Non-polar Extracts Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening, GC/MS Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Coriandrum sativum L. Seed

Coriandrum sativum L. which is locally known as coriander is one of the most remarkable medicinal plants that used all over the world, it belongs to Apiaceae family under Apiales order and it has been used in folk medicine in different illness. In this study the coriander seeds were extracted with two different polarity solvents; ethanol and hexane using conventional method by soxhlet apparatus, furthermore the essential oil was extracted and isolated by hydro-distillation method, the results of the phytochemical analysis revealed that hexane extract of coriander seeds contain flavonoids and terpenoids, while ethanolic extract results appeared the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and saponin. However, gas chromatography/ mass spectroscopy analysis revealed a number of volatile oils in the seeds and that linalool was the major monoterpene present (53.5%). The anitibacterial activity were evaluated using agar well diffusion method and the result show that both polar and non-polar seeds extracts have antibacterial activity against different type of bacteria G+ve and G-ve with a better results for the ethanol one against bacterial genus types so they can be used as an alternative therapy for different type of infections.

West African e-waste-soil assessed with a battery of cell-based bioassays

Soil samples randomly taken from major e-waste sites in West Africa (Nigeria, Benin and Ghana) were examined for an extensive range of organic contaminants. Cytotoxicity measurements and assessment of activation of xeno-sensing receptors from fish (Atlantic cod) were employed as a battery of in vitro biological assays to explore the quality and toxicity profile of West African e-waste soil. The concentrations of the measured contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the e-waste soil differs significantly from the reference soil with chemical profiles typically dominated by legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (405.8 μgkg−1) and emerging organophosphate ester flame retardant tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (404 μgkg−1), in addition to the short chain perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) (275.3 μgkg−1) and perfluorobutanoate (PFBA) (16 μgkg−1). The study revealed that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) occurred only in e-waste soil from Ghana and ranged from 2.6 to 5.0 μgkg−1. Overall, non-polar e-waste soil-derived extracts had a stronger effect on COS-7 cell viability than the polar extracts and elutriates. The highest receptor activation was observed with single polar and non-polar extracts from the Nigeria and Benin sites, indicating hotspots with Er-, PPARa- and Ahr-agonist activities. Thus, the results obtained with our battery of in vitro biological assays underscored these e-waste sites as remarkably polluted spots with complex toxicity profiles of great concern for human and environmental health.

In Vitro Degradation and In Vivo Skin sensitisation study of Hernia Mesh - Sterilized Partially Absorbable Tissue Separating Dual Layered Surgical Mesh

As hernia mesh implants are used to reinforce the abdominal wall, several complications can occur, such as hernia recurrence, abdominal pain, seroma formation and infection, depending on their biocompatibility. The polymer coated knitted mesh is used to repair hernias by providing a flexible scaffold. The objective of this study was to assess skin sensitisation potential of polar and non-polar extract and In Vitro degradation and In Vivo skin sensitisation pattern for polymer coated knitted mesh. The guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) is usually performed with one moderately irritant induction dose of the allergen and gives a qualitative assessment hazard identification of the allergenicity of the chemical. The apparent morphological change, weight, and strength loss rate of the mesh all showed the degrading impact. The degradation of polymer coated knitted mesh is performed to check polymer layer pattern after implantation.

Hazardous chemicals in non-polar extracts from paper and cardboard food packaging: an effect-based evaluation

BackgroundFood contact articles are used in our everyday life and information regarding the potential health hazards of migrating chemicals for humans is scarce. In this study, an effect-based evaluation of non-polar extracts of food contact articles made of paper and board was conducted with a panel of eight bioassay endpoints. These, health-relevant endpoints, included oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, xenobiotic metabolism and hormone receptor effects.ResultsIn total, 62 food contact articles were pooled into 19 groups, in which articles intended to be used for similar types of food item(s) were pooled, and extracted with acetone:n-hexane (1:4). These were then tested in the effect-based bioassays. Bioactivities were detected for multiple materials in six out of eight assays, the two assays showing no effects were NFκB and androgen receptor agonistic response. In essence, the detection rates of the tested non-polar extracts were 72% for antagonistic effects on the estrogen receptor, 72% for antagonistic effects on the androgen receptor, 47% for oxidative stress, 28% for agonistic effects on the estrogen receptor and 33% for genotoxicity. The bioequivalent concentrations ranges in extracts of 10 mg food contact article/mL cell culture media were: for oxidative stress from 2.45 to 5.64 µM tBHQ equivalents, estrogen receptor agonistic activity from 1.66 to 6.33 ρM estradiol equivalents, estrogen receptor antagonistic activity from 1.21 × 10–3 to 4.20 × 10–3 μM raloxifene equivalents and androgen antagonistic activity 0.08–0.46 μM hydroxyflutamide equivalents. The extracts that were bioactive in multiple assays were: baking moulds, boxes for popcorn, infant formula/skimmed milk, porridge/flour mixes, pizza, fries’ and hamburgers as well as packages for frozen food.ConclusionNon-polar extracts of food contact articles contain compounds that can activate molecular initiating events in toxicity pathways of high relevance to human health. These events included endocrine-disruptive activities, oxidative stress and genotoxicity. Effect-based methods proved to be a valuable tool for evaluating food package articles, as they can detect potentially hazardous effects of both known and unknown chemicals as well as potential cocktail effects.

Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (Lamiaceae) essential oil for the management of Exorista sorbillans Wiedemann (Diptera: Tachinidae) menace of silkworm in seriecosystem

• Ocimum gratissimum is a potential candidate for management of E. sorbillans. • Non polar fraction of the leaf extract was found effective against uzi fly. • Essential oil was more effective than non-polar petroleum ether extract. • Thymol and carvacrol were the major constituents. • The efficacy of the oil is attributed to combination of individual oils. Although they act as biocontrol agents, Tachinid parasitoids attack economically beneficial insects, inviting the adoption of control measures against them. The uzi fly, Exorista sorbillans , infests silkworms incurring heavy loss. It is difficult to control such parasitoids as the larval stage is endoparasitic, and insecticides cannot reach them without subjecting the silkworms to potential risks. We selected the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L. for testing their toxicity potential against E. sorboillans because of its low selective toxicity to Antheraea assamensis Helfer larvae. Assay for adulticidal efficacy of the leaf extracts showed the petroleum ether extract to be the most effective. But the essential oil (LC50 of 0.42%) was even more effective. GC–MS analysis of the oil revealed the presence of twenty-seven compounds with a high percentage of thymol (26.17%), indicating the plant oil as thymol rich chemotype. Thymol was the dominant constituent in the active fraction. The oil and constituents caused rapid death on topical application, indicating a higher penetration rate. We propose the exploration of the essential oil and its constituents as a sustainable solution for controlling E. sorbillans infestation of silkworms in the future.

Potensi Ekstrak Batang Kayu Gempol (Nauclea orientalis L.) dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri

The study of the potential of Gempol wood stem extract (Nauclea orientalis L.) with three solvent polarities has been exercised to determine the extract with a certain polarity and the smallest concentration that can inhibit the growth of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coil. Extraction is performed using the maceration method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents. Furthermore, the potency in inhibiting the growth of bacteria was observed by the diffusion method with a range of extract concentrations from the largest to the smallest. The extract's ability to inhibit bacterial growth in the time range of up to 24 hours was measured using the turbidimetric method. The results showed that ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts were able to inhibit the growth of both bacteria in a wide concentration range (100 %– 5%), although n-hexane extracts showed the highest percentage in inhibiting both bacteria (15.27 mm and 16.89 mm, respectively). Turbidimetric assays showed the extract was stronger in inhibiting S. aureus compared to E. coli in the logarithmic phase range of 12 hours. This study showed that semipolar and polar extracts can inhibit the growth of bacteria with a wider concentration range compared to non-polar extracts despite having a higher inhibition capability.

In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Azadirachta indica and Piper auritum extracts against uredospore germination of Hemileia vastatrix

<p>Coffee (<em>Coffea arabica</em>) production is one of the most economically important industrial activities in México. However, coffee production faces phytosanitary problems in the form of coffee rust (<em>Hemileia vastatrix</em>). The main goal of the present study was to evaluate extracts from <em>Azadirachta indica</em> and <em>Piper auritum</em> as potential biofungicides. In <em>in vitro</em> assays, ethanolic and nonpolar foliar extracts from <em>A. indica</em> and <em>P. auritum</em> were applied in three concentrations 1000, 3000, and 5000 ppm, against <em>H. vastatrix</em>. While in the <em>in vivo</em> assay, only ethanolic extracts were applied to coffee plants Typica diseased with <em>H. vastatrix</em>. Both extracts inhibited about 99% of the germination of <em>H. vastatrix</em> uredospores <em>in vitro</em>. On coffee plants of “Typica” variety infected with <em>H. vastatrix</em> that were treated with the ethanolic extracts from <em>P. auritum</em> and <em>A. indica</em>, no disease appeared during the 20 days of treatment. The inhibitory effect was not significantly similar in those treated with copper oxychloride on days 15 and 20 (Tukey P ? 0.05). We suggest that the evaluated plant extracts are used as a natural alternative for the preventive control of <em>H. vastatrix</em> in small greenhouses.</p>

Selective supercritical fluid extraction of non-polar phytochemicals from black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by-products

Black beans (P. vulgaris) are highly consumed after different processing treatments, which generate by-products with high potential as functional ingredients with nutraceutical properties. This study assesses the supercritical CO2 extraction (SC-CO2) as selective, and green alternative to obtain non-polar phytochemicals from a black bean by-product. A Box-Behnken design was conducted to evaluate pressure (100–400 bars), temperature (40–70 °C), and 70% aqueous ethanol as co-solvent with flow rate (1–3 g/min) on total extraction yield, fatty acid (FA) composition, and phytochemical profile through GC-MS. Co-solvent and pressure-temperature interaction were found to significantly influence the yield. The maximum yield was 2.03 mg/g at 100 bar, 40 °C and 2 g/min, like hexane extraction. Higher alkanes were mainly extracted with hexane while SC-CO2 selectively extracted compounds with potential biological activities. Solubility in CO2 of these phytochemicals, saturated and monounsaturated FAs showed a positive effect with temperature increase. This combination of findings provides insight into the effect of temperature and co-solvent on non-polar phytochemicals extraction.

Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch.Bip Flower Dichloromethane Extract Exerts Anti-Proliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Properties in Human Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (MDA-MB-231) Cells: In Vitro and In Silico Studies.

The aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a challenging disease due to the absence of tailored therapy. The search for new therapies involves intensive research focusing on natural sources. Achillea fragrantissima (A. fragrantissima) is a traditional medicine from the Middle East region. Various solvent extracts from different A. fragrantissima plant parts, including flowers, leaves, and roots, were tested on TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells. Using liquid chromatography, the fingerprinting revealed rich and diverse compositions for A. fragrantissima plant parts using polar to non-polar solvent extracts indicating possible differences in bioactivities. Using the CellTiter-Glo™ viability assay, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were determined for each extract and ranged from 32.4 to 161.7 µg/mL. The A. fragrantissima flower dichloromethane extract had the lowest mean IC50 value and was chosen for further investigation. Upon treatment with increasing A. fragrantissima flower dichloromethane extract concentrations, the MDA-MB-231 cells displayed, in a dose-dependent manner, enhanced morphological and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, phosphatidylserine exposure, caspase activity, and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, assessed using phase-contrast microscopy, fluorescence-activated single-cell sorting analysis, Image-iT™ live caspase, and mitochondrial transition pore opening activity, respectively. Anticancer target prediction and molecular docking studies revealed the inhibitory activity of a few A. fragrantissima flower dichloromethane extract-derived metabolites against carbonic anhydrase IX, an enzyme reported for its anti-apoptotic properties. In conclusion, these findings suggest promising therapeutic values of the A. fragrantissima flower dichloromethane extract against TNBC development.

Comparative phytochemical analysis of mature mango leaves from nineteen cultivars of Murshidabad district, India

Abstract. Ghosh B, Majumder S, Acharyya S, Ghosh A, Saha S, Sarkar S, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya M. 2022. Comparative phytochemical analysis of mature mango leaves from nineteen cultivars of Murshidabad district, India. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 20: 48-55. Mango (Mangifera indica L.), "the king of fruits," is one of the most popular fruits in tropical regions. This research aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively screen major phytochemical groups present in the leaves of nineteen cultivars of mango tree extracted with three different solvents (petroleum benzene, acetone, methanol) belonging to different polarities and to determine their antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. The antiradical scavenging activity was performed using a DPPH assay. In addition, total phenol and flavonoids in the leaf extracts were also quantitatively analyzed. Phytochemical investigations showed that mango leaf extracts contain phenol, tannin, protein, coumarin, terpenoid, alkaloid, steroid, and cardiac glycoside. The extracts also contain a variety of total phenols and flavonoids. Antiradical scavenging activity showed that polar solvents (methanol, acetone) are more potent than non-polar (petroleum benzene) extracts. Mango leaf extracts inhibit the growth of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus, but no inhibition zone against B. subtilis. Based on the phytochemical compounds and significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties of mango leaf extracts, mango leaves might be a potential source for developing pharmaceutical formulations and drugs.

English

The report focused on phytochemical tests and evaluation of the antiradical activity of seed extracts of Staudtia kamerunensis var. gabonensis. The successive extraction of seed powders from S. kamerunensis var. gabonensis was carried out by maceration at room temperature with solvents of increasing polarities: Cyclohexane, trichlorethylene, acetone, ethanol and distilled water. The antiradical activity was measured by trapping the radical cation of 2,2'-azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] (ABTS•+) with gallic acid as reference antioxidant. The total extraction yields were the order of 44.6%. Phytochemical tests demonstrated the presence of secondary metabolites of alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols types, reducing compounds, free anthracene derivatives, anthraquinones, total sugars, coumarins, free quinones, sterols and triterpenes, carotenoids, flavonoids, mucilages and traces of cardiac glycosides and saponins. The results of the anti-free radical activity showed that the polar extracts were much anti-free of the free radicals than the non-polar extracts. The ethanolic extract was the most active with an IC50 of 20 µgmL-1, followed by the aqueous and acetone extracts with IC50 of 25 µgmL-1. The cyclohexane and trichlorethylene extracts have lower antiradical activities with IC50 of 400 µgmL-1. Gallic acid, the reference antioxidant, showed an IC50 of 0.37 µgmL-1. Key words: Staudtia kamerunensis var. gabonensis, oilseeds, extracts, phytochemical screening, antiradical activity, ABTS, gallic acid.

Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Commiphora mollis (Oliv.) Engl. resin

In this study, total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidant activity of Commiphora mollis (Oliv.) Engl. (Burseraceae) resin were investigated. The resin was extracted using petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol to give 27.46 ± 0.48, 46.56 ± 0.42, and 53.00 ± 1.39% extractable solids, respectively. The Folin–Ciocalteu (F–C) redox assay was optimized considering relevant parameters such as reaction time, maximum wavelength, and sample dilution effect before the determination of TPC. The concentration of antioxidants necessary to decrease by 50% the initial concentration of DPPH (EC50) was determined at 60 min. The reaction kinetics was analyzed using the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. For the F–C assay, the optimum conditions for the maximum absorbance and analysis time were 760 nm and 30 min, respectively. Under these conditions, the method exhibited good sensitivity and linear instrumental responses over wide ranges of concentrations. The highest TPC;168.27 ± 3.44, 137.43 ± 1.32, and 136.16 ± 0.42 mgGAE/g were recorded in the diluted samples (500 µg/mL) of methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts, respectively. By using different concentrations of the test sample, exhaustive reduction of phenolics and/or antioxidant substrates was achieved. Regarding the DPPH radical scavenging capacity, the EC50 values for methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts were 295.03 ± 3.55, 342.75 ± 9.72, and 353.69 ± 7.30 µg/mL, respectively. The standard (l-ascorbic acid), however, exhibited much lower EC50 value (44.72 ± 0.48 µg/mL). The methanol extracts showed kinetic behavior (k2 values,115.08 to 53.28 M−1 s−1; steady-state time, < 29 min) closer to that of l-ascorbic acid (k2 values, 190 to 109 M−1 s−1; steady-state time, < 16 min), than other two extracts (k2 values,14 to 28 M−1 s−1; steady-state time, 63 to 130 min). For all tested samples, the rate of the DPPH radical scavenging increases with concentration from 50 to 250 µg/mL. The current study demonstrated that the polar solvent (methanol) extract has a better F–C reducing capacity and DPPH radical scavenging activity than the nonpolar solvents extracts. This could be due to phenolics and other oxidation substrates extracted by methanol from the C. mollis resin. For a better understanding of the antioxidant constituents of the resin, a further study including isolation of its compounds is recommended.

Screening of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Phytochemicals Composition of Various Plant Parts of Cichorium Intybus

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential as well as the phytochemical composition of root, seed and leaves of Cichoriumintybus. The antioxidant activity was analyzed by detecting the 2, 2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl DPPH radical scavenging potent of the constituents found in various plant parts of Cichorium intybus,whereas for analyzing in-vitro antimicrobial activity, agar well diffusion method has been opted. The antimicrobial activity of plant was tested against both pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic species of bacteria by analyzing the corresponding inhibition zone exhibited by various extracts of plant parts against the bacterial growth. Apart from this, the present study also involves the quantitative phytochemical evaluation of total ascorbic acid in root, seed and leaves of Cichoriumintybus. The antioxidant potential of the plant was found to be comparatively lower in seed and leaves of plant than in root in accordance to the determined IC50 value . From the antimicrobial activity analysis, it was concluded that majority of times the non-polar extracts of all plant parts were found to be more effective in inhibiting growth of bacteria. Most significant activity has been exhibited against gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ascorbic acid content in plant was found in the range of 2.253±0.867 to 12.594±2.05µg/ml. From the results of the conducted research, the importance of plant as an antimicrobial and anti-oxidative agent has been established. So, the plant can further be introduced as a potential drug for herbal medicine in the treatment of human disorders.

Investigation of Microplastic Exposure to Marine Fish in the Marine Tourism Area of Makassar City

Plastic waste pollution in the marine environment triggers the formation of microplastics dissolved in seawater. Microplastics are one of the nutrients for plankton and phytoplankton. Through the food chain, microplastics can accumulate in the bodies of marine biota, until they finally reach the human body. The purpose of this research is to investigate and determine the microplastic group in fish in Makassar City KWB destinations. The method applied is maceration extraction using 70% C2H­5OH for 3 days, then extracted with N-Hexane. The non-polar extracts identified the microplastic components using FTIR spectroscopy and analyzed the types of microplastics based on their absorption spectrum images. The results of the study were that all fish samples coded PS.B.1, PS.B.2, PS.B.3, were contaminated with secondary microplastics. Types of microplastics were identified, namely PP, PVC, PE, PS, PET and PC. The microplastic contaminants are thought to be the result of community activities. The public needs to be aware of the potential for microplastic accumulation in the bodies of marine fish that are consumed. Managers of Makassar City KWB destinations are advised to apply a pattern of supervision to the community to care about waste and educate the implementation of plastic waste recycling management

Phytochemical extraction and comparative analysis of antioxidant activities of Areca catechu L. nut extracts

FRAP assay proved all the extracts of Areca catechu L. nut have antioxidant properties because IC50 values of all the extracts of the same were less than that of ascorbic acid. Remaining antioxidant assays like DPPH radical scavenging assay, H2O2 scavenging assay, and Fe2+ chelating assay showed more antioxidant properties in ethyl acetate extract and nonpolar solvent extracts like n- hexane, and chloroform respectively. Antioxidant properties of Areca catechu L. nut varied depending upon the different solvent extract.

Anticancer Mechanism of the Non-polar Extract from Echium angustifolium Mill. Aerial Parts in Relation to Its Chemical Content

Anticancer Mechanism of the Non-polar Extract from Echium angustifolium Mill. Aerial Parts in Relation to Its Chemical Content

ISO 10993-23 In vitro irritation testing for medical devices: Substantiating applicability to mild irritants and non-extractables

Irritation testing is an integral part of the biocompatibility assessment of medical devices and has historically been conducted on animals, either by direct contact or with polar and non-polar solvent extracts. In 2018 an ISO-sponsored interlaboratory validation study demonstrated that two reconstituted human epidermis (RhE) based assays, which were adapted from validated methods used for industrial chemicals, produced results essentially equivalent to those obtained with in vivo tests. This led to the publication of the ISO 10993-23:2021 standard on irritation testing, which states that RhE-based assays are now the preferred method. The 2018 validation study evaluated strong irritants, so we tested nine mild irritants (GHS Category 3), neat and spiked at different concentrations into medical device extracts, per ISO 10993-23:2021. The results substantiated the applicability of RhE-based assays for evaluating mild irritants in medical device extracts. Moreover, the 2018 validation study tested solid extractable medical device materials but did not consider non-extractable medical device materials (e.g., creams, gels, or sprays). By testing nine marketed non-extractable materials, either neat or spiked with irritants, we also confirmed that RhE-based assays are readily applicable to such medical device materials.

Anti-Inflammatory Extract from Soil Algae Chromochloris zofingiensis Targeting TNFR/NF-κB Signaling at Different Levels

Inflammatory skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis, are increasing in populations worldwide. The treatment of patients with AD and other forms of skin inflammation is mainly based on the use of topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors, which can cause significant side effects with long-term use. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of more effective and less toxic anti-inflammatory agents suitable for the treatment of chronic skin lesions. Here, we screened a number of strains from the ASIB 505 terrestrial algae collection and identified a green algae Chromochloris zofingiensis with pronounced anti-inflammatory properties. We found that a crude nonpolar extract of C. zofingiensis (ID name NAE_2022C), grown upon nitrogen deprivation, acts as a bioactive substance by inhibiting TNFR/NF-κB responses in human skin keratinocyte HaCaT cells. We also found that NAE_2022C suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and several Th1- and Th2-related chemokines in a reconstituted human epidermis. The TNFR/NF-κB pathway analysis showed multiple inhibitory effects at different levels and disclosed a direct targeting of IKKβ by the extract. Bioassay-guided fractionation followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry detected diacylglyceryl-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), Lyso-DGTS (LDGTS), 5-phenylvaleric acid, theophylline and oleamide as leading metabolites in the active fraction of NAE_2022C. Further analysis identified betaine lipid DGTS (32:0) as one of the active compounds responsible for the NAE_2022C-mediated NF-κB suppression. Overall, this study presents an approach for the isolation, screening, and identification of anti-inflammatory secondary metabolites produced by soil algae.

Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum

Abstract A large common species, Syzygium aqueum, belonging to the genus Syzygium possesses numerous bioactive phytochemical constituents. Moreover, the different parts of this species have been used as folk medicine since centuries ago. In this study, a phytochemical exploration was carried out on the plant’s stem bark. Isolation of the compounds was carried out through the extraction step with some organic solvents, followed by separation and purification using chromatography techniques until the two triterpenoids were isolated from nonpolar and semipolar extracts. Structure elucidation was done using spectroscopic methods. These compounds were identified as alphitolic acid and arjunolic acid. Subsequently, these two compounds were used in anticancer tests against human cancer cells HeLa, T47D, and A549 using colorimetric assay. The result showed that both compounds showed more inhibition of the growth of HeLa and T47D than A549 cancer cells, with the highest activity shown by arjunolic acid against HeLa cell lines.

Exploring the Antifungal Activity and Action of Saussurea costus Root Extracts against Candida albicans and Non-albicans Species.

The isolation and assessment of the active constituents in polar and non-polar crude extracts of Saussurea costus roots as antifungal agents, against Candida albicans and non-C. albicans (NAC) species, was the aim of this current investigation. The SEM “Scanning electron microscopy” imaging provided potential action modes of n-hexane extract (nhhE) toward Candida spp., whereas the TLC-DB “Thin layer chromatography-direct bioautography” was employed for detecting the anticandidal compounds. nhhE had the greatest biocidal activity against all strains and clinical isolates of Candida spp. with maximum zones of inhibition. SEM revealed the occurrence of irregular, dense inclusions of C. albicans cell walls after treatment with nhhE for 12 h. Complete morphological distortions with lysed membranes and deterioration signs appeared in most treated cells of C. parapsilosis. The most effectual compound with anticandidal activity was isolated using TLC-BD and identified as sesquiterpene by GC/MS analysis. The infra-red analysis revealed the presence of lactone ring stretching vibrations at 1766.72 cm−1. The anticandidal activity of nhhE of S. costus roots was confirmed from the results, and the treated cotton fabrics with nhhE of S. costus possessed observable activity against C. albicans. Data could recommend the practical usage of S. costus extracts, particularly nhhE, as influential natural bioactive sources for combating pathogenic Candida spp.