonprofessional group. Both sex and dental knowledge background affected smile preference. The smile preferences of observers varied based on the view, and therefore, the lateral and three-quarter views should be routinely included in smile analyses. Demographics negligibly affected smile perception in the professional group, whereas they significantly affected perceptions in the nonprofessional group, especially age and education.

Effects of Pictorial Health Warnings on Cognitive, Affective, and Smoking Behavior: A Mixed Methods Study in Four Cities in Indonesia.

While studies have shown the importance of pictorial health warnings (PHW) as a tobacco control strategy, empirical evidence on the efficacy of PHW in prompting smoking behavior remains inconclusive. The study aimed to examine the association between PHW and cognitive reactions, emotional/affective reactions, and smoking behavior. We conducted a mixed-methods study, which included a cross-sectional face-to-face survey of 401 smokers in four cities (Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Yogyakarta) and three focus group discussions among 24 participants in Jakarta. We applied multiple logit regression in STATA for quantitative data analysis and explanatory sequential design for qualitative data analysis. Quantitatively, we found high (63-84% of respondents) understanding about PHW objectives (cognitive reactions), including to remind health risks and encourage smoking cessation. With only 40% PHW, we found relatively low (32%-39%) negative emotional reactions, including feeling scared, annoyed and disgusted and relatively low proportions (33-40%) of respondents that reported quit attempt. Consistent with the quantitative findings, qualitative data provided contexts, including in explaining that the professional worker group was the least affected by PHW, while the student and non-professional groups were the most vulnerable. All this is supportive of governments in Indonesia and other countries to increase the PHW size.

Umai Dish Preparation Practices and Food Safety Behaviors in Bintulu Locals on Borneo Island, Malaysia

Umai is a popular, traditional, native dish of the Melanau ethnic group in Sarawak. It is prepared using thin slices of raw marine fish marinated with calamansi juice and seasoned with other ingredients. The local people believe that the acidity of the citrus juice, along with the use of salt and spice, can slightly cook the fish and remove the fishy smell. The aim of this study was to investigate (i) the different umai handling and preparation practices and (ii) the personal experience of umai consumption among respondents. A purposive sample of 100 umai makers, divided into two equal groups, professionals and nonprofessionals, participated in the study. We found that Spanish mackerel and hairfin anchovy were ranked first and second in the list of species chosen for making umai, with the former mostly preferred by the professional group, as opposed to the latter, which was preferred by the nonprofessional group. Black pomfret was ranked third, where it is equally preferred by both groups. About 20% of respondents would freeze the raw fish chunks prior to preparing umai, as opposed to 26% who would sun dry their fish. Other techniques, such as salting and marinating (using calamansi juice), were also used during the preparation of umai. Most of the respondents indicated that they would consider the umai ready to eat soon after marinating (with all ingredients) the raw fish. One-third of both respondent groups indicated that they would chill the umai dish at 4°C for 30 min before serving. The respondents could not provide any rationale behind these food preparation practices. Overall, this study provides evidence of the different preparation methods for umai. These practices can thus be considered important targets for public health education campaigns seeking to improve food safety surrounding this food group.

Characteristics of unsafe events involving a motor vehicle for group riders in Western Australia: A naturalistic study

Little is known about the safety issues affecting non-professional group riders. This study aimed to identify the most common unsafe events involving a motor vehicle that occurred while group riding, describe their characteristics and suggest potential preventative measures. A naturalistic study collected video footage from cameras attached to the bicycles of group riders who rode on-road for training, fitness or recreation in Perth, Western Australia. Fifty-two riders from 40 different riding groups, recorded footage of 126 group riding trips, resulting in 135 h of video. A total of 108 unsafe events (‘near-crashes/ crash relevant events’ and ‘close passing only events’) involving the group riders and a motor vehicle were observed. The most common type of unsafe event involved a motor vehicle attempting to pass/ overtake the group (65.7%). For 39.4% of the passing events, the presence of road infrastructure ahead (e.g. roundabout, traffic island) prevented safe passing and led to an unsafe event. Motorists were at fault for 83.3% of all unsafe events and reckless behaviour by the motorist was observed for 13.3% of these at-fault events. Aggressive communication on the part of the motorist or rider/s was observed for 15% of all unsafe events. This study highlighted that motorists were at fault for the majority of unsafe events involving group riders but only a small proportion involved reckless behaviour. Further research should examine the effectiveness of motorist education as well as infrastructure modifications on popular group riding routes, for reducing unsafe events involving group riders.

Suitability of YouTube Videos for Learning Knee Stability Tests: A Cross-sectional Review

ObjectiveTo verify the suitability and reliability of YouTube videos pertaining to the 5 most commonly used knee stability tests for educational purposes. DesignCross-sectional observational study. SettingYouTube videos were categorized into 2 groups according to their sources: professional and nonprofessional groups. Only videos that satisfied the purpose and procedure parts among comprehensiveness scores were defined as suitable for educational purposes. For evaluating the reliability, the modified DISCERN was used. One-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare continuous and categorical variables, respectively. ParticipantsResearch on YouTube videos (N=218) from November 13, 2019, to November 17, 2019, was done using the following keywords: “anterior drawer test knee,” “Lachman test knee,” “posterior drawer test,” “valgus knee test,” and “varus knee test.” InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresComprehensiveness score that focused on the purpose, procedure, interpretation, and limitations or precautions of the test were developed by the authors, and modified DISCERN score. ResultsIn terms of the suitability for educational purposes, 126 videos (58%) were classified into the suitable group, and 92 (42%) were classified into the unsuitable group. Neither group had significantly more views, views per posting days, likes, dislikes, or posting days. When comparing the comprehensiveness and reliability scores of each group, significant differences between groups were identified. Only 47 videos met the limitations/precautions category. A total of 155 videos (71%) were from the professional group and 63 videos (29%) were from the nonprofessional group. Significant differences were found in views, views per posting days, likes, and dislikes between the professional group and nonprofessional group. ConclusionsYouTube should not be used for learning about knee stability tests. Professionals, especially those in rehabilitation medicine, should pay more attention to uploading high-quality videos with reliable content.

The Role of Pressure and Duration of Dive on Lung Physiology in Professional and Non-Professional Divers

Backgrounds: Professional divers have a greater lung volume than non-professional divers in higher force vital capacity (FVC) and force expiratory flow in 1 second (FEV1) values. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of pressure and duration of diving on changes in lung physiology in professional divers and non-professional divers.&#x0D; Methods: This is a cross sectional study on the personnel of the Indonesian Navy Dislambair Koarmada II Surabaya and RSAL personnel of dr. Ramelan Navy Hospital in Lakesla Surabaya in March-April 2019. Samples was collected with purposive sampling. This study used unpaired subjects with the independent t-test statistic analysis if the data is normally distributed and the Mann-Whitney U test if the data is not normally distributed&#x0D; Results: There was a significant difference in the professional divers group compared to non-professional divers group in the values of FVC (P=0.042) and FEV1 (P=0.040) at 1.3 ATA for 10 minutes and the FEV1 (P=0.049) for 20 minutes. No significant differences in FVC (P=0.092) at 1.3 ATA pressure for 20 minutes. There were no significant differences in FVC (P=0.865), FEV1 (P=0.659) at 1.5 ATA pressure for 10 minutes and FVC (P=0.858) and FEV1 (P=0.857) for 20 minutes.&#x0D; Conclusions: The different pressure in non-professional group could reduce the FEV1 value. There was a difference in the FVC value of the professional diver group and non-professional divers at a pressure of 1.5 ATA for 10 minutes. (J Respir Indo. 2020; 40(2): 103-12)

A study on the ‘Site-Specific Art’

후기자본주의 사회에서 나타난 미디어의 확장과 정보의 글로벌한 이동, 대중문화의 마케팅 방식 등으로 인하여 장소가 지닌 특수성은 점점 상실되고 있으며 현대인들은 장소성의 상실과 보편적인 장소경험의 동질감을 느끼고 있다. 그 결과 현대인들은 장소와의 관계에서 소외되고, 소속감을 상실한 채 부유하고 있으며, 이는 개인의 정체성과 존재감을 불안하게 하는 하나의 요인이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 ‘장소 특정적 미술’의 개념과 전개되어온 과정을 살펴보고, 그 중 다양한 장소와 관련하여 개성 있는 작업을 선보여온 가브리엘 오로즈코(Gabriel Orozco,1962∼)의 작업을 중심으로, 진정한 ‘장소성’의 의미를 재고해 보는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 가브리엘 오로즈코의 작업에 나타난 ‘장소성’과 장소에 대한 그의 접근방식은 공간에 대한 수평적인 접근으로 진행되고 있으며, 비전문가 집단의 자발적 참여를 기반으로 하고 있다. 이러한 그의 작업방식은 진정한 장소감의 회복과, 장소를 경험하고 장소와의 관계를 창조해나가는 앞으로의 과정에서 주목해야 할 하나의 대안이 될 것이라고 생각한다.Due to the expansion of media, the movement of information worldwide, and the marketing tactics of mass culture in post-capitalist societies, sites and places are gradually losing their uniqueness. Today, people are simultaneously feeling the loss of placeness, while exposing themselves to homogenous place experiences. As a result, people living today’s modern societies are alienated from their relationships with places and are, in a way, floating listlessly, This could be one of the factors that infuses anxiety to an individual s identity and presence. This study examines the concept of “site-specific art” and its development. It aims to reconsider the meaning of “placeness,” focusing on the work of Gabriel Orozco(1962∼), who has shown unique works in a number of different places. Gabriel Orozco’s approach to placeness and places in his is a distinctly horizontal approach to space. It is based on the voluntary participation of non-professional groups. I believe his work will be an alternative everyone should pay attention to in future processes aimed at restoring a true sense of place, experiencing places, and creating relationships with places.

The adolescent motor performance development of elite female soccer players: A study of prognostic relevance for future success in adulthood using multilevel modelling

ABSTRACT Considering the scarce empirical evidence regarding talent predictors in female youth soccer, the present study aimed to investigate the long-term prognostic validity of elite female soccer players’ adolescent motor performance for future success in adulthood. Additionally, the three-year development of highly talented girls’ motor performance and the predictive value of this motor development for reaching a professional adult performance level (APL) was analysed. Overall, N = 737 female players participated in nationwide motor diagnostics (sprinting, agility, dribbling, ball control, shooting) within the German Soccer Association’s talent identification and development programme at least twice between the age groups Under-12 (U12) and U15. Based on their APL at least four years later, participants were assigned to a professional (first German division, 6.2%) or non-professional group (lower divisions, 93.8%). Multilevel regression analyses revealed a general prognostic relevance for the investigated parameters with respect to players’ APL. In addition, there was a non-linear improvement in participants’ motor performance across all variables from U12 to U15. However, non-significant interactions between APL and these improvements indicate motor performance development itself cannot adequately predict players’ future success in adulthood. Findings provide insightful information that can help coaches foster optimal support for young female soccer players’ development.

The Effects of Employee Mindset on Employee Innovativeness: A Comparative Study Between Professional and Non-Professional Groups among Government Staff in Putrajaya, Malaysia

This comparative study was conducted to identify the effects of employee mindset on employee innovativeness among civil servants in two ministries and one government agency in Malaysia, enabling a deeper understanding on the contributing factors of employee innovativeness in civil service in Malaysia. The findings revealed that there were significant and positive relationships among and between all dimensions of employee mindset and employee innovativeness among professional grade employees but only three dimensions of employee mindset (cognitive complexity, boundary spanning and adaptability) were associated to employee innovativeness among the non-professional group. Two other dimensions of employee mindset (cosmopolitanism and entrepreneurial mindset) were not found to be related to employee innovativeness for this group. In addition, it was found that all dimensions of employee mindset influenced employee innovativeness among the professional group of employees while for the non-professional group, only three out of five dimensions of employee mindset had significant influence towards employee innovativeness. It is recommended that employees in the non-professional group should be guided and rewarded for any innovative ideas they presented. Also, for the management to reinvent work processes to serve the people better. In addition, all civil servants should be allowed to use their own creativity complete their work and not through the conventional, repetitive way of doing things.

Assessment of Stress Levels in Patients Visiting for Dental Treatment

Introduction: The perception of stress might have a multifactorial influence on a disease process. Surprisingly, this theoretical perspective has not been discussed in the context of odontogenic problems. Materials and Methods: Hence this cross-sectional study was planned enrolling individuals randomly selected from the Outpatient Department aged over 18 years for duration of 6 months. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used to measure perception of stress. The data was analyzed using Chi-square/Fisher’s exact test in SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: Our data indicated that unskilled individuals (29.4%) sought dental treatment more frequently than the other categories of occupational groups included in this study. Patients with Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and lichen planus showed relatively higher stress levels compared to patients with other dental conditions. A correlation analysis showed that stress levels were considerably lower in patients from professional category than in the non-professional groups, emphasizing the significance of education and professional status on the perception of stress in individuals. Conclusion: Based on this study findings it can be concluded that nature of the dental problem and the education and professional status of patients can differentially impact the perception of stress among outpatients seeking dental treatment.

The preferred mode of delivery of medical professionals and non-medical professional mothers-to-be and the impact of additional information on their decision: an online questionnaire cohort study.

It was the aim to evaluate the personal preference of mode of delivery and to analyze differences between medical professionals and non-medical professionals. Interest in participating in a risk stratification system was evaluated. We hypothesized that gaining information about risk stratification provided in the survey could potentially change participants' decision regarding the preferred mode of delivery; therefore, subjects were asked twice (before and after providing information). Five cohorts [four professionals (MP) including participants of the German Urogynecology Congress 2017, employees of two major university hospitals in Germany, and members of the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and one non-professional group (NP) including pregnant women] were invited online to participate in this survey. Vaginal delivery was the preferred mode of delivery in both groups (MP 90.4% vs. NP 88.8%; p = 0.429). MP are more likely to opt for CS due to concerns regarding pelvic floor disorders (MP 56.6% vs. NP 9.1%; p < 0.001). Likewise, parity and prior experienced CS (pCS) had a significant impact on the decision towards vaginal delivery (parity MP OR 7.5 95% CI 4.6-12.3, NP OR 9.3 95% CI 1.9-44.2; (pCS) MP OR 0.12 95% CI 0.07-0.19, NP OR 0.05 95% CI 0.01-0.25). There is great interest in participating in risk stratification systems in the majority of participants (68.9%). MP and NP prefer vaginal birth for themselves or their partners. Within the group that opted for CS, MP were significantly more often concerned about pelvic floor disorders. Future prevention aspects might include education about pelvic floor disorders.

The risk attitudes of professional athletes: Optimism and success are related.

This article studies whether measured risk attitudes and athletic success are related. We measured the risk preferences of the players of the Dutch men's field hockey team, the reigning European champions, and runners-up in the 2012 Olympics and in the 2014 World Championships, and compared those with a matched sample of recreational hockey players. We had the rare opportunity to interview each professional individually. Our measurements were based on prospect theory. We disentangled the various components of risk attitudes using a parameter-free method that makes it possible to completely observe prospect theory without imposing simplifying assumptions and that captures individual heterogeneity. The professionals were more optimistic for gains than the nonprofessionals: they overweighted the probability of winning compared with the nonprofessional group. Utility curvature (diminishing sensitivity) and loss aversion were very close in the 2 groups. As probabilities were given, the difference in optimism was not caused by inaccurate beliefs. It was also unrelated to differences in overconfidence or in venturesomeness and impulsivity, 2 psychological traits associated with risk taking. Our findings indicate that success in sports may be related to differences in optimism. They are consistent with previous findings that optimistic people are more successful and that optimism may be associated with better outcomes.

Staff preparedness for providing palliative and end-of-life care in long-term care homes: Instrument development and validation.

Although much attention has been on integrating the palliative care approach into services of long-term care homes for older people living with frailty and progressive diseases, little is known about the staff preparedness for these new initiatives. The present study aimed to develop and test the psychometric properties of an instrument for measuring care home staff preparedness in providing palliative and end-of-life care. A 16-item instrument, covering perceived knowledge, skill and psychological readiness, was developed. A total of 247 staff members of different ranks from four care homes participated in the study. Exploratory factor analysis using the principal component analysis extraction method with varimax rotation was carried out for initial validation. Known group comparison was carried out to examine its discriminant validity. Reliability of the instrument was assessed based on test-retest reliability of a subsample of 20 participants and the Cronbach's alpha of the items. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the instrument yielded a three-factor solution, which cumulatively accounted for 68.5% of the total variance. Three subscales, namely, willingness, capability and resilience, showed high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It also showed good discriminant validity between staff members of professional and non-professional groups. This is a brief, valid and reliable scale for measuring care home staff preparedness for providing palliative and end-of-life care. It can be used to identify their concerns and training needs in providing palliative and end-of-life care, and as an outcome measure to evaluate the effects of interventional studies for capacity building in this regard. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 745-749.

Driving anger and its relationships with type A behavior patterns and trait anger: Differences between professional and non-professional drivers.

The present study examined the types of situations that caused Chinese professional and non-professional drivers to become angry and investigated the differences in driving-elicited anger, considering the influences of type A behavior pattern and trait anger between the two groups. The 20-item revised Driving Anger Scale (DAS) was used to assess a sample of 232 drivers (57% professional, 43% non-professional). The non-professional drivers reported significantly higher levels of anger than the professional drivers on the overall Driving Anger Scale (DAS) and the traffic obstructions and discourtesy subscales. In both groups, the preferred driving speeds were positively related to driving anger. Furthermore, drivers with a type A personality exhibited higher overall driving anger scores and higher anger scores in response to traffic obstructions and slow driving than drivers with a type B personality. Trait anger was significantly related to driving anger in both groups. In the non-professional group, type A behavior patterns (TABPs) and time hurry (TH) were positively correlated with anger evoked by slow driving. In the professional group, TABPs, TH and competitive hostility (CH) were positively related to driving anger, and the TABPs exerted an indirect effect on driving anger by mediating the influence of trait anger. Overall, these findings provide a theoretical basis for implementing targeted interventions for driving anger in both professional and non-professional drivers.

Introduction

Introduction